PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

Personality can be defined as a Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or person that uniquely influences his or her her cognitionscognitions, motivations, and , motivations, and behaviorsbehaviors in various situations. The in various situations. The word "personality" originates from word "personality" originates from the the LatinLatin persona, which means persona, which means maskmask. .

Factors influencing Factors influencing Personality Personality

• HeredityHeredity• EnvironmentEnvironment

Theories of personalityTheories of personality

• HippocratesHippocrates• Sheldon (Somato type theory)Sheldon (Somato type theory)• H. Eysenck H. Eysenck • Trait Theory by Gordon AllportTrait Theory by Gordon Allport• Five Factor Model by Lewis Five Factor Model by Lewis

GoldbergGoldberg

HippocratesHippocrates

• The Four Humors - Ancient The Four Humors - Ancient Greeks (~2000 BC - 0 AD)Greeks (~2000 BC - 0 AD)

• Ancient Greek philosophers such as Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates 400 BC and Galen, Hippocrates 400 BC and Galen, 140/150 AD classified 4 types of 140/150 AD classified 4 types of "humors" in people.  Each type was "humors" in people.  Each type was believed to be due to an excess of one believed to be due to an excess of one of four bodily fluids, corresponding to of four bodily fluids, corresponding to their character.  The personalities their character.  The personalities were termed "humors".were termed "humors".

CharacteCharacterr

HumorHumor FluidFluid Corresponding Corresponding Trait in the Big Trait in the Big 55

Irritable Irritable Choleric Choleric yellow yellow bile bile

Agreeableness Agreeableness

Depressed Depressed MelancholiMelancholic c

black bile black bile Neuroticism Neuroticism

Optimistic Optimistic Sanguine Sanguine blood blood Openness to Openness to experience experience

Calm Calm Phlegmatic Phlegmatic phlegm phlegm Neuroticism Neuroticism

Sheldon (Somato type Sheldon (Somato type theory)theory)

• William Sheldon developed The William Sheldon developed The Somatotype Theory. Basically what Somatotype Theory. Basically what this theory means is that different this theory means is that different body types are characteristics of body types are characteristics of certain personalities. And in that certain personalities. And in that Sheldon concluded that these Sheldon concluded that these classifications or fundamental classifications or fundamental elements i.e. somatotypes are elements i.e. somatotypes are common within our society. common within our society.

Sheldon’s “somatotypes” and their Sheldon’s “somatotypes” and their supposed associated psychological supposed associated psychological traits can be summarised as follows:traits can be summarised as follows:

• EctomorphicEctomorphic:: characterized by long characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. storage; usually referred to as slim.

• MesomorphicMesomorphic:: characterized by characterized by large bones, solid torso, low fat levels, large bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist. wide shoulders with a narrow waist.

• EndomorphicEndomorphic:: characterized by characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure. and a large bone structure.

EctomorphicEctomorphic

MesomorphicMesomorphic

EndomorphicEndomorphic

H. EysenckH. Eysenck

• Hans Hans EysenckEysenck, who believed just , who believed just three traits - three traits - extraversionextraversion, , neuroticismneuroticism and and psychoticismpsychoticism - were - were sufficient to describe human sufficient to describe human personality. personality.

Trait Theory by Gordon Trait Theory by Gordon AllportAllport

Allport is known as a "trait" psychologist. He Allport is known as a "trait" psychologist. He developed a list of 4500 trait like words. He developed a list of 4500 trait like words. He organized these into three levels of traits.organized these into three levels of traits.

1. 1. Cardinal traitCardinal trait - This is the trait that dominates and - This is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.

2. 2. Central traitCentral trait - This is a general characteristic - This is a general characteristic found in some degree in every person. These are found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would be honesty.be honesty.

3. 3. Secondary traitSecondary trait - These are characteristics seen - These are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.picture of human complexity.

