Pespectives for Engineering and Technology in Portugal” Lisbon, 22 November 1999 Giorgio Sirilli
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Transcript of Pespectives for Engineering and Technology in Portugal” Lisbon, 22 November 1999 Giorgio Sirilli
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Pespectives for Engineering and Technology in Portugal”
Lisbon, 22 November 1999
Giorgio Sirilli
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Definition of research and development (Frascati Manual)
• R&D is defined as creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the
stock of knowledge including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Technological innovation(Oslo Manual)
• Technological innovations comprise new products and processes and significant technological changes of products, services and processes.
• An innovation has been implemented if it has been introduced on the market (product and service innovation) or used within a production process (process innovation).
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Technological innovation(Oslo Manual)
• Innovations involve a series of scientific, technological, organisational, financial and commercial activities.
• The product or process should be new (or rignificantly improved) to the firm (it does not necessarily have to be new to the relevant market)
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Period 1960's-1970's 1980's-early1990's
1990's - nextmillennium
Model Linear model Chain-linkedmodel
Systemsapproaches
Conception Simple Complex Extremelycomplex
Number ofindicators
Few(R&D, patents,TBP)
Many(R&D, patents,bibliometrics,innovation, hightech products,humanresources)
Too many(combinationsof existing andpossibly newindicators,quantitative/qualitative)
Development of indicators
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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The exponential growth of S&T indicators at the international level
Decades 50s and 60s 70s 80s 90s
Main indicators used Re&D Re&D Re&D Re&DPatents Patents PatentsTechnological balance Technological balance Technological balanceof payments of payments of payments
High-tech products High-tech productsand sectors and sectorsBibliometrics BibliometricsHuman resources Human resources
Innovation surveys Innovation surveysInnovations mentioned intechnical literatureSurveys of productiontechnologiesGovernment support toindustrial technologyIntangible investmentIndicators of informationand communication technologiesInput-Output matrixes *Productivity *Venture capital *Mergers and acquisitions *
* Indicators mutuated from economic analysis.
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R&D25%Design
7%
Know-how3%
Software15%
Marketing2%
Investment46%
Training2%
Innovation expenditure of Italian service firms
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Some remarks
• The very title of the exercise “Engineering and Technology”: what about SCIENCE?
• The “bloody” economists
• Manufacturing and services
• How many R&D performing firms?
• Large role on the public sector in R&D– the distribution of talents– bootlegging
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Some remarks
• Accountability: a new concept
• Foresight
• The Dutch experience
• Government failures and market failures– some lessons from Italy
• The final report– how to incorporate the international debate– hot to “sell” it
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Main indicators from innovation surveys
• Number of innovating firms– by sector– by firm size
• Cost of innovation
• Percentage of sales due to new products
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Cost of innovation (percentage) - Italy (1990-92)
Computers Chemicals Textiles Clothing
R&D 65 43 12 16
Design engineering 22 9 18 38
Production investment 12 44 68 27
Marketing 1 4 2 19
Total 100 100 100 100
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Service firms which have carried out innovation activities in Italy 1993-1995 (percentage)
• R&D• Design• Know-how• Software• Training• Marketing• Investment
• 13.8• 18.5• 12.7• 52.2• 28.9• 12.2• 53.8
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Innovation activities of service firms (percentages)
• R&D 13.8• Design 18.5• Know-how 12.7• Software 52.2• Training 28.9• Marketing 12.2• Investment 53.8• Total -
• 23.7• 8.1• 3.5• 14.1• 2.6• 1.9• 46.0• 100.0
Firms which have carried out the activity
Innovationexpenditure
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Innovation expenditure (percentages)
• R&D 23.7• Design 8.1• Know-how 3.5• Software 14.1• Training 2.6• Tooling-up, patents -• Marketing 1.9• Investment 46.0• Total 100.0
• 35.8• 7.4• -• -• -• 8.1• 1.5• 47.2• 100.0
Service firms (1993-95)
Manufacturingfirms (1990-92)
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Lessons from the CIS survey (1994-1996) Percentage of innovating firms
• Germany 83
• Austria 81
• Ireland 79
• Finland 69
• Spain 53
• Italy 50 Poland 34
• Turkey 33
• 82• 64• 62• 46• -• 31• -• -
Manufacturing firms Service firms
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Concluding remarks
• Innovation can be measured
• We have learnt a lot from innovation surveys and other indicators
• Still many challenges ahead of us
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Lessons learned
• Technological innovation is quite a diffused phenomenon
• There are wide differences across sectors and size of firm
• Firms rely on a wide range of innovation sources: investment, R&D and software are the major components of firms' innovation expenditure
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Lessons learned
• Major obstacles for introducing technological innovation are of an economic nature - i.e. cost and risk too high
• Technological information is drawn mainly from outside suppliers of equipment, materials and components as well as from in-house technical departments
• Internal sources of information are much more important than public research institutions
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy
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Some challenges
• Software
• Services
• Organisation
• Information and communication technologies
• Biotechnologies
• Employment
• Environmental sustainability
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Some challenges
• Further development of theories in the knowledge-based economy
• Innovation surveys allow to take into account complexity
• Linkage with other industrial data
• Risk of too much information
• The advantage of international comparability (“Big science”)
Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy