PERU: Country Report Technology Needs...
Transcript of PERU: Country Report Technology Needs...
PERU: Country ReportPERU: Country ReportTechnology Needs AssessmentsTechnology Needs Assessments
Dr. Eduardo TorresDr. Eduardo TorresCONCYTEC - PERCONCYTEC - PERÚÚ
National Council of Science and Technology
PERPERÚÚ: : AA country on the move country on the movePeru is a beautiful countrylocated in South America, andis an APEC economy membersince 1998.Its population is about 26million, distributed in 1’285,000sq. km. of territory.Peru is crossed over by AndesMountain Range, dividing thecountry in 3 principal regions:a desertical coast, amountainous highland and theAmazon rainforest. Thanks tothis particular geography, Peruhas more than 84 ecologicallevels from a total of 103existing in the world.
Identification of Technology Needs forIdentification of Technology Needs forEconomical Development and Green-HouseEconomical Development and Green-HouseEffect Gases Mitigation and Air PollutionEffect Gases Mitigation and Air Pollution
This information was compiled by The NationalEnvironment Council (CONAM) with theparticipation of multidisciplinary nationalconsultants. This estimation summarizes ournational technological needs which at the sametime could have a sound-effect in the mitigation ofgreen-house effect emissions (GHE) and couldreduce countries vulnerability against climaticchange.
Expenses in Research andExpenses in Research andDevelopmentDevelopment
914.00Estados UnidosEstados Unidos418.00CanadCanadáá164.70EspaEspaññaa41.70BrasilBrasil36.10AgentinaAgentina
331.60Costa RicaCosta Rica28.30ChileChile16.10UruguayUruguay14.80MexicoMexico11.60CubaCuba11.30PanamPanamáá9.90ColombiaColombia3.10BoliviaBolivia1.70PerPerúú1.60El SalvadorEl Salvador1.20EcuadorEcuador0.60Nicaragua
US$ per cápitaCountry
Sectors that should implementSectors that should implementprojects for technology transferprojects for technology transfer
�� AgricultureAgriculture�� FoodFood Industrie Industrie and agricultural industries and agricultural industries�� TourismTourism�� EnergyEnergy�� BiodiversityBiodiversity�� BiotechnologyBiotechnology�� InfrastructureInfrastructure�� Public HealthPublic Health
* Government will promote public and private participation
PerPerúú exportation projections exportation projections2000-20252000-2025
100100100100100100TOTAL21.322.521.921.521.521.5Services
19.515.814.613.512.712.1Manufactures
40.042.044.546.247.348.6Fuels an non-ferrousmetals
19.319.719.018.818.517.8Food,beverages&Tobacco
202520252020202020152015201020102005200520002000UniformUniform
classification ofclassification ofinternationalinternationalcommercecommerce
In 2025, Peru will export approximately 33 518 USD millions(Acummulated growth of 3,9 times in respect to 2000 year).
Emissions will increase 2,6 times between 1994-2025 (from 98 899.3 Ggtons to 259 109.9 Gg tons of CO2 equivalents. In the Energy Sector,emissions will increase more than 3 times and the Non-energetic Sector in2,5 times.
GEI emissions increment in CO2GEI emissions increment in CO2equivalent (equivalent (GgGg))
Energy sector:Energy sector:� Fuel Consumption: will increase 3.4 times
(From 22.25% in 1994 to 29% in 2025)� Industrial processes: From 10% in 1994 to
19% in 2025
Non-energetic sectorNon-energetic sector� Change of land use and silviculture: in
1994 the emissions were 41% of totalemissions; in 2025 will represent a loss of14% of the total forestry surface.
Technological OptionsTechnological OptionsReliable Energy Commercial ReservesReliable Energy Commercial Reserves
19971997
Coal8% Uranium
5%Oil
10%
NG liquids12%
Natural gas34%
Hydroenergy
31%
Perú has large energetical reserves: 467 FET (FuelEquivalent Tons), 65% from natural gas andhydroenergy
Primary Energy Production (1998)Primary Energy Production (1998)
Cane-remains
2.3%
Fire-wood30.4%
Ox-stall &Peat2.1%
Hydroenergy11.5%
Oil44.4%
Mineral Coal0.2%
Natural Gas9.1%
Perú just produces about 13 FET millions concentratingits present explotation in oil production and biomass.Hydroenergy in lower proportions.
