Peruvian Palms

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    Biodiversity and Conservation 3 227-241 (1994)

    Diversity and conservation status of PeruvianpalmsFRANCIS KAHN and FARANA MOUSSAORSTOM, CP-09747, 70001-970 Braslia (DF), BrazilReceived 24 May 1993; revised an d accep ted 3 Septem ber 1993

    Indigenous palm species of Peru are listed with data on their distribution patterns, ecology,frequency. density in the ecosystems, and conservation status. Peruvian palm flora includes 140native species in 34 gene ra with the following distribution patterns: strictly A nd ean (17), An dea nand S uban dean (3), s trict ly Suban dean (19), Sub ande an and Amazo nian (20), strictly Amazonian(7 ),Am azonian an d South peripheral ( 2 ) , South peripheral (1). Abou t 43% of the species occurat very low or low frequency in the country and abou t 9% are insufficiently known in situ for theirconservation status to be defined. Th ere a re no Extinct species. Sixteen of the 17 strict ly A ndea npalms are threatened species; 3 of them are Endangered, while only 5 strict ly Sub ande an, 3Subandean-Amazonian, and 4 strictly Amaz onian palms are in these catego ries.Keywords: Palmae; Peru; distribution patterns; ecology; conservation statusIntroductionMacbride (1960) published the only palm flora for Peru. It is now out of date. Shortlyafter its appearance, Harold Moore organized an expedition throughout Andean andAmazonian Peru (Moore et al., 1960). Since then, several genera have been revised:Geonoma (Wessels Boer, 1968), Chelyocarpzls (Moore, 1972),Jessenia and Oenocarpus(Balick, 1986; Bernal et al., 1991),Hyospathe (Skov and Balslev, 1989), Dictyocaryzlm,Iriartea, Iriartella, and Socratea (Henderson, 1990),Ammandra and Phytelephas (Bar-fod, 1991),Astrocaryum (Kahn and Milln, 1992), Chamaedorea (Hodel, 1992),Aipha-nes (Borchsenius and Bernal, in press); and two new genera were described, Itaya(Moore, 1972) and Aphandra (Barfod, 1991). Several taxonomic up-datings (Gentry,1986; Kahn, 1990) and floristic inventories of palms in forest ecosystems (Kahn andMeja, 1990, 1991;'Kahn and Granville, 1992; Young 1992) were also published. Inaddition, countless specimens have been collected by R.B. Foster, A. Gentry, N.Jaramillo, F. Kahn, K. Meja, D.N. Smith, R. Vsquez, K.R. Young, and many otherbotanists in the last fifteen years.An analysis of a database including about 3000 herbarium specimens has providedinformation on species identification rates in each genus, species distribution patterns,and palm collecting intensity throughout Peru (Kahn et al., 1992). All specimens in eachSubandean and Amazonian species have been listed according to the main river valleywhere they were collected, and never or poorly-collected areas were identified as a result(Moussa et al. , 1992)."To whom correspondence should be addressed. O. R.S.T.0A Fonds Documentaire

    N o ? qOLo?/20960-3115 994 Chapman Hall O 8 SEP. 1994 Cote : 6

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    Is Knliri r i id ~\oirssnA list of indigenous palm species of Peru is presented with data o n their di\tributionpatterns. ecology, trequency and density in the ecosystem\. Their conservation status isdefined from these parameters.

