Personalities Who Contributed Their Knowledge in Medical Technology

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PERSONALITIES WHO

CONTRIBUTE IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

JAMES MICHAEL PUEYOMT 1-3

MRS. EVANGELISTA



Julius Cohnheim was born at Demmin, Pomerania. He studied at the universities of Würzburg, Marburg, Greifswald, and Berlin, receiving his doctor's degree at theUniversity of Berlin in 1861. After taking a postgraduate course in Prague, he

returned to Berlin in 1862, where he practised until 1864, when he took service assurgeon in the war against Denmark. In the fall of the same year he becameassistant at the pathological institute of Berlin University under Rudolf Virchow,remaining there until 1868. During this time he published several articles relating tophysiological chemistry and histology, but finally turned his especial attention topathological anatomy. In 1867 there appeared in Virchow's "Archiv fürPathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin" (xli) Cohnheim'sessay, "Ueber Entzündung und Eiterung", which made his reputation as apathologist. In it he proved that the emigration of the white blood-corpuscles is theorigin of pus, a statement which produced a great revolution in pathology. In 1868

Cohnheim was appointed professor of pathological anatomy and general pathologyin the University of Kiel; and four years later (1872) he went to the University of Breslau to fill a similar position. His work there was interrupted in the winter of 1873-74 by illness. In 1876 he accepted an invitation to become professor of pathology in the University of Leipzig, which chair he occupied until his death.

Cohnheim was the first to use the now universal method of freezing freshpathological objects for examination; he also first demonstrated nerve-terminationin "Cohnheim's areas" (polygonal areas indicating the cut ends of muscle-columns,seen in the cross-sections of striated muscle-fiber); he was the pioneer in the theoryof inflammation, which is now universally accepted; and his researches in the field

of pathological circulation and the causes of embolism marked a new departure inthe methods of medical treatment.

Aside from his literary and experimental activity, Cohnheim was both popular andsuccessful as a teacher.

He died in Leipzig in 1884.



Carl von Rokitansky was born in Hradec Králové, Bohemia. He studied at theCharles University in Prague (1821–1824) and attained a doctorate in medicine on 6March 1828 at the University of Vienna. As a young professor, he recognized thatthe still little noted discipline of pathological anatomy could be of great service to

clinical work in the hospital, because it could offer new diagnostic and therapeuticpossibilities to the bed-side physician. With this, after Gerard van Swieten, who wasthe founder of the first Vienna School, Rokitansky released a veritable scientific"revolution". With the establishment of the second Vienna School, a paradigm shiftwent into effect, led by Rokitansky, Josef Škoda and Ferdinand von Hebra, from thenotion of medicine as a nature-philosophical subject, to the more modern,scientifically-oriented medicine. In this way associated with the specialization of themedicine and with the development of new disciplines, the Vienna School achievedworldwide reputation.



Giovanni Battista Morgagni (February 25, 1682 – December 6, 1771) was anItalian anatomist, celebrated as the father of modern anatomical pathology.

The range of Morgagni's scholarship, as evidenced by his references to early andcontemporary literature, is astonishing. It has been contended that he was himself not free from prolixity, the besetting sin of the learned; and certainly the form andarrangement of his treatise are such as to make it difficult to use in the present day,notwithstanding that it is well indexed in the original edition, in that of Tissot (3vols., 4to, Yverdon, 1779), and in more recent editions. It differs from moderntreatises insofar as the symptoms determine the order and manner of presentingthe anatomical facts.

His 1769 work described the post mortem findings of air in cerebral circulation andsurmised this was the cause of death. Although Morgagni's cases resulted from gasembolism due to damage to the bowel, the same pathology is seen indecompression illness.



Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علءادقاقرش زمأب بنع ّ احسنأبوادين ), known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: افابن ), was an

Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonarycirculation of the blood.

He was born in 1213 in Damascus. He attended the Medical College Hospital(Bimaristan Al-Noori) in Damascus. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned

jurisprudence, literature and theology. He became an expert on the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence and an expert physician.

In 1236, Al-Nafis moved to Egypt. He worked at the Al-Nassri Hospital, andsubsequently at the Al-Mansouri Hospital, where he became chief of physicians andthe Sultan’s personal physician. When he died in 1288, he donated his house,library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital.



Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian وپ Pur-e Sina [ˈpuːreˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran),commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persianpolymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of whicharound 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrateon philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.

His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientificencyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text atmany medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in theuniversities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicineprovides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (andHippocrates).



His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology,psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He isregarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (September AD 129 – 199/217; Greek:Γαληνός, Galēnos, from adjective "γαληνός", "calm"), better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greekethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understandingof numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology,

pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy[8] and logic.Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by thethen-current theory of humorism, as advanced by many ancient Greek physicianssuch as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced Western medicalscience for nearly two millennia. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissectionof monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptionsand illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work Dehumani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius where Galen's physiological theory wasaccommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of thecirculatory system endured until 1628, when William Harvey published his treatise

entitled De motu cordis, in which he established that blood circulates, with the heartacting as a pump. Medical students continued to study Galen's writings until wellinto the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments thatsupported the theory, which is still believed today, that the brain controls all themotions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.

Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatiseentitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher. Galen was very interested in



the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection and vivisection represents a complex middle groundbetween the extremes of those two viewpoints. Many of his works have beenpreserved and/or translated from the original Greek, although many were destroyedand some credited to him are believed to be spurious. Although there is some

debate over the date of his death, he was no younger than seventy when he died.

Dr. Rodney Smith "Rod" Markin, M.D., Ph.D., (born 1956) is an Americanpioneer and leading authority in the field of laboratory automation. In 1993, hedesigned and created one of the world's first automated clinical laboratoryspecimen, device and analyzer management systems. In the mid 1990s, he chaireda standards group called the Clinical Testing Automation Standards SteeringCommittee (CTASSC) of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, which laterevolved into an area committee of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

Dr. Rod Markin

A hepatic pathologist by training, Markin continues to be a leading researcher in thefield of clinical systems automation. Currently he is the Associate Vice Chancellorfor Business Development and Chief Technology Officer at the University of Nebraska Medical Center and serves as the David T. Purtilo Professor in the



Department of Pathology and Microbiology in UNMC's College of Medicine. Prior tohis current position he was the Interim Dean of the UNMC College of Medicine,Board Chairman and President and CEO of UNMC Physicians, an academic medicalpractice which includes more than 500 physicians, and has held several otherpositions at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

Frank Burr Mallory (1862-1941) was an American pathologist at the Boston CityHospital and Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School, after whom theMallory body is named.

He was born in Cleveland, Ohio on 12th November 1862, and received his medical

degree in 1890 from Harvard Medical School. He became an assistant pathologist atBoston City Hospital in 1891, working under William Thomas Councilman. In 1893he travelled to Europe to train under Hans Chiari in Prague and Ernst Ziegler inFreiburg.

After returning to Harvard, he became an Assistant Professor in 1896, and AssociateProfessor of Pathology in 1901. He became Professor of Pathology at HarvardMedical School from 1928 to 1932.

His contributions in the field of pathology included improving techniques andstandardisation of tissue staining; his book, written with James Homer Wright, was

the standard textbook in this field[1]. He also studied the function of histiocytes, heconfirmed that the whooping cough bacillus discovered by Jules Bordet was thecausative agent, and he worked on improvements in classification of tumours,particularly meningiomas, and cirrhosis of the liver.

He was president of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists in1910, and was its treasurer from 1911 to 1940. He was the editor of the Journal of Medical Research from 1923, and then founding editor of the American Journal of



Pathology from 1925 to 1940. He received honorary degrees from Tufts University(Sc.D., 1928) and Boston University (Sc.D., 1932), and was awarded the Kobermedal in 1935 by the Association of American Physicians for outstanding service inpathology.

He died on 27th September 1941, aged 78. The pathology department at BostonCity Hospital, the Mallory Institute of Pathology, was named after him.

One son, George Kenneth Mallory, became Professor of Pathology at Boston CityHospital in 1948, and the Mallory-Weiss syndrome is named after him. Another son,

Tracy B. Mallory, was subsequently Chief of Pathology at Massachusetts GeneralHospital in Boston (succeeding James Homer Wright in 1926)[3], and president of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists in 1951.

American physician Arthur E. Smith developed the first disposable syringe in1949, using glass, according to the article "Needle Trade" written by JackieRosenhek and published in "Doctor's Review" in March 2009. Becton, Dickinson &Company released the first mass-produced disposable syringes onto the market in1954 in order to facilitate the administration of Jonas Salk's new polio vaccine.

English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707–1751) invented a whirlingarm apparatus to determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl invented the first dairycentrifuge in order to separate cream from milk. In 1879, Gustaf de Lavaldemonstrated the first continuous centrifugal separator, making its commercialapplication feasible.

Sharon Whelan Weiss, M.D., is an American physician who is best known for hercontribution to the subspecialty of soft tissue pathology. She is the main author of Soft Tissue Tumors,[1] one of the most widely used textbooks in the field of sarcoma and soft tissue pathology. Dr. Weiss is also well known for her seminaldescriptions of multiple soft tissue tumors, such as epithelioidhemangioendothelioma, pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts("PHAT"), inflammatory myxohyaline tumor of distal extremities with virocyte andReed-Sternberg-like cells, and epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma,among others. She is also noted for mentoring and training other well-known softtissue pathologists

Dr. James Homer Wright (1869–1928, age 58–59) was an early and influentialAmerican pathologist, who from 1896 to 1926 was chief of pathology atMassachusetts General Hospital. Wright was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In 1915 he joined with Dr. Richard C. Cabot to begin publication of the Case Recordsof the Massachusetts General Hospital. These began regular publication as the



Boston Medical and Surgical Journal which later became the New England Journal of Medicine.

In 1924 Wright, along with Dr. Frank B. Mallory, published Pathological Technique: aPractical Manual for the Pathological Laboratory. The book saw eight editions and

for many years was the standard textbook in the field.He is the "Wright" in Wright's stain, and the "Homer Wright pseudorosettes"associated with neuroblastoma.

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