Five Factor Model by Lewis Five Factor Model by Lewis GoldbergGoldberg

Lewis GoldbergLewis Goldberg proposed a five-dimension proposed a five-dimension personality model, nicknamed the personality model, nicknamed the "Big Five""Big Five": : – Extraversion Extraversion - outgoing and stimulation-oriented - outgoing and stimulation-oriented

vs.vs. quiet and stimulation-avoiding quiet and stimulation-avoiding – NeuroticismNeuroticism - emotionally reactive, prone to - emotionally reactive, prone to

negative emotions negative emotions vs.vs. calm, imperturbable, calm, imperturbable, optimistic optimistic

– Agreeableness Agreeableness - affable, friendly, conciliatory - affable, friendly, conciliatory vs.vs. aggressiveaggressive, dominant, disagreeable , dominant, disagreeable

– Conscientiousness Conscientiousness - dutiful, planful, and orderly - dutiful, planful, and orderly vs.vs. laidback, spontaneous, and unreliable laidback, spontaneous, and unreliable

– Openness to experienceOpenness to experience - open to new ideas and - open to new ideas and change change vs.vs. traditional and oriented toward routine traditional and oriented toward routine

Types of personalityTypes of personality

• The The Type A and Type B Type A and Type B personality theorypersonality theory is a is a personality typepersonality type theory that theory that describes a pattern of behaviors that describes a pattern of behaviors that were once considered to be a risk were once considered to be a risk factor for factor for coronary heart diseasecoronary heart disease. .

• There is also a There is also a Type ABType AB mixed mixed profile for people who cannot be profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.clearly categorized.

Type AType A

• Type AType A individuals can be described as individuals can be described as impatient, excessively time-conscious, impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile and aggressive, and competitive, hostile and aggressive, and incapable of relaxation. They are often high incapable of relaxation. They are often high achieving workaholics who achieving workaholics who multi-taskmulti-task, drive , drive themselves with deadlines, and are themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays. unhappy about the smallest of delays. Because of these characteristics, Type A Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as "stress individuals are often described as "stress junkies."junkies."

Type BType B

• Type BType B individuals, in contrast, are described as individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going. patient, relaxed, and easy-going.

Symptoms of Type A BehaviorSymptoms of Type A Behavior• An intrinsic insecurity or insufficient level of An intrinsic insecurity or insufficient level of

self-esteemself-esteem, which is considered to be the root , which is considered to be the root cause of the syndrome. This is believed to be cause of the syndrome. This is believed to be covert and therefore less observable. covert and therefore less observable.

• Time urgency and impatience, which causes Time urgency and impatience, which causes irritation and exasperation. irritation and exasperation.

• Free floating hostility, which can be triggered by Free floating hostility, which can be triggered by even minor incidents. even minor incidents.

Collectivism and Collectivism and IndividualismIndividualism

• Collectivism is defined Collectivism is defined as the theory and as the theory and practice that makes practice that makes some sort of group some sort of group rather than the rather than the individual the individual the fundamental unit of fundamental unit of political, social, and political, social, and economic concern. In economic concern. In theory, collectivists theory, collectivists insist that the claims of insist that the claims of groups, associations, or groups, associations, or the state must normally the state must normally supersede the claims of supersede the claims of individuals.individuals.

• "Individualism is at once "Individualism is at once an ethical-psychological an ethical-psychological concept and an ethical-concept and an ethical-political one. As an political one. As an ethical-psychological ethical-psychological concept, individualism concept, individualism holds that a human holds that a human being should think and being should think and judge independently, judge independently, respecting nothing more respecting nothing more than the sovereignty of than the sovereignty of his or her mind; thus, it his or her mind; thus, it is intimately connected is intimately connected with the concept of with the concept of autonomy. As an ethical-autonomy. As an ethical-political concept, political concept, individualism upholds individualism upholds the supremacy of the supremacy of individual rightsindividual rights

Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Perspective Of Perspective Of

PersonalityPersonality

SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD

Role of ConsciousnessRole of Consciousness

• Unconscious: Unconscious: The unconscious is understood to be the large part of the The unconscious is understood to be the large part of the

mind, which is hidden from view.mind, which is hidden from view. • Pre-conscious:Pre-conscious: The pre-conscious is represented by the waterline - but it is The pre-conscious is represented by the waterline - but it is

the zone in which there are fleeting glimpses of the the zone in which there are fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of consciousness.consciousness.  

• Conscious:Conscious: The relatively small part which sticks of the The relatively small part which sticks of the

water is seen as equivalent to the small amount water is seen as equivalent to the small amount of conscious awareness that the human of conscious awareness that the human experiences. experiences. 

