Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood1.
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Transcript of Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood1.
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Chapter 5
Personality Dispositions Over Time:Stability, Change, and Coherence
1
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 2
Children and Personality
Kai
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 3
Part One. Dispositional Domain
Still looking for universal personality traits!! How many personality traits exist? How do we classify these personality traits? How do we measure these traits?? Are the traits stable over time? Are the traits stable across situations? How do the traits develop?
What Is Personality Development?
Continuities, consistencies, stabilities in people over time
PLUS the way in which people change over time
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 4
Three Key Forms of Stability
(1) Rank order stability: Maintenance of an individual position’s within group
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 5
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 6
Three Key Forms of Stability
(1) Rank order stability: Maintenance of an individual position’s within group
Rank-order instability / Rank Order Change: when people fail to maintain rank order
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 7
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© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 9
Three Key Forms of Stability
(2) Mean level stability / Constancy of Level:
Mean Level Stability
Mean Level Change
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 10
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 11
OP
EN
NE
SS
TO
EX
PE
RIE
NC
E
LOW
HIGH
2000
2015
2010
2005
What type of Constancy?
A.Mean Level StabilityB.Mean Level Change
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 12
CO
NS
CIE
NT
IOU
SN
ES
S
LOW
HIGH
2000
2015
2010
2005
What type of Constancy?
A.Mean Level StabilityB.Mean Level Change
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 13
EX
TR
AV
ER
SIO
N
LOW
HIGH
2000
2015
2010
2005
What type of Constancy?
A.Mean Level StabilityB.Mean Level Change
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 14
Select one of the HEXACO traits. Then, list three hobbies that show this trait from the following 3 time periods...
Elementary School
Junior High School
College
Three Key Forms of Stability
(3) Personality coherence Maintaining rank order relative to others But changing the way the trait is manifested
Child of Our Time: James vs. Helena
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 15
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 16
3 Theories Explain Change
Plaster Hypothesis
Plasticity Hypothesis
Transactional Model (P-E Interaction)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 17
A study finds that individuals who reported the highest levels of Extraversion at age 15 also reported the highest levels of Extraversion at age 45. This is an example of:
A. Mean Level Stability
B. Mean Level Change
C. Rank Order Stability
D. Rank Order Instability
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 18
Temperament vs. Personality
Temperament: individual differences in emotional reactivity, attentional reactivity, and self-regulation
Temperament → Narrower Traits Personality → Broader Traits
2 Classic Theories of Temperament
How could we measure temperament in children?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 19
Thomas & Chess(1977)
Easy Temperament (40%) Even tempered, positive, open and adaptable to new
experiences and situations
Difficult Temperament (10%) Active, irritable, and irregular in their habit. React very
negatively to new situations and people
Slow-to-Warm up Temperament (15%) Low activity level, sometimes moody, and slow to
warm up in new situations/experiences
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 21
Temperament Description
Activity Is the child always moving and doing something OR does he or she have a more relaxed style?
Rhythmicity Is the child regular in his or her eating and sleeping habits OR somewhat haphazard?
Approach / withdrawal Does he or she "never meet a stranger" OR tend to shy away from new people or things?
Adaptability Can the child adjust to changes in routines or plans easily or does he or she resist transitions?
Intensity Does he or she react strongly to situations, either positive or negative, OR does he or she react calmly and quietly?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 22
Temperament Description
Mood
Does the child often express a negative outlook OR is he or she generally a positive person? Does his or her mood shift frequently OR is he or she usually even-tempered?
Persistence and Attention Span
Does the child give up as soon as a problem arises with a task OR does he or she keep on trying? Can he or she stick with an activity a long time OR does his or her mind tend to wander?
DistractibilityIs the child easily distracted from what he or she is doing OR can he or she shut out external distractions and stay with the current activity?
Sensory ThresholdIs he or she bothered by external stimuli such as loud noises, bright lights, or food textures OR does he or she tend to ignore them?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 23
•Positive mood, high regularity, low intensity, adaptability, approach (not withdrawal)
Easy•Negati
ve mood, irregularity, extreme intensity, slow to adapt, withdrawal, loud crying/laughter
Difficult
•Low activity, withdrawal, slower to adapt, somewhat negative mood, low intensity
Slow to warm-up
Video
What about the other 35%? Displayed characteristics in a different
configuration
Were not consistent in the types of behaviors they displayed across different situations or over time
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 25
Rothbart and Bates Approach
Temperament
Dimensions
Negative Emotionality Surgency Effortful
Control
(Rothbart, 2007; Rothbart & Bates, 2006)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 26
Negative Emotionality
Fear Anger
Frustration Sadness
Negative AffectivityDimension Definition
Frustration Amount of negative affect related to interruption of ongoing tasks or goal blocking.
