Chapter 4

Personality and Emotions – Author Stephen Robbins

Prof. Shrinivas V K

Prof. SVK

Prof. SVK

What is Personality?

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

PersonalityDeterminants• Heredity• Environment• Situation

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality Types• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

ExtroversionSociable, gregarious, and assertive

AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Openness to ExperienceImaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.

Emotional Stability/NeuroticismCalm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

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Prof. SVK

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Type A personality

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Locus of Control

Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.

InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them.

ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

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Machiavellianism

Conditions Favoring High Machs• Direct interaction• Minimal rules and regulations• Emotions distract for others

Machiavellianism (Mach)

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

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Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring

Self-Esteem (SE)

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

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Risk-Taking

High Risk-taking Managers– Make quicker decisions– Use less information to make decisions– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial

organizations Low Risk-taking Managers

– Are slower to make decisions– Require more information before making decisions– Exist in larger organizations with stable

environments Risk Propensity

– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

Type A Personality

The theory describes Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, take on more than they can handle, want other people to get to the point, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management.

People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics", push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence.

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Type B personality

They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve.

When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game regardless of winning or losing.

Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counsellor, therapist, actor or actress.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

Structure of Personality( Id, Ego and Super Ego)

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SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939)

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LAYERS OF MINDConscious, Preconscious and Unconscious

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Conscious MindIncludes

everything we ‘re aware of

Awareness of our own mental process(Thoughts and Feelings)

Rational

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Preconscious MindRepresent

Ordinary Memory

Fact Stored are available for future use

E.g. (Phone No, Address) etc.

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Unconscious Mind

Contains feelings, thoughts and memories beyond our Awareness

Continuous Influence on our Behavior and Action

(Dreams and wishes)

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Example

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STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Id, Ego And Super Ego

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ID Present from Birth Animalistic and

Childish Desires and no values

Operates on Pleasure Principle, to gain Pleasure and avoid pain

Immediate Satisfaction I Want it and want it

right now Exists in Unconscious

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Super Ego Develops from 5 to 6

age Opposite of the Id Operates on Moral

principle Differentiate b/w Good

and Bad If we follow it , We feel

proud and if not ,then , We feel guilty

Exists in Preconscious Mind

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Ego Develops After Birth In the middle of Id

And Super Ego Organized and

Rational Reality Principle Responsible for

Dealing with Reality Exists in Conscious

Mind

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Example

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Erikson’s personality

Erikson suggested that there are

8 developmental stages as we grow from childhood to adulthood and at each of these stages we face the trauma of resolving certain critical conflicts

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Stage 1: Infancy ; Trust Vs Mistrust Stage 2: Early childhood; Autonomy Vs shame and

doubt Stage 3: Play age; Initiative Vs Guilt Stage 4: School Age; Industry Vs Inferiority Stage 5: Adolescence; Identity Vs Role Diffusion Stage6: Early adulthood; Intimacy Vs Isolation Stage 7: Adulthood; Generativity Vs Stagnation Stage 8:Mature Adulthood; Ego Integrity Vs Despair

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