Possible sequence of energeticalPossible sequence of energeticaloptions implementationoptions implementation
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Hidroelectric
Fuel-cells
Natural Gas
Solar
TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS:TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS: Natural Gas Natural Gas
Long term and coherent policies with astraight compromise from government topromote internal market
Actions and requiredpolicies
High impact in a high biodiversity areawith a fragil ecological equilibrium
Environmentalimpact
Big industries, cement processing andcars in lower percentage
Aplication
Under developed domestic marketBarriersBlocks ContractsCaptation Form
Pluspetrol, Aguaytía Energy / Kamiseaexplotation
Provider
Fossil fuel with lower environmentalimpact, great potential
DescriptionExplotation, Processing and distributionTechnological Option
Natural GasNatural Gas
Fuel Cells as Energy GeneratorsFuel Cells as Energy Generators
CircuitCircuit
Anode
H2 Source Polimeric
membrane
Catode
Air is taken And
oxygen captured
H
H+
Principle: Hydrogen is chemically secuestred from different sources( Air, Fuel,Gas, etc.) then the O2 separates in a proton and electron.The proton migrates to the catode and the electron to the anodegenrating electric energy. It is anon -combustion process.
Microturbines
Fuelsystem
Fuelsystem
Force Digital Control
Force Digital Control
MicroturbineMicroturbine
Fuel Flow Air
Communications
GasesOutput
ElectricalOutput
User Interface
BiodigestorsBiodigestors
To promote this technologyActions and requiredpolicies
Positive impact : management of solidwastes and mitigation of CO and Nox
Environmentalimpact
Electrical generators for publicilumination
Aplication
UnknownBarriersPublic perceptionCaptation Form
Farmers for their own consume;municipalities
Provider
Bacterial induced process undertemperature influence
Description
Fermentation processing andtransformation
TechnologicalOption
BiodigestorsBiodigestors
SmallSmall Hydroelectrical Hydroelectrical Systems Systems
Fiscal incentives and diffusionActions and requiredpolicies
NoneEnvironmentalimpact
Specially idoneous for remote localitieswithout electricity
Aplication
Interconnection possibilities to electric netBarriers
Equipment adquicsition and patentlicenses
Captation FormVariousProviderDifferent typesDescription
Microturbines, Propeller type turbines;Francis turbines; Pelton turbines.
Technological OptionSmallSmall Hydroelectrical Hydroelectrical Systems Systems
BiofuelsBiofuels
Companies must implement developmentplans for ethanol adquicsition, Laws andcontrols
Actions and requiredpolicies
Non-toxic CO2Environmentalimpact
Ethanol and oil mixtures to increaseoctanage
Aplication
Low ethanol demandBarriersPrivate and public sectorsCaptation Form
Various as universities; research centers;Oil companies
Provider
Possible vegetal sources from sugar-based vegetables
Description
Ethanol ProductionTechnologicalOption
BiodigestorsBiodigestors
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Fiscal incentives and marketingActions and requiredpolicies
NoneEnvironmentalimpact
In areas with high solar irradiationAplication
Public diffusion and level of localirradiation
Barriers
Cheap technology transfer, equipmentadquicsition, self-made, local patent
Captation FormRelative easy constructionProviderSolar concentration devicesDescription
Solar dryers,heaters,stoves andfotovoltaics cells
TechnologicalOption
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Oceanic EnergyOceanic Energy
Fiscal incentives, political decision andinitial inversion
Actions and requiredpolicies
Marine habitat alteration; OTEC noneEnvironmentalimpact
Only North part of Perú (high billow area)Aplication
Inversion and recuperation costsBarriersTechnical design; equipment adquisitionCaptation FormVariousProvider
Channel systems with water flow andreservoirs; hydroelectrical plants, etc.
Description
Billow use; tide use; OTEC systemsTechnologicalOption
Oceanic EnergyOceanic Energy
GeothermicalGeothermical Energy Energy
Technological transfer and prospectionstudies
Actions and requiredpolicies
Land profile cuttings and debrisEnvironmentalimpact
Reduction of green-house effect gasesAplication
Unknown geothermal potential;economical support
Barriers
Prospection and perforation studies.Thermic wells sustenance
Captation Form
Universities, Oil companies like Shell andMobil, research centers
Provider
Perforation of hot rocks wells injectingwater that is heated and can be used inturbines.