Model Of PersonalityModel Of Personality

Elements Of Personality (Freud’s Elements Of Personality (Freud’s View):View):

• The IdThe Id

• The EgoThe Ego

• The SuperegoThe Superego

Freud’s Topographical Freud’s Topographical Model of PersonalityModel of Personality

IDID

• Primary component of personalityPrimary component of personality• Pleasure principlePleasure principle• Strives for immediate satisfaction of Strives for immediate satisfaction of

all desires, needs, wantsall desires, needs, wants• For example, if an infant feels For example, if an infant feels

hungry, he will cry till his want is hungry, he will cry till his want is satisfied.satisfied.

• ID fails result in tension,anxietyID fails result in tension,anxiety

EGOEGO

• Responsible for dealing with realityResponsible for dealing with reality• Reality principle weighs the cost of Reality principle weighs the cost of

doing or abandoning somethingdoing or abandoning something• Discharges tension by finding the Discharges tension by finding the

object in the real world created by object in the real world created by Id.Id.

SUPER EGOSUPER EGO

• Holds of our internalized moral Holds of our internalized moral standards that we acquire from standards that we acquire from parents, society.parents, society.

• Has two parts:-Has two parts:-1.1.The ego IdealThe ego IdealGood BehaviorsGood Behaviors

1.1.The ConscienceThe ConscienceBad BehaviorsBad Behaviors

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

• A A defense mechanismdefense mechanism is a tactic is a tactic developed by the ego to protect developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. for the conscious mind to cope with.

• RepressionRepression The removal of threatening thoughts from awareness; The removal of threatening thoughts from awareness; • ProjectionProjection The attribution of unacceptable impulses to others; The attribution of unacceptable impulses to others; • DenialDenial The refusal to recognize a threatening situation or thought; The refusal to recognize a threatening situation or thought; • RationalizationRationalization Giving a reasonable explanation for an event; Giving a reasonable explanation for an event; • RegressionRegression The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviour; The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviour; • Reaction formationReaction formation The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas; The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas; • DisplacementDisplacement Substituting a less threatening object for impulses; Substituting a less threatening object for impulses; • SublimationSublimation The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets. The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets.

Personality developmentPersonality development

• Freud advanced a theory of personality Freud advanced a theory of personality development that centered on the development that centered on the effects of the sexual pleasure drive on effects of the sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche. At particular the individual psyche. At particular points in the developmental process, he points in the developmental process, he claimed, a single body part is claimed, a single body part is particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. These stimulation. These erogenous zoneserogenous zones are the mouth, the anus, and the are the mouth, the anus, and the genital region.genital region.

• The The Oedipus Oedipus complexcomplex, in , in psychoanalytic theorypsychoanalytic theory, is a group of largely , is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which centre around the and feelings which centre around the desire to possess the parent of the desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. According to the same sex. According to classical theoryclassical theory, the complex appears during the so-called , the complex appears during the so-called 'oedipal phase' of libidinal and ego 'oedipal phase' of libidinal and ego development; i.e. between the ages of development; i.e. between the ages of three and five, though oedipal three and five, though oedipal manifestations may be detected earlier. manifestations may be detected earlier.

Freudian psychosexual stagesFreudian psychosexual stages

In Freudian psychology, each child In Freudian psychology, each child passes through five psychosexual passes through five psychosexual stages. During each stage, the id stages. During each stage, the id focuses on a distinct erogenous zone focuses on a distinct erogenous zone on the body. on the body.

AgeAge NameName Pleasure sourcePleasure source ConflictConflict

0-20-2 Oral Oral Mouth: sucking, biting, Mouth: sucking, biting, swallowing swallowing

Sucking nippleSucking nipple

2-42-4 Anal Anal Anus: defecating or Anus: defecating or retaining feces retaining feces

Toilet trainingToilet training

4-54-5 Phallic Phallic Genitals Genitals Oedipus (boys), Oedipus (boys),

Electra (girls)Electra (girls) 6- 6- pubertpubertyy

Latency Latency Sexual urges sublimated Sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies. into sports and hobbies. Same-sex friends also Same-sex friends also help avoid sexual help avoid sexual feelings. feelings.

Puberty Puberty onwardonwardss

Genital Genital Physical sexual changes Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed reawaken repressed needs. Direct sexual needs. Direct sexual feelings towards others feelings towards others lead to sexual lead to sexual gratification.gratification.

Social rulesSocial rules

Neo FreudiansNeo Freudians

• The The Neo-FreudianNeo-Freudian psychologistspsychologists were those followers of were those followers of Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud who accepted the who accepted the basic tenets of his theory of basic tenets of his theory of psychoanalysispsychoanalysis but altered it in some but altered it in some way. way.