    Materials and methodsList of P v i t i pcdiri . pcit?sThe list of indigenous palm species of Peru has been estnblished from idrntific*ationofherbarium specimens (AMAZ. BH. CUZ, K , M O . MOL. NY. P. LJS. LJSM- acronymsaccording to Holmgren tt cil., 1090, Tndex herharorium. 8th ed.). It follow~sh e checklistof Peruvian palms prepared by L. Brako. A. Henderson and F. Kahn, and revised byJ. Dransfield. in Brako and Zarucchis catalogue of flowering plants and gymnospermsof Peru ( in press). Herbarium voiicher reference\ will he found in this catalogue and inKahn a n d Moussa ( 19Y4).D i m ib ii r io t i p a t t t v x ~ f Feriii?rtri pibrisFive distribution patterns are propohed: ( ) Strictly Andean species c)ccur at highelevation (>15V(lm) beyond the western limit of the Amazonian drainage which ismarked by the occurrence of Dictyoc(iryit?i1mt~inl.ckirrtiiriri:Ctjro.xylotispp. are typicallyAndem palms. they reach the western piedmont ot the Andes in northern Peru nearthe frontier with Ecuador: (2) Andean and Subandean \pecks: ( 3 ) drictly Subandeanspecies occupy the eastern piedmont o f the Andes; ( 4 ) Amazonian specie4 are found inthe plain (strictly Amazonian). some of them reach the piedmont valleys below 1000m(Subandean-Amazonian) or extend beyond the southern limit of Amazonia(Amazonian-South peripheral); ( 5 ) South peripheral species are found in bl adre deDios; they dominate tree vegetation in savannas and gallery forests which extend toBeni. Bolivia. and muth of Rondhi a. Brazil.Pcriwiriii ecosystcs wi th pcrlrmTen ecosystems are con4idered: i ) Terra firme forests o n clay, usually well-drained soilswith the highest palm diversity; (ii) dry white sands with low vegetation and very lowpalm diversity; i i i ) waterlogged white sands with high palm diversity: (iv) seasonalswmip forests irregularly flooded hy rainfall with high density and medium diversity ofpalms: (v) permanently flooded swamp forests usually composed of very dense popula-tions of hfrriiririrr 7e.i iioLsci.but a rather low diversity in palms: (vi) periodically floodedwhitewater forests on alluvial soils (called restinga-forests in Peru. vh-zea-forests inBrazil) with medium palm diversity; (vii) fore5ts periodically flooded by blackwater withlow palm diversity (called tahuamp~i-forests n Peru. igapci-forests in Brazil); (viii)s;viinnas a n d (ix) gallery forests, both with low palm diversity: s)mountain cloudforests above 1500 m. Some species occur in forests flooded by whitewater as well as inthose floodecl by blackwater; they are considered riparian i11 the list. The ability ofsome torest palms to flourish in deforested areas is noted under open vegetation.Descriptions of these ecosystem\ in Peru are given by Marmillod ( 19x2). Encmucin(108.5). Knlliola c r d 1987). Lamotte (1990). a n d Lopez and Freitas 1I9YO) forAmazonian lowlands. and by Weberbauer (1945), Ferreyra ( 1950). ONERN (1976).Young and Le6n (1988). and Young (1990) for eastern piedmont and the Andes.

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    Diversity and conservation of Peruvian palms 229The ecosystem(s) given in the list is (are) that (those) where the species is commonlyfound. The attribution of only one ecosystem to a species does not exclude a certainecological range within this species, which cannot be taken into account here. Forinstance, Astrocaryu m javarense or Chelyoca rpus repens form very dense stands on well-