Description
Injection wells in hot fracturated rocks;springs and geisers
Technological OptionGeothermic EnergyGeothermic Energy
Eolic EnergyEolic Energy
Tributaries benefits needed as well asduties exonerations
Actions and requiredpolicies
Low because recquires a small land areaEnvironmentalimpact
Remote areas with high eolic potentialAplication
High costs in comparison with otherenergy sources
Barriers
Equipment adquicsition and patentslicenses
Captation Form
Vestas wind systems A/S Denmark andUS Dept of Energy & Sandia NationalLabs
Provider
Wind horizontal turbines connected withelectrical accumulators
Description
Wind turbinesTechnologicalOption
Eolic EnergyEolic Energy
TransportationTransportation
Favourable legislation and tributarialincentives
Actions and requiredpolicies
None or almost noneEnvironmentalimpact
General transportationAplication
Initial costsBarriers
Proper legislation, transportionenterprises development, incentives
Captation FormVariousProviderEnvironmental friendly transportationDescription
Dirigibles, gas-based engines, bicycleways and electric or magnetic trains
TechnologicalOption
TransportationTransportation
Agriculture and AgroforestryAgriculture and Agroforestry
Implementation of Agroforestry extensionsystem
Actions and requiredpolicies
Favorable and reduces deforestationEnvironmentalimpact
Local agriculture development, promotingnew crops, settlement increase
Aplication
Capital lack, capacitation, equipment andaccess to inversion capitals
BarriersFinancingCaptation FormINIA, NGOs, enterprises, IIAP, etc.Provider
Soil improvement, multicultivations,plants adaptation; new speciesintroduction
Description
Soils conservation; continuous crops andreforestation
TechnologicalOption
AgroforestryAgroforestry
Metodological AspectsMetodological Aspects in in technological needstechnological needsidentification processidentification process
Generation ofpriorized criteria &
Conciliation
Barrieridentification
Nationalneeds
Own &adaptedcriteria
Propercualitativecriteria ?
Technology offer(multisectorialmatrix
Technical &Commercialprofiles
Properquantitat
ivecriteria
Technologicaloptions /
Recommendations
NO
YES
TechnologyTechnology vs. vs.Sound EffectsSound Effects
�� Horizontal expenses Horizontal expenses reduction reduction in:in:TransportationTransportation, , Communications andCommunications andenergyenergy
�� AgricultureAgriculture, , CattleCattle, , Acuiculture andAcuiculture andForestry activitiesForestry activities expenses expenses reductionreduction
Competitive AdvantageCompetitive Advantage ProductionProductionandand TechnologiesTechnologies ProspectionProspection in in
addedadded valuevalue generationgeneration
““ Selected TechnologiesSelected Technologies mustmust offeroffer addedaddedvaluevalue toto thethe productionproduction andand quality lifequality lifenational standardsnational standards””
Generation of AddedGeneration of Added--valuevalue
““Selected technologies must offerSelected technologies must offeradded-value to national productionadded-value to national productionand quality life national standardsand quality life national standards””
Technological OfferTechnological Offer vs. Actual vs. ActualNeedsNeeds
In the practice any recommendation of technologytransfer must be supported by actions as:
� Neck-bottle elimination
� Information development and competences bothtechnic and commercial which could inducedevelopment and adaptability of technologicaloptions
� Know-how transference, habilities anddevelopment of local capacities for use andproportional tranfer technology adaptation andservice.
Priority CriteriaPriority Criteria
• National needs identification
• Priority quantitative and qualitative criteria
• Multisectorial matrix of technologicaloptions
• Profile group generation in differenttechnological options
• Recommendation generation fortechnological implementation in proposedsector (Energy, Transportation &Agroforestry)
Capacitation Needs Evaluation Capacitation Needs Evaluation forforTechnology TransferTechnology Transfer
Impact of Technology Needs overImpact of Technology Needs overEconomical Development andEconomical Development andGHG emissionsGHG emissions
�Until 2025 a rate between 6 to 7% of nationalInternal Rough Product (PBI) increase isexpected
�Social and economical development
�GHG emissions decrease
� Impulse of technology in the 3 areas proposed:Energy generation, Transportation,Agroforestation and pastures.
Action planAction plan• Constitution of Consultant Group for Technology Transfer
• Promote and defense of a Regional or sub-regional Centrefor Technology transfer sited in Perú as well as aCapacitation Centre.
• More effective measurements to allow technology transferfrom industrialized countries to less developed countriesand a improvement in financing programs and projects.
• To coordinateTechnology Transfer policies portfolio ofdeveloped countries so there will a real agreementsimplementation.
• To facilitate technology transfer reducing royalties costsand patent use in under developed countries usinginstead colective negotiations and alternatives incentivesproposed by multinational insitutions.
• To create a special financial support project to strengtheninternal capacities in research, development, innovaationand training.