Pest control for the storage of cowpea by small scale farmers in SSAtowards participation in action-research

The projectOrganisations DfIDNRI, MOFA, SARI, NGOs, Farmers unionsDurationResearch to Action-research & Participatory researchCowpea (Black-eye bean)Traditional - widespreadBeans, leaves, fodderAdapted drought, poor soilStorage on farmPest damageAdapted solutionEffectiveSafeAffordableAcceptable

Location

SSA

Ghana

Northern regionRainy season: July - September

Dry seasonDry season: November - May

Tamale market

Cowpea with damage

Cowpea and bruchidCallosobruchus maculatus

Surveys

Damage on stored cowpeaFarmers coping strategyControl methods

On-farm surveysNorthern GhanaFarmers stores

Surveysmonthly assessmentsdry season% damage2 years

Surveys Damage on stored cowpea in the Northern Region during the storage season 96-97

Surveys0255075100JanFebMarAprMayJunJul Damage on stored cowpea in the Northern Region during the storage season 97-98: 131 farmers

Surveys0 Farmers stop storage variation of damage (131 farmers)

On-farm trials

Surveys: control methodsused on cowpea

On-station trials

Test of control methodsFrom surveys:AshChilliShea nut butterShea nut residuePlant extractsFrom literature:Hermetic storageSolarisation

Solarisation011:1611:4612:1612:4613:1613:4614:1614:46Time of day0102030405060708090Temperature (degrees C)

On-farm trials

On-farm test of control methodsSelected from on-station resultsSet-up after harvestMonthly assessment of damage during dry season

Control: no treatment20 farmers20 kgbag

1999 trial0 %10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %HermeticSolarisationShea nutKim-kimControlAshChilliPalagaPercentage damageAverage damage increase after 2 months of storage (with SEM)

2000 trial

Chart3

11.72512.99.3510.915.136363636412.5512.4514.4512.315.72222222221.95154291191.95154291191.65462315281.65462315282.01804360712.01804360711.44491445341.44491445343.69587663923.69587663922.89006920332.89006920331.38934436981.38934436981.75665401641.75665401641.52242496621.52242496621.4242715271.424271527

28.82519.623.0521.730.318181818219.618.722.7516.315.05555555563.79512758963.79512758962.09735282892.09735282893.84956707523.84956707523.92796243483.92796243484.92962875574.92962875573.83318840313.83318840312.50466231922.50466231923.08153100483.08153100481.89179514981.89179514981.57551676811.5755167681

37.920.7525.336.0526.136363636427.731.125.316.115.72222222225.04735470065.04735470062.2425803592.2425803595.63136060135.63136060135.62852358775.62852358774.21689831574.21689831575.03774640975.03774640974.83838816144.83838816143.5183645193.5183645193.75854581813.75854581813.2936292793.293629279

38.07518.9536.440.133.772727272736.545.618.925.730.11111111113.97115835553.97115835553.97733160133.97733160138.03596084288.03596084286.74734515696.74734515696.2603963126.2603963126.56040310416.56040310417.79878907987.79878907982.87402157262.87402157267.09976525437.09976525438.32657133068.3265713306

49.47529.551.7551.447.546.8550.319.2522.230.05555555566.02412638356.02412638354.31920774634.31920774639.05392793839.05392793837.88557050717.88557050718.73732848718.73732848718.17246392878.17246392877.6718098697.6718098692.39820534752.39820534754.4803273694.4803273698.7988495328.798849532

53.5529.1558.356.5545.227272727348.348.820.9527.833.55.72378463315.72378463312.82651139512.82651139519.10195339239.10195339238.54317466368.54317466367.9733543867.9733543868.12820876818.12820876817.00840764927.00840764923.36769786193.36769786195.23779003445.23779003447.1690887387.169088738

66.62549.9569.5564.4556.454545454563.166.3528.349.459.16666666676.37293568236.37293568238.89926651168.899266511610.691494542710.691494542710.060221446610.06022144669.05976483389.05976483389.71676672339.71676672339.03267217759.03267217756.82405874676.824058746712.483945245312.48394524538.5724040458.572404045

Control

Hermetic

Paddy ash

Palaga

Shea butter

Solarisation

Solar. in pots

Solar. Monthly

Solar. Paddy ash

Solar. Shea butter

Percentage damage

1999

treatmtFirst monthSecond month

Hermetic10.757.33.59262361570.8730533902

Solarisation26.2512.059.36371543074.6788234513

Solarisation + Shea nut18.117.355.17246985924.937413853

Shea nut26.1517.46.12556119883.6284370679

Kim-kim29.3520.58.48497037252.6541372317

Control31.7531.33333333333.83390970634.4476472046

Ash16.434.24.28874496027.0970259812

Chilli43.545454545536.04545454554.59864335016.6000876528

Palaga39.4090909091405.79961526227.2894693659

Grand Average27.271276595724.47340425532.1532.005

CtHs Count1010

CtA1 Count1010

TdSb Count1010

CtSb Count1010

TdCt Count1010

CtKi Count1010

CtCt Count1212

CtPa Count1111

CtCh Count1111

Grand Count9494

CtHs StdDev11.36087340152.76083723213.59262361570.8730533902

CtA1 StdDev13.562202377722.4427667144.28874496027.0970259812

TdSb StdDev16.356785883715.61347352635.17246985924.937413853

CtSb StdDev19.370725334911.47412548116.12556119883.6284370679

TdCt StdDev29.610668122614.79573887619.36371543074.6788234513

CtKi StdDev26.83183225628.39311887478.48497037252.6541372317

CtCt StdDev13.28105280615.4071018653.83390970634.4476472046

CtPa StdDev19.235147753324.17643480755.79961526227.2894693659

CtCh StdDev15.251974536921.89001432784.59864335016.6000876528

Grand StdDev20.876578543619.43466681752.15325466592.004532827

1999

00.8730533902

04.6788234513

04.937413853

03.6284370679

02.6541372317

04.4476472046

07.0970259812

06.6000876528

07.2894693659

Second month

Percentage damage

Figure 11: Average damage increase after two months of storage (with SEM)

2000

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

First month

Second month

2001

AverageDecJanFebMarAprMayJunSEMDamDecDamJanDamFebDamMarDamApr?DamMayDamJune

Control11.7328.8337.9038.0849.4853.5566.63CtCt Average1.95154291193.79512758965.04735470063.97115835556.02412638355.72378463316.3729356823

Hermetic12.9019.6020.7518.9529.5029.1549.95CtHp Average1.65462315282.09735282892.2425803593.97733160134.31920774632.82651139518.8992665116

Paddy ash9.3523.0525.3036.4051.7558.3069.55CtPa Average2.01804360713.84956707525.63136060138.03596084289.05392793839.101953392310.6914945427

Palaga10.9021.7036.0540.1051.4056.5564.45CtPal Average1.44491445343.92796243485.62852358776.74734515697.88557050718.543174663610.0602214466

Shea butter15.1430.3226.1433.7747.5045.2356.45CtSb Average3.69587663924.92962875574.21689831576.2603963128.73732848717.9733543869.0597648338

Solarisation12.5519.6027.7036.5046.8548.3063.10TdCt Average2.89006920333.83318840315.03774640976.56040310418.17246392878.12820876819.7167667233

Solar. in pots12.4518.7031.1045.6050.3048.8066.35TdCtNs Average1.38934436982.50466231924.83838816147.79878907987.6718098697.00840764929.0326721775

Solar. Monthly14.4522.7525.3018.9019.2520.9528.30TdNCt Average1.75665401643.08153100483.5183645192.87402157262.39820534753.36769786196.8240587467

Solar. Paddy ash12.3016.3016.1025.7022.2027.8049.40TdPa Average1.52242496621.89179514983.75854581817.09976525434.4803273695.237790034412.4839452453

Solar. Shea butter15.7215.0615.7230.1130.0633.5059.17TdSb Average1.4242715271.57551676813.2936292798.32657133068.7988495327.1690887388.572404045

Grand Average12.6522.3927.3632.9640.8643.3558.15Grand Average0.68662760251.19715500761.62074372452.01490620912.45147152532.39383025072.9560990334

