Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

Definition:“Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered,

non-directive, or Rogerian therapy. Rogers challenged belief that

clients cannot understand & resolve their own problems with direct

help from experts”. He questioned focus on problems rather than on

people in therapy

Humans have an inherent self-actualizing tendency, a movement

towards developing capacities in ways which serve to maintain and

enhance the individual.

Problems in the personality development process arise when

significant people in our lives, (for example, parents, teachers,

students)

Role of the Counsellor

• The counsellor sets up and facilitates a climate in which the client is free

and encouraged to explore all.

• Focus is on the client‐counsellor relationship.

• The therapist is aware of the client’s verbal and nonverbal behaviour and

reflects that back to them.

• The counsellor trusts the client to develop an agenda on which he or she

wishes to work.

• He argued that we have an innate drive to reach an optimal sense of

ourselves & satisfaction with our lives.

• He felt that the process by which we do this, not the end result is what

matters.

• Person-centered counselor is to take periodic oral quizzes on how much they

are learning and understanding.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory is the concept that cognition plays an

important role in behavior change. Cognitive-behavioral intervention is a

combination of cognitive therapy (examining the things you think) and behavioral

strategies (examining the things you do) to solve a variety of behavioral and

psychological problems. CBT is a type of talking treatment that focuses on how

your thoughts, beliefs and attitudes affect your feelings and behavior.

These thoughts, feelings, and actions all interact

and influence each other. The best way to understand this is

to think about them as a triangle:

Role of Counselor and Counselee in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

The therapist's role is to listen, teach, and encourage, while the

client's role is to express concerns, learn, and implement that learning.

Therefore, CBT therapists do not tell their clients what to do, rather, they

search for client strengths and use them to teach their clients how to do. The

educational emphasis of CBT has an additional benefit; it leads to long term

results. When people understand how and why they are doing well, they

know what to do to continue doing well. CBT therapists believe it is not a

person's circumstance or situation (necessarily) that is having a negative

impact on his or her life, but rather the way in which the individual perceives

and responds to the situation.

Reality Therapy• Reality Therapy (also called Choice Theory) was created by William Glasser in 1965,

MD. • The emphasis of this program is to help students connect behavior with

consequence. This is done with class meetings, clear rules, and contracts. • The Reality Therapy approach to counseling and problem-solving focuses on the

here-and-now of the client and how to create a better future, instead of concentrating at length on the past.

• it emphasizes making decisions, and taking action and control of one's own life. • Reality Therapy is a considered a cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy; that is,

it focuses on facilitating the client to become aware of, and if necessary, change, his/her thoughts and actions.

• This also includes Positive Approach to Discipline (PAD), which is based on Reality Therapy. Reality Therapy is used a lot in counseling.

Role of the Therapist in Reality Therapy

To create a connection between people, the reality therapy counselor, teacher or

manager will

• Focus on guiding a person's attention away from past behaviors in order to focus on

those that occur in the present.

• able to improve external relationships and experience a more fulfilling life

• focus on what counselees can do directly - act and think

• Avoid criticizing, blaming and/or complaining

• Remain non-judgmental and non-coercive

• make specific, workable plans

• Be patient and supportive

The Counseling Process

The Client-Counseling Relationship: Collaborative, egalitarian, respectful and cooperative.

Understanding the Client: How is the client behaving? What does the client gain from this behavior? Why does the client do this in this manner?

Assessment and Analysis: Family Atmosphere and Constellation, Birth Order, Early Recollections, Dreams, and Priorities

Strategies for Helping Clients

Restatement: Restating the client’s words to form clarity and convey understanding.

Reflection: Restating the client’s words to give deeper meaning regarding the underlying feeling.

Guesses, Hunches, Hypotheses: Making statements to explain what is happening.

Questioning: To get a better understanding but also reframe the symptoms for the client.