Pest Management Chapter 23 APES Aaron Willey Spring 2013.
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Transcript of Pest Management Chapter 23 APES Aaron Willey Spring 2013.
![Page 1: Pest Management Chapter 23 APES Aaron Willey Spring 2013.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8e8ef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pest ManagementChapter 23
APESAaron WilleySpring 2013
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Essential Questions
Types and characteristics of pesticidesPros and cons of using pesticidesPesticide regulation in the USAlternatives to chemical pesticides
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Your teacher’s obsession with spiders
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Nature’s PESTicide
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What is a Pest anyway?• A pest is any species that…– Competes with humans for food– Invades lawns and gardens– Destroys wood in houses– Spreads disease– Are a nuisance
• Worldwide, only about 100 species of plants (weeds), animals (insects), fungi, and microbes cause about 90% of the damage
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Polyculture Monoculture
• Natural “checks and balances”–Natural enemies (predators, parasites, and
disease organisms) control most pest species
• Monoculture crops –Now WE are forced to control pests nature
once took care of (for free)
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Pesticides (aka Biocides)
• Chemicals used to control pests–Insecticides (insects)–Herbicides (plants)–Fungicides (fungi)–Rodenticides (rats and mice)
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Coevolution
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First-Generation Pesticides
• Prior to 1940’s• Inorganic compounds–As, Hg, Pb
• Organic compounds–Nicotine sulfate (tobacco)–Pyrethrum (chrysanthemum)–Rotenone (tropical forest legumes)
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Second-Generation Pesticides
• Synthetic organic compounds• Ranges from broad to narrow-
spectrum agents and persistence levels
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DDT• 1939• Paul Müller–Entomologist–Nobel prize
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Life after DDT
• Since 1970, chemists have returned to natural chemicals (neem tree) to produce pesticides
• 2003 natural pesticide in Knapweed discovered
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Pesticide use today
• Pesticide use on crops have leveled off since 1980
• Use on homes, lawns, parks, golf courses, etc have risen 50-fold since 1950–Most of these are 10
times as toxic
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Table 23-1 Major Types of Pesticides
• Know:–Major classes–Broad or narrow-spectrum–Degree of persistence–Example of each–Does it undergo bioaccumulation–Difference between contact and systemic
herbicides(See p. 520)
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Concept Check
• Briefly describe the history of the development of pesticides
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The Good….
1. They save human livesDDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon and
organophosphate insecticides have prevented many deaths
– Malaria (mosquitoes)– Bubonic plague (rat fleas)– Typhus (body lice, fleas)
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The Good....
2. They increase food supplies55% of the world’s potential human food supply is lost to pests (37% of US)
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The Good….
3. They increase profits for farmers*4. They work faster and better than alternatives5. When used properly, their health risks are
very low compared to their benefits*
*Pesticide companies and American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) http://www.acsh.org/about/
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Encouraging facts about Pesticides
• Newer pesticides are safer and more effective• Many new pesticides are used at lower rates• Genetically engineered crops could reduce
the need for pesticides
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What would an IDEAL pesticide look like?
1. Affect only target organism
2. Not cause genetic resistance
3. Break down/disappear in environment
4. More cost effective than doing nothing
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The Bad….1. Insects can rapidly become
genetically resistant to widely used pesticides
• Main problem with synthetic pesticides-It accelerates genetic resistance– Since 1945, several hundred species
have become resistant– Reemergence of diseases (malaria)– Pesticide treadmill
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The Bad….
2. Pesticides kill natural enemies of pests and create new pests
• Of the 300 most destructive insect pests in the US……
…..100 were once minor pests
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The Bad….
3. Pesticides do NOT stay put!
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The Bad….
4. Some harm wildlife (bees, birds, fish endangered species)
20% loss of honeybee colonies every year = 200 million cost to farmers
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The Bad….
5. Harm to humans• Agricultural workers– 3 million/yr (developing countries)– 300,000/yr US
• 4,000-20,000 cancer cases/yr• Childhood leukemia, Parkinson’s, immune
disorders, prostate cancer, breast cancer, behavioral disorders
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Do they even make a difference?
• David Pimentel, insect ecologist– In the 1940’s, 31% of US crops lost to pests• So pesticide use increased 33-fold.
– Today about 37% of US crops lost to pests
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Do they even make a difference?
• David Pimentel, insect ecologist– Estimated environmental, health, and social
costs of pesticides has been estimated up to $100-200 billion/yr
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Do they even make a difference?
• David Pimentel, insect ecologist–Alternative practices could cut the pesticide
use in HALF on 40 major US crops WITHOUT reducing yields
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All My Pesticide Regulations
• Organophosphates• Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) “Dirty Dozen”
• President Kennedy• 56 Active ingredients• Tolerance level• 43 out of 165• Pesticide Industry• Environmentalists
• Federal Insecticide, fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
• Environmental Protection Agency
• DDT• Food Quality Protection Act
(FQPA)• Missouri children• National Academy of Science• India and Africa• Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
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What should be the primary goal of pest control efforts?
• Reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level– Economic threshold: the point at which the economic
losses outweigh the cost of applying pesticide• How do you determine when this threshold has
been met?– Insurance spraying– Pest-loss insurance– Cosmetic spraying
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Alternative Methods
1. Cultivation practices– Crop rotation,
switch planting seasons, polyculture, etc.
– Grass height, plant selection
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Alternative Methods
2. GMO– Pest and disease-
resistant– Controversial
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Alternative Methods
3. Biological pest control– Introducing
natural enemies
– What pros and cons can you think of?
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Alternative Methods
4. Insect birth control– Sterilization from
radiation and chemicals
– Screwworm fly
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Alternative Methods
5. Hormones– Pheromones– Interrupt life cycle
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Alternative Methods
6. Hot water– Cotton, alfalfa,
potato, citrus
7. Gamma radiation- Trace chemicals?- Long-term effects?
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When to go organic
Nectarines – 97.3% of nectarines sampled were found to contain pesticides.Celery – 94.5%Pears – 94.4%Peaches – 93.7%Apples – 91%Cherries – 91%Strawberries – 90%Imported Grapes – 86%Spinach – 83.4%Potatoes – 79.3%Bell Peppers – 68%Red Raspberries – 59%