Karen HorneyKaren Horney

• While Horney acknowledged and While Horney acknowledged and agreed with Freud on many issues, agreed with Freud on many issues, she was also critical of him on she was also critical of him on several key beliefs. She is also several key beliefs. She is also known as neo-Freudian. known as neo-Freudian.

• Basic AnxietyBasic Anxiety is a term used by the is a term used by the psychologistpsychologist Karen Karen HorneyHorney to explain the to explain the ramifications of poor ramifications of poor parentingparenting. Basic . Basic anxiety is deep insecurity and fear that anxiety is deep insecurity and fear that have developed in the child because of the have developed in the child because of the way they were treated by their parents. It is way they were treated by their parents. It is developed because of the conflict with developed because of the conflict with dependency and hostility towards mom, dependency and hostility towards mom, dad, or both. Horney argued that a child is dad, or both. Horney argued that a child is tied to his or her parent because of tied to his or her parent because of dependence, not sex (as dependence, not sex (as Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud would argue). The child is dependent on the would argue). The child is dependent on the mother and father for food, shelter, and the mother and father for food, shelter, and the basic needs. However, the child realizes basic needs. However, the child realizes that no matter how terrible mother and that no matter how terrible mother and father treat him or her, he or she has father treat him or her, he or she has nowhere to go because they are so nowhere to go because they are so dependent on the parents. dependent on the parents.

• Horney suggests that there are three Horney suggests that there are three basic strategies people use to cope basic strategies people use to cope with basic anxiety:  by moving with basic anxiety:  by moving toward people and adopting a self-toward people and adopting a self-compliant solution; moving against compliant solution; moving against people and adopting an aggressive people and adopting an aggressive or expansive solution; and moving or expansive solution; and moving away from people and becoming away from people and becoming detached and resigned. detached and resigned.

• Early childhood is important in the shaping of Early childhood is important in the shaping of behaviour because of behaviour because of basic anxietybasic anxiety, which to , which to Horney is our main motivator, resulting from Horney is our main motivator, resulting from feelings of isolation and helplessness. New-born feelings of isolation and helplessness. New-born children need security as they are unable to care children need security as they are unable to care for themselves, and the early relationship between for themselves, and the early relationship between baby and caregiver causes people to develop baby and caregiver causes people to develop particular personality tendencies as evidenced by particular personality tendencies as evidenced by their ways of relating to others:their ways of relating to others:

• Moving towards people Moving towards people (sociability; compliance) -- (sociability; compliance) -- the need for affection, approval, and a partner. The the need for affection, approval, and a partner. The person wants to be liked and please others.person wants to be liked and please others.

• Moving away from others Moving away from others (isolation; detachment) -- (isolation; detachment) -- the need for self-sufficiency and independence, and the need for self-sufficiency and independence, and sometimes perfection. Extreme needs for isolation sometimes perfection. Extreme needs for isolation might result in a near-total withdrawal from might result in a near-total withdrawal from others.others.

• Moving against others Moving against others (mistrust; aggression) -- the (mistrust; aggression) -- the need for social recognition, power, personal need for social recognition, power, personal admiration, personal achievement, and to exploit admiration, personal achievement, and to exploit others.others.

Carl JungCarl Jung• Carl Gustav JungCarl Gustav Jung was a was a SwissSwiss

psychiatristpsychiatrist, an influential thinker , an influential thinker and the founder of and the founder of Analytical psychologyAnalytical psychology

He gave the following ideas:He gave the following ideas:• The concept of introversion (Introverts The concept of introversion (Introverts

often enjoy solitary activities like often enjoy solitary activities like reading) and extraversion (Extraverts reading) and extraversion (Extraverts typically thrive in groups). typically thrive in groups).

• The concept of Collective The concept of Collective Unconscious, which is shared by all Unconscious, which is shared by all people and it is the collective memory people and it is the collective memory of human experience. It includes the of human experience. It includes the archetypes. In psychology, an archetypes. In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior, which is personality, or behavior, which is inherited primitive images or inherited primitive images or impression by that human race. impression by that human race.

ExtrovertsExtroverts

Archetypes:Archetypes:

• Mother archetypeMother archetype::The The mother archetypemother archetype is a particularly good is a particularly good

example. All example. All

of our ancestors had mothers. of our ancestors had mothers.