Fear Amount of negative affect, including unease, worry or nervousness related to anticipated pain or distress and/or potentially threatening situations.
Sadness Amount of negative affect and lowered mood and energy related to exposure to suffering, disappointment and object loss.
Discomfort Amount of negative affect related to sensory qualities of stimulation, including intensity, rate or complexity of light, movement, sound, texture.
Soothability Rate of recovery from peak distress, excitement, or general arousal.
Putnam & Rothbart, 2006
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 28
Surgency
Activity Level Approach
High Intensity Pleasure
Impulsivity
SurgencyDimension Definition
Activity Level Level of gross motor activity including rate and extent of locomotion.
Approach Amount of excitement and positive anticipation for expected pleasurable activities.
Smiling and Laughter
Amount of positive affect in response to changes in stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, and incongruity.
Shyness (low) Slow or inhibited approach in situations involving novelty or uncertainty.
High Intensity Pleasure
Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to situations involving high stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty and incongruity.
Impulsivity Speed of response initiation.
Putnam & Rothbart, 2006
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 30
Effortful Control
Low Intensity Pleasure
Attentional Control
Perceptual Sensitivity
Inhibitory Control
Effortful ControlDimension Definition
Attentional Focusing
Tendency to maintain attentional focus upon task-related channels.
Inhibitory Control The capacity to plan and to suppress inappropriate approach responses under instructions or in novel or uncertain situations.
Low Intensity Pleasure
Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to situations involving low stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty and incongruity.
Perceptual Sensitivity
Detection of slight, low-intensity stimuli from the external environment.
Putnam & Rothbart, 2006
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 32
Let’s evaluate the children’s temperament.
Matthew
Exasperating!
Kai
Apparently
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 33
Gender Differences?
Temperament
Dimensions
Negative Emotionality Surgency Effortful
Control
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 34
Rothbart’s Measures
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (3-12 months)
Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (18-30 months)
Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (3-8 years)
Early Adolescence Temperament (9-16 years)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 35
In-Class Exercise:Name the dimension!1. During quiet time, how often did you child enjoy
just being quietly sung to?
2. When encountering a new activity, how often did you child get involved immediately?
3. While playing indoors, how often did you child like rough and rowdy games?
4. During everyday activities, how often did you child seem to be irritated by tags in his/her clothes?
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
In-Class Exercise:Match Temperament Factors to Big Five!
Factors
Negative Affectivity
Surgency
Effortful Control
Big Five
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
36
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 37
Is personality stable?
Rank-Order Stability
Mean-Level Change
Influence of Major Life Events
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 38
Rank-Order Stability: Surgency, NA, and EC
ICBQ (1981; 3-12 months) 3-month stability; increases with time
ECBQ (2006; 1.5 – 3 years) r = .45 to .80
CBQ (2006; 3 to 8 years) r = .63 to .73
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 39(Roberts and DelVecchio, 2000). Note. Big Five
0-2.9
3-5.9
6-11.9
12-17.9
18-21.9
22-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-73
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Big Five Over Lifespan
Age Periods
Ra
nk
-Ord
er
Co
ns
iste
nc
y
Rank-Order Stability in Adulthood
Big Five: moderate to high levels
Replications include: Over varying time intervals (3 to 30 years) At different age points (18 to 84 years old) Using different reports (self, observer)
r = +.65
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 40
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 41
Rank-Order Stability in Adulthood
Age Time Period Report Type Correlation
25 - 84 6 Years, 2 Tests
Self, Big Five .70
31 – 57 7 Years, 2 Tests
Observers, Big Five
.70
18 - 85 9 Years, 2 Tests
Self, HEXACO, NEO-PI-R
.55 to .71
Start: 33End: 81
24 Years, Numerous Tests
Self; Big Five .65
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 42
Is personality stable?
Rank-Order Stability
Mean-Level Change
Influence of Major Life Events
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 43
2 3 6 8 15
Extraversion
Age
2 3 6 8 15
Agreeableness
Age
2 3 6 8 15
Conscientiousness
Age
2 3 6 8 15
Emotional Stability
Age
2 3 6 8 15
Openness to Expe-rience
Age
(Lamb et al., 2002)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 44
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 45
15 30 50 65
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
AgreeablenessConscientiousnessEmotional StabilityOpenness to ExperienceExtraversion: As-sertivenessExtraversion: Sociable, Lively
Age
Mea
n L
evel
Ch
ang
e
(Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 46
Big Five – Mean Level Change
ES and C Increase with age, then declines in old age
Agreeableness Increases or remains stable with age
Extraversion Social vitality/liveliness decreases with age Social dominance increases with age
Openness to Experience Curvilinear
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 47
Longitudinal Study: Major Life Events
Rank-Order Stability
Mean-Level Change
Influence of Major Life Events
(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
What are some life events that might cause an
increase or decrease in personality?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 48(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
Plaster or Plasticity?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 49(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
Plaster or Plasticity?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 50
Influence of Major Life Events on Rank-Order Stability
What are some life events that could change someone’s personality?
