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Transcript of Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied,...
Personality, 9eJerry M. Burger
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 11
The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and
Assessment
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter OutlineRoots of humanistic psychologyKey elements of the humanistic approach
Carl RogersAbraham MaslowPsychology of optimal experience
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 - 3
Chapter OutlineApplication: Person-centered therapy and job satisfaction
Assessment: Q-Sort techniqueStrengths and criticisms of the humanistic approach
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 - 4
Roots of Humanistic PsychologyExistential philosophy
Addresses the meaning of human existence, role of free will, and uniqueness of each human being
Existential psychotherapy focuses on existential anxiety
Ideas promoted by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach
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Carl RogersBelieved in every individual’s potential to for a fulfilling and happy lifeFully functioning person: People who strive and reach an optimal sense of satisfaction in their lives
Anxiety is the result of acquiring knowledge that does not coincide with the impression one has about oneself
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Carl RogersWhen faced with extreme threatening information, one relies on defensesDistortion and denial
Conditional positive regard: Atmosphere when admiration is gained when accepted behavior is portrayed Leads to denial of one’s weaknesses Resolved through unconditional positive regard
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Abraham MaslowMotives identified by Maslow
Deficiency motives: Results from a lack of needed objectSatisfied when obtained
Growth needs: Not satisfied by finding the object of needSatisfied by expressing the motive
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Hierarchy of NeedsCategories of needs identified and arranged by MaslowPhysiological needs - Hunger, thirst, air, and sleepMust be satisfied before moving to higher
level needsSafety needs - Security, stability, protection, structure, order, and freedom from chaosProminent when the future is unpredictable
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Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness and love needsD-love - Need to satisfy the emptiness
people experience without itB-love - Experienced and grows as a result
of being in the relationshipEsteem needs
Need to perceive oneself as competent and achieving
Need for self-actualizationSatisfied when people identify their true
self and reach full potential
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Figure 11.1 - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Misconceptions About Maslow’s Need HierarchyAssumption that lower needs must be satisfied before turning to higher needs
Description that need hierarchy is universalMeans of satisfying a particular need varies across cultures
Oversimplification that any behavior is motivated by a single needBehavior is the result of multiple motivations
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Study of Psychologically Healthy PeopleMaslow believed that knowing self-actualized people can provide lessons others can follow for fulfilling their true potential
Types of psychologically healthy individualsNonpeakers - Have a clear direction in life
Peakers - Less conventional and more concerned with abstract notions
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Optimal ExperienceMoments in which a person’s attention is entirely focused on a activityReferred to as flow
ComponentsActivity is challenging and skilfulOne’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity
Activity has clear goals© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 - 15
Optimal ExperiencePresence of clear feedbackConcentration can only be on the current task
Achievement of personal controlLoss of self-consciousnessLoss of sense of time
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Application: Person-Centered TherapyApplication of Rogerian therapy makes clients more fully functioning and happier
Involves creating a proper relationship with clientsOpen and genuineUnconditional positive regardReflection - Helping clients understand their own thoughts and feelings
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Application: Job SatisfactionOccupations should provide opportunities for personal growth and satisfaction of higher order needs
Jobs can satisfy people’s need for belongingness, self-esteem, and respect for others
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Application: Job SatisfactionEupsychian management
Rearranging an organization to help employees satisfy higher level needs
Careers provide an avenue for personal growth
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Assessment: Q-Sort TechniqueBasic procedure used to assess a wide variety of psychological conceptsCalifornia Q-Sort
Requires the client to sort a deck of 100 self-descriptive cards into nine categories according to his/her real and ideal self
Allows the clients to describe themselves
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Assessment: Q-Sort TechniqueClients whose real and ideal selves are unrelated have zero correlationNegatively correlated if real and ideal selves are at opposite sides
Real–ideal self correlations increase as clients move through client-centered psychotherapy
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Figure 11.3 - Changing Real and Ideal Self Q-Sorts for a 40-Year-Old Female Client
Source: From Rogers, C., International Journal of Social Psychiatry, June 1955; vol. 1: pp. 31–41, Copyright © 1955. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE.
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Strengths of the Humanistic ApproachEmphasis on the healthy side of personality
Several aspects have been adopted by therapists from other theoretical perspectives
Growth of encounter groups
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Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic ApproachHumanistic psychology adopted in education, communication, and businessOrganizations promote job satisfaction by taking care of employees’ higher needs
Teachers and parents have adopted Rogers’ suggestions for education and child rearing
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Criticisms of the Humanistic ApproachReliance on the concept of free will to explain human behavior
Key concepts are poorly definedSelf-actualization Fully functioning
Limited applicability of psychotherapy techniques
Naive assumptions about human nature
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