• The personaThe persona::The The persona persona represents your public image.represents your public image.

**Anima and animusAnima and animus::The The anima anima is the female aspect present in the is the female aspect present in the

collective unconscious of men, and the collective unconscious of men, and the animus animus is the male aspect present in the is the male aspect present in the

collective unconscious of women.collective unconscious of women.

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler

• Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler was an Austrian was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and medical doctor, psychologist and founder of the school of Individual founder of the school of Individual Psychology. In collaboration with Psychology. In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement. psychoanalytic movement.

• STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY (OR STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY (OR PERFECTION) PERFECTION) The basic dynamic force between all The basic dynamic force between all human activity -- striving from a feeling human activity -- striving from a feeling of inferiority to one of superiority. of inferiority to one of superiority. "To be a human being," he wrote, "To be a human being," he wrote, "means to feel oneself inferior." Adler "means to feel oneself inferior." Adler believed that inferiority feelings are believed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving. All the source of all human striving. All individual progress, growth and individual progress, growth and development result from the attempt to development result from the attempt to compensate for one's inferiorities. compensate for one's inferiorities.

He gave the concept of Compensation He gave the concept of Compensation and Overcompensation.and Overcompensation.

• compensationcompensation is a strategy whereby is a strategy whereby one covers up, consciously or one covers up, consciously or unconsciously, weaknesses, unconsciously, weaknesses, frustrations, desires, feelings of frustrations, desires, feelings of inadequacy or incompetence in one inadequacy or incompetence in one life area through the gratification or life area through the gratification or (drive towards) excellence in another (drive towards) excellence in another area. area.

• Overcompensation, characterized by , characterized by a superiority goal, leads to striving for a superiority goal, leads to striving for power, dominance, self-esteem and power, dominance, self-esteem and self-devaluation. self-devaluation.

Behavioral Personality Behavioral Personality TheoryTheory

Behavioral theories suggest that Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings take internal thoughts and feelings into account. into account.

B. F. Skinner's Theory of B. F. Skinner's Theory of BehaviorBehavior

• Skinner's theory is based on Skinner's theory is based on operant conditioningoperant conditioning, , which means when the organism is operating on the which means when the organism is operating on the environments, the organism will encounter a special environments, the organism will encounter a special kind of reinforcing stimulus or simply a kind of reinforcing stimulus or simply a reinforcementreinforcement. .

• Reinforcement increases a behavior and punishment Reinforcement increases a behavior and punishment decreases or ends it.decreases or ends it.

Cognitive Social Learning TheoriesCognitive Social Learning Theories

• There are two main cognitive social learning There are two main cognitive social learning theories, those of Bandura and Mischel. theories, those of Bandura and Mischel. Bandura pioneered the study of Bandura pioneered the study of observational learningobservational learning He believed that, He believed that, rather than operating in a mechanistic way, rather than operating in a mechanistic way, reinforcement provides information about reinforcement provides information about future reinforcement. Such information can future reinforcement. Such information can be gleaned by watching models' behavior be gleaned by watching models' behavior rather than by behaving in a particular way rather than by behaving in a particular way and experiencing the consequences oneself. and experiencing the consequences oneself. Note how this definition of reinforcement Note how this definition of reinforcement differs from that of Skinner, for whom one differs from that of Skinner, for whom one had to experience reinforcement personally had to experience reinforcement personally to increase a target behavior. Note also that to increase a target behavior. Note also that for Bandura, thinking is not an irrelevant for Bandura, thinking is not an irrelevant activity that occurs within a "black box," but activity that occurs within a "black box," but rather is an important object of study in its rather is an important object of study in its own right. own right.

Huministic Personality Huministic Personality theorytheory

• Humanistic psychologists try to see Humanistic psychologists try to see people’s lives as those people would people’s lives as those people would see them. They tend to have an see them. They tend to have an optimistic perspective on human optimistic perspective on human nature nature

• Carl Rogers Carl Rogers humanistic humanistic psychologist, proposed a theory psychologist, proposed a theory called the called the person-centered theoryperson-centered theory. . In Rogers’s view, theIn Rogers’s view, the self-concept self-concept is the most important feature of is the most important feature of personality, and it includes all the personality, and it includes all the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs thoughts, feelings, and beliefs people have about themselves. people have about themselves. Rogers believed that people are Rogers believed that people are aware of their self-concepts. aware of their self-concepts.

