Personal transportation - Mechanical Engineering |...
Transcript of Personal transportation - Mechanical Engineering |...
Mechanical EngineeringME217 Energy, Environment & Society
ME 217: Energy, Environment & Society Fall 2015
Personal transportation
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Would you buy an EV?
I have one!
Yes, my next car will be an EV
Never, they are too dorky
Maybe if the price is right
Not enough info
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Project submission instructions
Must be submitted through Learn
Must be in pdf format
Must be anonymous – i.e. don't put your name on the cover page or anywhere else!
ME217TP_XXXXXXXX.pdf where XXXXXXXX is your student ID
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Where does the oil go?
the focus of today's discussion
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5 possible futures
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Reasonable long-term options?
Battery electric Fuel cell
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How does a lead-acid battery work?
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How does a Li-ion battery work?
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Battery specifications
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The Ragone plot
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Battery performance measures
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What do we want from a car?
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Our “reasonable” electric vehicle
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Can we do this with lead-acid?
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What about Li-ion?
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A good compromise
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History of BEVs Prevalent between 1880
and 1912 Cleaner
Quieter
More reliable
Easy to start
More powerful
Declined because: Electric starter
Need for range
Mass production
Improved reliability of gasoline engines
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Signs of a comeback
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Recent developments
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supercapacitors
High power
High voltage from single unit
No chemistry
Many cycles
Fast charge / discharge
Best used in parallel with battery
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Other battery options
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Hydrogen by electrolysis
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Hydrogen by thermal decomposition
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Chemical reaction
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Storage and transportation
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William Grove's 1839 fuel cell
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Fuel cell technologies
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Modern PEM fuel cell
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Typical fuel cell power curve
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Can we put one in a car?
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Some prototypes
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Well to wheel analysis
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Well to wheel analysis - example
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Well to wheel for various options
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Where does the H2 come from?
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Needed infrastructure
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Subsidies for EVs or PEVs UK: £5000 Plug-in Car Grant
Ontario & Quebec: up to C$8500 payment
U.S. Feds: up to $7500 tax credits
California: total tax credit up to $10000
Colorado: total tax credit up to $13500
West Virginia: up to $15000 for EV, up to $10000 for charging station
Ten US states offer use of HOV lanes to EVs
VIP parking, free electron fill-up
Norway – no VAT or gas-guzzler tax for EVs
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Comparing a tankful of electrons Charged with coal:
High CO2 emissions
land degradation from mining
Mercury
Charged with NG Moderate CO2 emissions
Potential hazards due to fracking
Charged with nuclear power Nuclear waste management
Risk of fallout from accidents
Charged with solar / wind?
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Inside an EV
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Non-greenhouse damages
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National Academies 2010 report Operating an electric vehicle is generally less damaging than
operating a gasoline powered one
However, most of the damages come from stages other than just driving:
Manufacturing – high-tech materials needed to offset weight of batteries are very energy-intensive
Materials used in batteries could be damaging to the environment if not mined / disposed of properly
Lifetime health and environmental damages caused by electric cars are actually higher than for gasoline ones
A number of studies come to similar conclusions
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Things to consider Electric car technologies and power grids will become more
efficient and cleaner over time, so how about giving EVs a chance?
This may take more time than we think
Are there better alternatives to cars?
Public transportation
Walking / cycling / electric assist cycling?
Better urban design
Or are we just switching brands of cigarettes?