CountDamDecDamJanDamFebDamMarDamApr?DamMayDamJune

CtCt Count20202020202020

CtHp Count10101010101010

CtPa Count10101010101010

CtPal Count10101010101010

CtSb Count11111111111111

TdCt Count10101010101010

TdCtNs Count10101010101010

TdNCt Count10101010101010

TdPa Count10101010101010

TdSb Count9999999

Grand Count110110110110110110110

StdevDamDecDamJanDamFebDamMarDamApr?DamMayDamJune

CtCt StdDev8.727565223916.972326547122.572456434217.759560064526.94071219725.597543056428.5006348036

CtHp StdDev5.23237783216.63241199637.091661770512.577426869913.65853416578.93821384128.1419516815

CtPa StdDev6.381614215912.173399963317.807925825925.411939451128.631034055928.782903876433.809474346

CtPal StdDev4.56922069712.421307857417.798954401221.336978855224.936363452227.015890385731.8132135371

CtSb StdDev12.257836083716.349728938513.985869492320.763385605928.978440261726.44462481930.0478406424

TdCt StdDev9.13920127812.121606054215.930752929120.745816177925.843600110425.703653004530.7271143382

TdCtNs StdDev4.39349266287.920437698315.300326793924.661936483424.260392961922.162530942528.5638174386

TdNCt StdDev5.55502775279.744656655511.12604551899.0884542147.58379119510.649595714821.5795685262

TdPa StdDev4.814330465.982381539911.885565475322.451429056214.168039149216.563346414439.4777011601

TdSb StdDev4.27281458114.72655030429.880887836924.979713991826.396548595921.50726621425.7172121351

Grand StdDev7.201411049312.55586764616.998503589121.132514603825.711250267625.1067034831.0038282228

2001

00000000001.95154291191.95154291191.65462315281.65462315282.01804360712.01804360711.44491445341.44491445343.69587663923.69587663922.89006920332.89006920331.38934436981.38934436981.75665401641.75665401641.52242496621.52242496621.4242715271.424271527

00000000003.79512758963.79512758962.09735282892.09735282893.84956707523.84956707523.92796243483.92796243484.92962875574.92962875573.83318840313.83318840312.50466231922.50466231923.08153100483.08153100481.89179514981.89179514981.57551676811.5755167681

00000000005.04735470065.04735470062.2425803592.2425803595.63136060135.63136060135.62852358775.62852358774.21689831574.21689831575.03774640975.03774640974.83838816144.83838816143.5183645193.5183645193.75854581813.75854581813.2936292793.293629279

00000000003.97115835553.97115835553.97733160133.97733160138.03596084288.03596084286.74734515696.74734515696.2603963126.2603963126.56040310416.56040310417.79878907987.79878907982.87402157262.87402157267.09976525437.09976525438.32657133068.3265713306

00000000006.02412638356.02412638354.31920774634.31920774639.05392793839.05392793837.88557050717.88557050718.73732848718.73732848718.17246392878.17246392877.6718098697.6718098692.39820534752.39820534754.4803273694.4803273698.7988495328.798849532

00000000005.72378463315.72378463312.82651139512.82651139519.10195339239.10195339238.54317466368.54317466367.9733543867.9733543868.12820876818.12820876817.00840764927.00840764923.36769786193.36769786195.23779003445.23779003447.1690887387.169088738

00000000006.37293568236.37293568238.89926651168.899266511610.691494542710.691494542710.060221446610.06022144669.05976483389.05976483389.71676672339.71676672339.03267217759.03267217756.82405874676.824058746712.483945245312.48394524538.5724040458.572404045

Control

Hermetic

Paddy ash

Palaga

Shea butter

Solarisation

Solar. in pots

Solar. Monthly

Solar. Paddy ash

Solar. Shea butter

Charts

AverageT'mentNovDecJanFebSEMT'mentNovDecJanFeb

Control7.1610.3823.863.32Ct0.80711420090.98584988722.56173769153.818799986

Solar + ash5.889.6416.0436.3125TdA50.54869542250.90301347351.92438734844.8353143585

Solar monthly5.307692307710.1514.6036.7307692308TdMr0.43063184620.92185816981.39008002834.3494677631

Solar + Shea5.87510.6511.1522.8125TdSb0.46552331471.37243805021.92675648423.3731963108

Grand Average6.0510.2016.4339.96969696970.2944349150.52010100031.08171254052.5181859485

StDevCt4.03557100464.929249435812.808688457419.0939999302

TdA52.74347711254.51506736759.62193674223.6881058486

TdMr2.19580018714.70057279657.0880451922.1780209979

TdSb2.28058916876.72354585329.439140489916.5252195276

Grand StdDev2.94434915045.201010002910.817125404725.0556338304

CountCt25252525

TdA525252524

TdMr26262626

TdSb24242424

Grand Count10010010099

Charts

0.80711420090.80711420090.46552331470.46552331470.43063184620.43063184620.54869542250.5486954225

0.98584988720.98584988721.37243805021.37243805020.92185816980.92185816980.90301347350.9030134735

2.56173769152.56173769151.92675648421.92675648421.39008002831.39008002831.92438734841.9243873484

3.8187999863.8187999863.37319631083.37319631084.34946776314.34946776314.83531435854.8353143585

Control

Solar + ash

Solar monthly

Solar + Shea

Months of storage

Percentage damage

Gushegu Farmers Field Trials 2001

Charts (2)

Control

Solar + ash

Solar monthly

Solar + Shea

Months of storage

Mean % damage (with SEM)

Sheet1 (2)

0.80711420090.80711420090.46552331470.46552331470.43063184620.43063184620.54869542250.5486954225

0.98584988720.98584988721.37243805021.37243805020.92185816980.92185816980.90301347350.9030134735

2.56173769152.56173769151.92675648421.92675648421.39008002831.39008002831.92438734841.9243873484

3.8187999863.8187999863.37319631083.37319631084.34946776314.34946776314.83531435854.8353143585

Control

Solar + ash

Solar monthly

Solar + Shea

Months of storage

Mean % damage (with SEM)

Control

Solar + ash

Solar monthly

Solar + Shea

Months of storage

Mean % damage (with SEM)

7.30.8730533902

12.054.6788234513

17.354.937413853

17.43.6284370679

20.52.6541372317

31.33333333334.4476472046

34.27.0970259812

36.04545454556.6000876528

407.2894693659

Second month

Percentage damage

1998 -1999 Average damage increase after two months of storage (with SEM)

11.72512.99.3510.915.136363636412.5512.4514.4512.315.72222222221.95154291191.95154291191.65462315281.65462315282.01804360712.01804360711.44491445341.44491445343.69587663923.69587663922.89006920332.89006920331.38934436981.38934436981.75665401641.75665401641.52242496621.52242496621.4242715271.424271527

28.82519.623.0521.730.318181818219.618.722.7516.315.05555555563.79512758963.79512758962.09735282892.09735282893.84956707523.84956707523.92796243483.92796243484.92962875574.92962875573.83318840313.83318840312.50466231922.50466231923.08153100483.08153100481.89179514981.89179514981.57551676811.5755167681

37.920.7525.336.0526.136363636427.731.125.316.115.72222222225.04735470065.04735470062.2425803592.2425803595.63136060135.63136060135.62852358775.62852358774.21689831574.21689831575.03774640975.03774640974.83838816144.83838816143.5183645193.5183645193.75854581813.75854581813.2936292793.293629279

38.07518.9536.440.133.772727272736.545.618.925.730.11111111113.97115835553.97115835553.97733160133.97733160138.03596084288.03596084286.74734515696.74734515696.2603963126.2603963126.56040310416.56040310417.79878907987.79878907982.87402157262.87402157267.09976525437.09976525438.32657133068.3265713306

49.47529.551.7551.447.546.8550.319.2522.230.05555555566.02412638356.02412638354.31920774634.31920774639.05392793839.05392793837.88557050717.88557050718.73732848718.73732848718.17246392878.17246392877.6718098697.6718098692.39820534752.39820534754.4803273694.4803273698.7988495328.798849532

53.5529.1558.356.5545.227272727348.348.820.9527.833.55.72378463315.72378463312.82651139512.82651139519.10195339239.10195339238.54317466368.54317466367.9733543867.9733543868.12820876818.12820876817.00840764927.00840764923.36769786193.36769786195.23779003445.23779003447.1690887387.169088738