Main concepts of his theory:-Main concepts of his theory:-• Positive regard:Positive regard:

Acceptance, unconditional positive regard Acceptance, unconditional positive regard towards the client. towards the client.

• Congruence:Congruence:

Genuineness, honesty with the client. Genuineness, honesty with the client. • Empathy:Empathy:

The ability to feel what the client feels. The ability to feel what the client feels. • Self concept:Self concept:

The organized set of characteristics that The organized set of characteristics that the individual perceives as peculiar to the individual perceives as peculiar to himself/herself“. himself/herself“.

PERSONALITY PERSONALITY ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

• Personality is the measurement of personal characteristicsPersonality is the measurement of personal characteristics• Personality is determined by traitsPersonality is determined by traits• Clinical psychologists use assessments for diagnosing Clinical psychologists use assessments for diagnosing

psychological disorderspsychological disorders• Mental health providers use tests to counsel people about daily Mental health providers use tests to counsel people about daily

livingliving• Organization use assessment to select personnel to hireOrganization use assessment to select personnel to hire• Researchers use test for studying personality traits Researchers use test for studying personality traits

Two important ways of assessing personality areTwo important ways of assessing personality are• Non projective testsNon projective tests• Projective testsProjective tests

Non projective Personality TestNon projective Personality Test

Objective personality test are self Objective personality test are self report inventories about person report inventories about person typical behaviortypical behavior

Three important ways of assessing Three important ways of assessing includeinclude

• MMPI-2MMPI-2• CPICPI• The 16PFThe 16PF

Minnesota Multiphasic Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2Personality Inventory – 2

• It contains 567 It contains 567 true, false or cannot say true, false or cannot say questionquestion

• It was developed to diagnose It was developed to diagnose psychological disorderspsychological disorders

• It is divided into fourteen scalesIt is divided into fourteen scales• Score profile or patterns across Score profile or patterns across

subscales indicate psychological subscales indicate psychological disordersdisorders

California Personality inventoryCalifornia Personality inventory

• It is derived from MMPI-2It is derived from MMPI-2• Contains 434 yes, no questionsContains 434 yes, no questions• Scores are yield on scales including Scores are yield on scales including

self acceptance, self control, self acceptance, self control, achievementachievement

THE 16PFTHE 16PF

• It is the test that assess sixteen basic It is the test that assess sixteen basic dimension of personalitydimension of personality

• Includes list of 187 questionsIncludes list of 187 questions

AdvantagesAdvantages• Useful in getting Useful in getting

precise answers to precise answers to standard questionsstandard questions

• Self report Self report inventories contain inventories contain transparent transparent questionsquestions

DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Social desirability Social desirability

bias can effect bias can effect response on self response on self report inventoriesreport inventories

• People don’t People don’t understand the understand the questionsquestions

• People sometimes People sometimes don’t remember don’t remember the experience they the experience they are asked aboutare asked about

Advantages and disadvantages of Advantages and disadvantages of Non projective testsNon projective tests

Projective Personality TestsProjective Personality Tests

• In projective personality tests subjects In projective personality tests subjects are required to respond to different are required to respond to different stimuli that are interpreted in many stimuli that are interpreted in many ways. Tests are based on projective ways. Tests are based on projective hypothesis.hypothesis.

• Rorschach Ink blot testRorschach Ink blot test• TATTAT• HTPHTP

The Rorschach Ink blot TestThe Rorschach Ink blot Test

• It contains series of ten picturesIt contains series of ten pictures• Subject describes what they lookSubject describes what they look• It gives information about It gives information about

personality traitspersonality traits

Thematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test

• It contains series of pictures and It contains series of pictures and scenesscenes

• Subject make a theme and illustrate Subject make a theme and illustrate the story of scenesthe story of scenes

House Tree TestHouse Tree Test

• Subject is asked to make picture of Subject is asked to make picture of house, tree and personhouse, tree and person

• house, tree and person describes house, tree and person describes different aspects of person different aspects of person psychologypsychology

• Site for PERSONALITY TESTS:Site for PERSONALITY TESTS:• http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-

win/JTypes1.htmwin/JTypes1.htm

• Site for test interpretation of HTP:Site for test interpretation of HTP:• http://www.orthopedagogiek.info/http://www.orthopedagogiek.info/

house_tree_person_drawings.htmhouse_tree_person_drawings.htm