    drained soils in terra firme forests; some individuals, however, may occur in thecontiguous seasonal swamp forest.More information on species richness, density, vertical distribution, life forms, andecology of palms in Subandean and Amazonian forest ecosystems are proposed by Kahnand Granville (1992). Data on Andean palm flora will be found in Young (1992).Species ecology, frequ ency in Peru and density in ecosystemsThe attribution of lhe above-defined ecosystem(s) to each species, as well as thefrequency and density evaluation are mainly based on the field experience of the seniorauthor who has been working with palms for 8 years in Peru. The species which havenot been seen in the field are mainly those which are known only from the type or froma few old specimens (most often destroyed at B). As far as possible, complementaryinformation was supplied from specimen labels, ecological and floristic studies (Gentry,1985; Young, 1992), and forest inventories. Many of the latter, however, do not takepalms into account, and when they do, the frequent absence of herbarium referencesmake most identifications questionable.Conser vation statusThe following IUCN conservation categories (Dransfield et al., 1988) are employed:Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Indeterminate for threatened categories; Statusunknown, Insufficiently known for unknown categories; and non-threatened categories.The conservation status of each species incorporates its distribution pattern becauseof the difference of human impact between regions, its frequency in the region, and itsdensity in the ecosystem.As a general rule species which occur in very low frequency and are not known fromother countries, or are known in very low frequency therein, are included in threatenedcategories: (i) as Endangered when there is evidence that current populations are mereremnants of former larger populations under strong human pressure; (ii) as Vulnerablewhen population density is low and the deforestation rate is still high; (iii) as Rare whenpopulation density is high because the species generally grow in open areas and canpersist under strong human pressure; (iv) as Indeterminate when human pressure is low.Andean and Subandean species with low frequency and low density are also includedin the threatened categories while Amazonian species with the same parameters are not.As a matter of fact, human pressure is very high in Andean and Subandean parts.Terrorism in the highlands made people migrate to the eastern Andes; mountain cloudforests have been intensively cut as a result. Many people were also attracted by cocacultivation on the piedmont where many areas have been deforested. Amazonianspecies, even with low frequency, may be considered not threatened as yet because ofthe lack of access roads and the consequently low density of human settlements inAmazonian lowlands.

    The unknown categories include species which have long been described and, sincethen, have not been found again, e.g., Catoblashu pub esce ns, G eononia congestissinia,G. dicranospadix or Wettinia weberb aueri.

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    ResultsDi twsi t y of Pci irviciii yalinsA total of I40 native species in 31 genera has been listed (Table I ) . Five species whichare not indigenous palms of Peru are excluded: Bacfris gasipat~, EIiiei5 gziii~twzsis,Eirteipe olovctw. Oniocarp1rs htrcaba. rind Pliotwix cmitiririisis.Di&trihiitiotipiitttv YStrictly Amazonian palm species represent 55.7 4 of the I40 species listed; 1'1.600 ofthem are strictly Suhandean species: 14.3'% of them are common to Amazonian lowlandsancl Suhandean peidmont. Andean specie? represent 12. l 'h of the total: only threespecies are common to Andean and Subandean regions. Two Amazonian species alsooccur beyond the 5outhem limit of the hasin (Amazonian-South peripheral palmi,); thereis only one South peripheral species (Table 2) .Ec)J~ ~ t t ~ i i 1 ~All Andean and severiil Suhandean species occur in mountain cloud forests. A total of70 Amazonian and Suhandean species grow in terra firme forests. and Ill of them arealscr found in other ecosystems. There are 16 nnd 27 5pecies in forests on periodicallyflooded alluvial wils and in seasonal swamp forests. respectively: six of the former a n d17 (of the latter present a wider ecological range, however. The other ecosystems havea few palm species. but these n i q he very abundant (Kahn :ind Granville, 1997). Allspecies occurring in forests which are picrdically flooded b y blackwater, such a sA , w ; v i i i i i jtrrrtrri. Btrcrris tmirrrjli. B . ripiriu. arc also found in most inundated foresttypes (see riparian species in Table 1).The ecology of five species is still unknlown.FrtTq r tv v i t d rici sir?Thirty two specie4 occur a t very low trequrncy. 29 at low frequency. On tht whole,43.h",, o f the p l r n 5pccies are scarce. and 70.5 ' k o f these are ulso found at low density.Frequency and den4ty are unknown for 11 specie\.Di stribiitiori pt rt tm i l u i d f r tiqiitwcyAll strict11 Andean species occur a t Lery low or low treyuency (Table 2 ) . Scarcc speciesreprewnt 9O.O ;i. 45.7%. and 31 o f the palm flora uf the Andes. the easternpiedmont. and Am :imnian lowlands. respectively. The South peripheral specie

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