PERSONAL INFORMATION:-

SHEIKH MOHSIN JAMEEL(1421-311070)

WASEEM AKHTER(1421-1111111)

MASUD(1421-1111111)

SHUJAT(1421-1111111)

PRESTON UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD.

CHAPTER 4:

ETHERNET

ETHERNET:-

Definition Connetion of number of system.

Background 1972 Robert Metcalf David Boffs at Xeror

PRODUCTION OF ETHERNET:

First Ethernet Specification 100 computers at 3 Mbps

1990 Ethernet Specification IEEE 802.3 specification at 10 Mbps

HOW ETHERNET WORKS:

Ethernet access: CSMA/CD

Example: Old party-line telephone system.

ETHERNET CABLING SYSTEM:

10 Mbps Ethernet: 10base5 or thicknet 10base2 or thinnet 10baseT or twisted pair 10baseFL or fiber optics

100 Mbps Ethernet: 100VG-Any LAN 100BaseT Ethernet

10Mbps Ethernet:

10base5 Ethernet: Specifications:

Disadvantages: Large size High cost Connection method

Maximum segment length 500 meters

Maximum taps 100

Maximum segments 5

Maximum segments with nodes 3

Maximum distance between taps 2.5 meters

Maximum repeaters 4

Maximum overall length with repeaters

2.5 kilometers

Maximum AUI drop cable length 50 meters

10BASE2 ETHERNET:

Specifications:

Disadvantages: Network gets failure by any single broken node High cost compared to UTP cable Network unreliable due to BUS configuration

Maximum segment length 185 meters

Maximum segments 5

Maximum segments with nodes 3

Maximum repeaters 4

Maximum overall length with repeaters

925 meters

Maximum devices per segment 30

10BASET ETHERNET:

Specifications:

Maximum segment length 100 meters

Maximum segments 1024

Maximum segments with nodes 1024

Maximum nodes per segment 2

Maximum nodes per network 1024

Maximum hubs in a chain 4

10BASEFL ETHERNET:

Specifications:

Maximum segment length 2000 meters

Maximum segments 1024

Maximum segments with nodes 1024

Maximum nodes per segment 2

Maximum nodes per network 1024

Maximum hubs in a chain 4

100Mbps Ethernet:

100VG-AnyLAN Ethernet: Specifications:

100VG-AnyLAN 100baseVG VG AnyLAN

Advantages: It is faster It supports both Ethernet and Token Ring packets It uses a demand priority access method that allows for

two priority levelsHubs can filter individually addressed frames for

enhanced privacy

Note: Categories 3,4 and 5 twisted pair and fiber optics can

be use. Uses Star topology and defines how child hubs can be

connected The length of any two segments must not exceed 250

meters

100baseT Ethernet:

Specifications:

100baseT4 (categories 3,4 or 5 UTP or STP)100baseTX (category 5 UTP or STP)100baseFX (fiber-optic cable)

Note:

100baseX has the same advantages and drawbacks as 10baseT.

Token Ring:

Definition: IEEE 802.5 standard Topology physically like a star Logically a ring topology

Background: Developed by IBM as a robust Highly reliable network Complex than Ethernet Self-healing and properties

TOKEN RING:HUBS:

Categories: MAU(Multi-station Access Unit) MSAU(Multi-station Smart Access Unit) SMAU(Smart Multi-station Access unit)

Card Addressing and Settings:

Unique address maximum two cards installation in single workstation Uses DIP switch settings cable connects 9-pin female connector 4 wires are required to make the connection to each card as UTP cable connection

Token Ring:

Specifications:

Cable type UTP,STP or fiber-optic

Maximum MSAUs 33

Maximum nodes 260

Maximum distance between node and MSAU

45.5 m(UTP),100 m(STP or fiber-optic cable)

Maximum patch cable distance connecting MSAUs

2.5 meters

Maximum cumulative patch cable distance connecting all MSAUs

121.2 meters(UTP), Fiber-optic cabling can span several kilometers.

How token ring works:-

Token passing NAUN(nearest active up-neighbour) NADN(nearest active down-neighbour) Active monitors Standby Monitors Beaconing

Advantages:-

reliable under heavy load built-in diagnostic and recovery mechanisms connecting a LAN to an IBM mainframe easier fault-tolerance features through ring wrap

Disadvantages:-

token ring cards and equipments are expensive very difficult to troubleshoot and requires expertise

FDDI(FIBER DISTRIBUSTED DATA INTERFACE):

DEFINITION: Ring-based network Implemented without hubs Uses devices called concentrators Uses fiber optics to implement very fast, reliable network

How FDDI works:-

Token passing scheme FDDI token passing Transmitting frames Synchronous frames Multi-frame dialogs Dual counter- rotating rings

ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode):

Definition: Standard switching techniques Uses asynchronous time-division multi-plexing

Types of Network traffic: Audio(Voice telephone over short and long distances) Video (Cable television) Data (Computer communications in LAN and WAN enviroments)

How ATM works:-

ATM communicates with cells 53 octets long each cell Indicates the path the data will flow through Small cells are used to minimize the latency and make it easy to process

Two types of ATM network:-

Permanent Virtual Circuit(PVC) set-up once allows communication between two devices

Switching d Virtual Circuit (SVC) temporarily set-up just for duration of communication

Classes of service for ATM:

Circuit emulation with constant bit rateAudio and/or video with a variable bit rateConnection-oriented service for data transmissionConnectionless service for data transmission

Data transmission speed for ATM:

Name Description

T1 Carrier 1.544 Mbps using conventional telephone transmission

ATM-25 25 Mbps over twisted-pair copper wire

T3 Carrier 44.736 Mbps using conventional telephone transmission

OC- 1SONET 51 Mbps transmission over optical fiber

OC- 3 SONET 155 Mbps transmission over optical fiber

OC- 12 SONET 622 Mbps transmission over optical fiber

OC- 48 SONET 2.4 Gbps transmission over optical fiber

Apple Talk:

Definition: Networking architecture Built into every Macintosh computer Introduced in 1983

Types of AppleTalk:

LocalTalk EtherTalk and TokenTalk Appleshare Zones

ARCNET:

Definition: Widely-installed local area network Managing line sharing among the workstations

ARC net Environment:

Classified as a local area network or LAN Introduced as an office automation LAN by Data point Corporation

How ARC net works:-

ArcNet uses a token-passing access method Star-bus topology passing data at 2.5 Mbps Supports data transmission rates of 20 Mbps ArcNet is a token-passing architecture

THANKYOU