66.62549.9569.5564.4556.454545454563.166.3528.349.459.16666666676.37293568236.37293568238.89926651168.899266511610.691494542710.691494542710.060221446610.06022144669.05976483389.05976483389.71676672339.71676672339.03267217759.03267217756.82405874676.824058746712.483945245312.48394524538.5724040458.572404045

Control

Hermetic

Paddy ash

Palaga

Shea butter

Solarisation

Solar. in pots

Solar. Monthly

Solar. Paddy ash

Solar. Shea butter

Percentage damage

1999 - 2000 Average damage during storage (with SEM)

7.30.8730533902

12.054.6788234513

17.354.937413853

17.43.6284370679

20.52.6541372317

31.33333333334.4476472046

34.27.0970259812

36.04545454556.6000876528

407.2894693659

Second month

Percentage damage

11.72512.99.3510.915.136363636412.5512.4514.4512.315.72222222221.95154291191.95154291191.65462315281.65462315282.01804360712.01804360711.44491445341.44491445343.69587663923.69587663922.89006920332.89006920331.38934436981.38934436981.75665401641.75665401641.52242496621.52242496621.4242715271.424271527

28.82519.623.0521.730.318181818219.618.722.7516.315.05555555563.79512758963.79512758962.09735282892.09735282893.84956707523.84956707523.92796243483.92796243484.92962875574.92962875573.83318840313.83318840312.50466231922.50466231923.08153100483.08153100481.89179514981.89179514981.57551676811.5755167681

37.920.7525.336.0526.136363636427.731.125.316.115.72222222225.04735470065.04735470062.2425803592.2425803595.63136060135.63136060135.62852358775.62852358774.21689831574.21689831575.03774640975.03774640974.83838816144.83838816143.5183645193.5183645193.75854581813.75854581813.2936292793.293629279

38.07518.9536.440.133.772727272736.545.618.925.730.11111111113.97115835553.97115835553.97733160133.97733160138.03596084288.03596084286.74734515696.74734515696.2603963126.2603963126.56040310416.56040310417.79878907987.79878907982.87402157262.87402157267.09976525437.09976525438.32657133068.3265713306

49.47529.551.7551.447.546.8550.319.2522.230.05555555566.02412638356.02412638354.31920774634.31920774639.05392793839.05392793837.88557050717.88557050718.73732848718.73732848718.17246392878.17246392877.6718098697.6718098692.39820534752.39820534754.4803273694.4803273698.7988495328.798849532

53.5529.1558.356.5545.227272727348.348.820.9527.833.55.72378463315.72378463312.82651139512.82651139519.10195339239.10195339238.54317466368.54317466367.9733543867.9733543868.12820876818.12820876817.00840764927.00840764923.36769786193.36769786195.23779003445.23779003447.1690887387.169088738

66.62549.9569.5564.4556.454545454563.166.3528.349.459.16666666676.37293568236.37293568238.89926651168.899266511610.691494542710.691494542710.060221446610.06022144669.05976483389.05976483389.71676672339.71676672339.03267217759.03267217756.82405874676.824058746712.483945245312.48394524538.5724040458.572404045

Control

Hermetic

Paddy ash

Palaga

Shea butter

Solarisation

Solar. in pots

Solar. Monthly

Solar. Paddy ash

Solar. Shea butter

Percentage damage

Farmers trials

ResultsWould farmers use or recommend the treatment? -20-100102030ControlSolar. + ashSolar. MonthlySolar. + sheayesnoOn-farm trials 2001. Average damage (with SEM) at the end of the storage period020406080100ControlSolar. + ashSolar. monthlySolar. + sheaPercentage damageAprilMayJuneFarmers' perceptions of the treatment used-20-100102030ControlSolar. + ashSolar. MonthlySolar. + sheav. goodgoodOKnot goodNumber of respondentsGermination tests787100%20%40%60%80%100%ControlSolar. + ashSolar.MonthlySolar. +sheaPercentage seeds germinating (with number of farmers testing)00.511.522.53

Extension

Dagbani version

Two locations

Uganda

Reporting

Final workshop

ConclusionsViable solution?CostScaling upFollow upLearning processCollaborative work - decentralisationFrom academic research to farmers participatory research