Perspectives in Psychology New
Transcript of Perspectives in Psychology New
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PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY
There are different perspectives or
viewpoints in psychology
Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic,
Biological, cognitive, Socio-cultural &
Evolutionary perspectives are some
example
Each perspective focus on the subjectmatter of psychology in somewhat different
way
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Psychodynamic perspective
Propounded by Sigmund Freud
Holds that behavior is the function of
unconscious mind, personality structure
and early childhood experience
Because these factors do play role in
behavior psychology should focus its
attention on such factors to understand
behavior
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Psychody
Personality of each individual has three
competing forces The Id, Ego and
superego
Id operates according to pleasure principle
Ego operates according to Reality
principle
Superego operates according to Morality
principle
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Till the ego is able to balance thedemands of Id and Superego individual isnormal
Thus the interaction between Id, Ego &Superego play vital role in both normaland abnormal behaviors
Each individual passses through fivestages of psychosexual stages: oral, analphallic, latency and genital
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For individual to be normal he shouldsuccessfully resolve the conflict arouseddue to
Individuals get sexual pleasure fromvarious parts of the body (ErogenousZones) in different stages of psychosexualdevelopment.
Undersatisfaction or over satisfaction ineach stage results in fixation
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Fixation is excessive investment of
psychich energy in a particular stage
Fixation results in various psychological
problems
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REFRESH YOURSELF
AMAZING HOTELS OF WORLD
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Behavioral Perspective
Contributed by Watson, Pavlov & Skinner
Holds that behavior results from learning
Human beings are neutral at birth and it islearning that contribute for both normal
and abnormal behavior of individual
Heredity and unconscious mind have littleor no role to play in behavior
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Behavioral contd
Focus should be paid in reinforcement and
punishment because these are the factors
that play role in learning and behavior
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Humanistic perspective
Key contributors: Carl Roger, Maslow Assumption: Human beings are positive &
have enormous power for growth
Behavior results from inherent need forgrowth (Psychological growth: need to
become what one is able to be)
Focus on free will, subjective experience(Psychology should focus on individuals
subjective experience) & uniqueness of
individual
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Evolutionary Perspective
Key Contributor D.M. Buss This theory is influenced by Darwins theory
of natural selection
According to this theory, behavior isinfluenced by Inheritance, Variation within
& among species & natural selection
Variation refers to the fact that organismsbelonging to a given species vary in many
different ways
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Inheritance refers to the fact that some of
these variations can be passed from one
generation to the next
Selection refers to the fact that nature
always selects those who are best in
adaptation : Those who are unable to
adapt will gradually decrease
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Evolutionary
Believe that most of the behaviors that
human show are the result of evolution.
Psychology should focus on evolution to
completely understand the behavior
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CLONING
THIS WILL BE THE RESULT IF CLONINGGOES WRONG
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Social and Cultural (Socio-
Cultural) perspective
Major contributors of this perspective are
Janet Hyde and David Matsumoto
this perspective believe that behavior is
the result of socio cultural factors
explains how our personality, belief,
attitude, skill and values are shaped by our
culture, ethnicity, gender, religion and
other important socio-cultural factors
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Cognitive Perspective
key contributors of this approach are George
Miller, Jerome Bruner and Ulrich Neisser
focuses its attention on the role of cognition
in behavior : the mental act or process by
which knowledge is acquired
cognition refers to the processing of
information that we receive through senses
It is the cognition that determines our
response
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Abnormal behavior results from problem in
cognitive process