What personality trait would this event change?
(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 51
Influence of Major Life Events on Rank-Order Stability
When child leaves parental home: For Parents ↑ OE Are you thinking what I’m thinking?
Death of Spouse For Living Spouse: ↓ A
(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 52
Influence of Major Life Events on Mean-Level Change
After get married: ↓ in E and ↓in OE Separation from Partner: ↑ A After divorce/after first job: ↑ C, ↑ E After baby/after retiring: ↓C
Moving out of parental home: Women ↑ ES, no effect for men
Death of Spouse: Women ↓C, Men ↑ C
(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 53
Bringing It Together
Rank-order stability and mean-level stability for personality Although small changes exist for certain ages
Major life events cause mean-level change But, not rank-order change
(Specht et al., 2011, JPSP)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 54
Personality Coherence
How does society/culture change people’s personality? Narcissism and the Birth Cohort Effect
How do people express personality traits as they age? Delay of gratification and the marshmallow study
Personality Coherence: Birth Cohort Effect
Changes in personality due to to living in different time periods
Ex: Is the increase in narcissism….. True change? A cohort effect?
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 55
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 56
Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Subclinical Narcissism
Little interest in forming warm, emotionally intimate bonds with others; aggressively lash out when rejected or insulted; overconfident
When faced with common resources, take more for themselves and leave less for others
Positively correlated with extraversion and agency (i.e. traits typical of male gender role)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 57
Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Subclinical Narcissism
“I usually get the respect I desire.”
“I find it easy to manipulate people.”
“I like to be the center of attention.”
Kanye
58
Figure 2, p. 102
Mean Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) scores across three time periods for students attending the University of South Alabama
18% (1 out of 5 students) narcissistic; scored 21/40 on
NPI-40
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 59
Figure 2, p. 102
Mean Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) scores across three time periods for students attending the University of South Alabama
18% (1 out of 5 students) narcissistic;
scored 21/40 on NPI-40
34% (1 out of 3 students) narcissistic;
scored 21/40 on NPI-40
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 60
20-29 30-44 45-64 65+0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
9.40% 7.10% 5.60% 3.20%
Age Category
% r
epo
rtin
g N
PD
sym
pto
ms
at a
ny
po
int
in
life
tim
eThis study was conducted at one point in time – the year 2004-2005. This study measures levels
of subclinical narcissism across age groups in the year 2004-2005.
(Stinson et al., 2008)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 61
Personality Coherence:Delay of Gratification
TED
4- and 5-year old children 15 minutes: total time ≈ 9 minutes: Avg time before ate marshmallow 11-year follow-up at ages 15/16
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 62
Personality Coherence:Delay of Gratification
11-years later (ages 15/16)
Higher SAT scores & GPA Lower BMIs Less drug use Higher self-esteem Better regulation of stress Greater self-control
36 years later (40s)
Better performance on self-control task
Brain Patterns Low-delayers: ventral
striatum High-delayers: prefrontal
cortex
Does this sound like any of the Big
Five?
But, depends on predictability of environment!
63
Honesty-Humility
↑ Extraversion
↑ Neuroticism
↑ Conscientiousness
↑ Agreeableness
↑ Openness to Experience
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Childhood Measure
Adulthood OutcomesWe want to measure
personality coherence in the HEXACO.
What are some adulthood outcomes that we would expect to be linked to the HEXACO
dimensions in childhood?
64
•Workplace deviance
•Academic achievement
Honesty-Humility
•Positive Relationships (Peer, Romantic)
•Aggression, Well-being
↑ Extraversion•Socia
l Difficulties
•Lower occupational attainment in adulthood
↑ Neuroticism
•Academic Achievement in childhood and adulthood
•Career success (income / occupational status), job satisfaction
•Positive Relationships
↑ Conscientiousness
•Positive Peer Relationships
•Greater academic achievement and work competence
•Reduced delinquency
↑ Agreeableness
•Academic achievement and IQ, Creativity
↑ Openness to Experience
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Childhood Measure
Adulthood Outcomes
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 65
Personality Stability: Across Life Periods
By comparing personality across life periods, we can identify small changes in personality over time.
In general, many of the changes are due to the maturity principles.
But, people may experience this “maturity” through biological/physical changes (plaster) or through environmental changes (plasticity)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 66
Coming Up!
Part II. Biological Domain Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality