Personal Effct

7/30/2019 Personal Effct

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[email protected]@gmail.com

Dr. Atasi MohantyAsst. Professor

Centre For Educational Technology,IIT Kharagpur


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Personal Effectiveness

PersonalityCarl Rogers definition

Personality is an organized, consistent pattern of perception of the I around

which the individual interacts and has experiences.

Personality Measurement- Cattell in his theory had isolated 171 traitsout of which he extracted 16 primary personality traits through factor analysis.

This tool is called 16 P-Fthe primary traits are-

1. Outgoing Vs. reserved

2. More Intelligent Vs. Less Intelligent

3. Emotionally Stable Vs. Unstable

4. Assertive Vs. Humble

5. Happy-go-Lucky Vs. Sober


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6. Conscientious Vs. Expedient

7. Venturesome Vs. Timid

8. Tough-mined Vs. Sensitive

9. Suspicious Vs. Trusting

10. Imaginative Vs. Practical

11. Shrewd Vs. Forthright

12. Apprehensive Vs. Self- assured

13. Experimental Vs. Conservative

14. Self-sufficient Vs. Group-dependent

15. Controlled Vs. Casual

16. Relaxed Vs. Tense


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With further factor analysis, five basic factors were extracted by Digman (1990)

which is called BigFive, or five-factor theory of personality. These are-

Extraversion - ( Refers to ones comfort level with relationship,i.e., assertive, sociable, outgoing)

Agreeableness- ( Refers to ones inclination to defer to others,i.e., cooperative, caring, trusting)

Conscientiousness- (Refers to ones reliability regardingresponsibility i.e., self-disciplined, hard-working,dependable etc.)

Emotional Stability- (Refers to ones ability to withstand stressi.e., calm, happy to secured)

Openness to Experience- (Refers to ones range of interesti.e., creative, imaginative, intellectual, artistically sensitive etc.)


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Personal Efficacy

The self is at the centre of a persons competence. Related terms-

Self-esteem- The trait reflecting an individuals characteristics,effective evaluation of the self (feeling of self-worth ), (Gist &

Mitchell,1992).

Self-efficacy- Refers to beliefs in ones capacities to mobilizethe motivation, cognitive resources and courses of action to meet

given situational demands" (wood & Bandura,1989).

Important Aspects-

(1) Judgment of ones perceived capability to perform a

specific task;

(2) This judgment is not static and can change with new

information;

(3) Involves a mobilization component- differential


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Personal efficacy is the general sense of adequacy which is likely tocontribute to a persons effectiveness in working for a taskrelated goal.Four sets of factors contribute to personal efficacy-

(1) Motivation Power Motivation

Achievement Motivation

Extensive Motivation

(2)Self-Awareness

(3)Proactivity

Internal locus of control

Attitude towards a problem

Utilizing available resources


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(4)Action-OrientationSelf-discipline

Planning orientation

Functional Linkages

Future-orientation


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Personal Effectiveness

One precondition for personal effectiveness is better self awareness. But only

understanding ones self does not make a person effective.

Johari window model of self-awareness (Luft,1973)

Johari WindowNot known to

selfKnown to Self

Arena (A)

Public

Self

Blind (B)

Closed

(C)

Dark (D)

Known to

others

Not known

to others


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(A) Arena (Public Self)- That part of individuals behavior known both tohimself and to those with whom he interacts-i.e..; Name, Age,Affiliation etc.

(B) Blind Area- The persons behavior / style that others know but the

person himself does not know about, i.e., mannerisms.

(C) Closed Area- Which is known to the person but not revealed to others,i.e., personal secrets.

(D) Dark Area- Inaccessible to both the self and others.

Arena- Open space Openness is critical for personal- effectiveness

Use of feedback

Self disclosure

Perceptiveness/sensitivity toothers feeling


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Receiving Feedback:Self-disclosureThe extent to which one shares ideas, feelings, experiences,impressions, perceptions and other personal data with others showsones degree of openness, which is an important quality and

contributes a great deal to a persons effectiveness.

Receiving Feedback:-Feedback on those aspects of a person aboutwhich others are aware but the person is not, may be positive ornegative.

Openness in combination with perceptiveness and communication makesa person a much more effective.

Should be strategic openness ( not destructive ).

Should be appropriate in terms of sharing with others.

Should not negatively affect others.


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Positive Feedback:- Boost the self-image.

Negative feedback:- Creates a dissonance with the self-image andthreatens the ego.

When the individual gets negative feedback either he willconfront this or else will try to defend his ego through defensive behavior.Defensive behavior may reduce the anxiety for the time-being butexcessive use of this will result in a conflicted self . Where as confronting

behavior may not give us instant relief from anxiety and tension but ifdealt with strategically will gradually reduce the conflict ,anxiety etc. andimprove the individuals Self Efficacy and Personal Effectiveness.


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Defensive and Confronting Behavior in dealing with Feedback

Defensive Behavior Confronting Behavior

Denial

Rationalization

Projection

Displacement

Quick acceptance

Withdrawal

Aggression

Humour

Competition with authority

Cynicism

Intellectualization

Generalization

Pairing

Results in a Conflicted self

Owning up

Self- analysis

Empathy

Exploration

Data Collection

Expressing feelings

Help seeking

Concern

Listening

Positive Critical attitude

Sharing of concern

Experimenting

Related to the group

Results is an integrated self

Source:- Udai Pareek, Indian Ingtitute of Health Management Research, Jaipur


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Perceptiveness- The ability to pick up verbal and non-verbal cuesfrom others indicates perceptiveness. Perceptiveness and

openness reinforce each other and, if used effectively, are likely to

increase personal effectiveness.

Like openness, perceptiveness should be used appropriately;

Should not be too conscious of others feelings and inhib

interactions;

Should not be too conscious of ones own limitations an

avoiding to take risk;

Effective perceptiveness can be increased by checkin

others reactions to what is said.

Combining all the aspects of personal effectiveness we get

categories in the continum from Mosteffective to Ineffective.


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S.LNo.

Category Self Disclosure Openness toFeedback

Perceptiveness

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

Effective

InsensitiveEgocentric

Dogmatic

Secretive

Task-

Obsessed

Lonely-

Empathic

Ineffective

High

HighHigh

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

HighLow

Low

High

High

Low

Low

High

LowLow

High

High

Low

High

Low

Source:

Udai Pareek 2002, Indian

Institute

Of Heath

Management

&Research,

Jaipur


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Developing Personal Effectiveness

Personal effectiveness must be viewed across three dimensions-Openness

PerceptivenessCommunications ,

all significant to interpersonal relationships, and must be worked oncombination of all three.

By becoming more open a person reduces his/her closed area, theblind area is reduced by increasing perceptiveness.

Personal Effectiveness can be increased by moving towards

appropriate perceptiveness, openness and utilization of feedback.

Personal effectiveness can be improved by increasing the PersonalAuthenticity( credibility).


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Literacy

ActionsValues

Personal

Inter-

personal

Moral

Spiritual

AuthenticityCognitive

Affective

2. Personal Authenticity


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2. Personal Authenticity

1. Literacy: the development of a personal language that is rooted in a

rich vocabulary that allows for the full expression of both the affective(the emotions) and the cognitive (the intellectual). Effective people (and

leaders) are equally comfortable in engaging with the emotional and

intellectual and have the skills to communicate to achieve understanding

and influence. Central to this is the notion of dialogue, the ability to hold

meaningful conversations with self and others.

2. Values: the translation of moral and spiritual dimensions into acoherent and meaningful set of personal constructs that inform

language and action.

3. Action: the ability to use language based on values to informpersonal choices and engagement with others. Equally the

intrapersonal informs and enhances language and ensures that values

are informing personal and social action.


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Personal Effct

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