PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN...
Transcript of PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN...
S. MURALIDHARAN &
V. DHANANJAYAN
S. MURALIDHARAN &
V. DHANANJAYAN
PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF
SOUTH INDIA
PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF
SOUTH INDIA
SÁLIM ALI CENTRE FOR ORNITHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY(An autonomous centre aided by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India)
Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore - 641 108. INDIA
Wetlands in India are increasingly facing several anthropogenic pressures. Survey of 140 major sites across various agro-climatic zones identified anthropogenic interference as the main source of wetland degradation (Anon.1993).
The current wetland loss rate in India can lead to serious consequences, where 74% of the human population is rural (World Development Report, 1994) and many of these people are wetland resource dependent.
Although growing human population, large scale changes in land use, burgeoning development projects and the improper use of watersheds are all responsible for decline of wetland resources, significant losses have created due to industrial andagricultural operations.
Pesticide consumption pattern in various states of India
UP APPun
jabHary
ana
Gujarat
Mahara
shtra W
BKarn
ataka
Rajasth
an TN MPBiha
rAss
am NE
0
2
4
6
8
Pesticides are the ubiquitous contaminants
Fishes, Birds and Humans are the worst victims
India is now both the largest manufacturer and consumer of pesticides in South Asia. Despite the proliferation of different types of pesticides, organochlorine such as HCH and DDT still account for two thirds of the total consumption in the country because of their low cost and versatility in action against various pests.
About 70% of the pesticides used in agricultural fields reach adjoining water bodies through rain or irrigation (Ridgway et al., 1978) or by their direct use in the water bodies for control of aquatic weeds (Li, 1975). These chemicals are toxic to many aquatic organisms.
Few studies have indicated the presence of pesticide residues infishes (Amaraneni and Pillala 2001), foodstuffs (Kannan et al., 1992) and birds (Muralidharan 1993, Senthilkumar et al. 2001).
Some surveys are also available in northern and central India, but information regarding situation in fishes of inland wetlands is very rare. Fish are long-living animals accumulating toxicants integrating over time and space which turn resulting organochlorine toxicity in human being (Kumari et al 2001).
To prioritize Indian wetlands for conservation action, documenting the contamination status of fish is an essential tool.
OBJECTIVES
1. Assess the contamination profile of fishes of inland wetlands of South India
2. Generate a data base to prioritize conservation measures
3. Evaluate the possible toxic impact on the consumers (man).
Fishes - Ideal indicators?Fishes - Ideal indicators?
• Hierarchy in food chain
• Accumulative capacity
• Nutritional abundance
• Sampling convenience
• Tissue levels reflect current and past exposures
• Hierarchy in food chain
• Accumulative capacity
• Nutritional abundance
• Sampling convenience
• Tissue levels reflect current and past exposures
STATES INCLUDED FOR THIS STUDY
Collection method Collection method
Transportation of the fish samples to lab
List of Wetlands included in this study
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh KaranatakaAlwarkurichi Kolleru West Godhavari Krishnaraj Sagar ReservoirAriyakulam Chinna tumbalam tank Tailur kereAvalpoodurai Nandalur tank Salagaon village tankGundur big tank Draksha Rama BannurKappalure Uppalapadu Guntur TumkurKoothapar big tank Jataprole Rarandur KereKunnathur Madurai Kazipet tank Nagavalli AmanikereMappedu Mandhyal Tank Mandakhalli-kerePalli karanai Marsh Jankam pet Karigala KereR.S. Mangalam Samundar talabSuchindaram HecheSulur Cauvery river stretchVaduvoor Marchalli kereVandiyur tankVembanurChembarambakam
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
S.No. Name of the species No. of Individuals1 Clarias batrachus 92 Labeo rohita 203 Anabas testudineus 64 Catla catla 135 Tilapia mossambica 96 Cyprinus carpio 97 Channa striatus 88 Channa orientalis 59 Heteropneustes fossilis 810 Cirrhinus mrigala 6
Total 93
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OFTAMIL NADU
S.No. Fish Count 1 Hypophythalmiethys molitrix 102 Mystus vittatus 193 Tilapia mossambica 674 Cirrhinus mrigala 105 Heteropneustes fossilis 116 Labeo rohita 127 Channa orientalis 128 Channa punctatus 259 Anabas testudineus 15
10 Channa striatus 30Total 211
SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OFKARNATAKA
S. No. Name of the species No. of individuals1 Anguilla bicolor bicolor 212 Catla catla 113 Channa striatus 114 Cirrhinus mrigala 65 Clarias batrachus 96 Cyprinus carpio 207 Heteropneustes fossilis 118 Labeo rohita 199 Tilapia mossambica 26
Total 134
On receipt of fish, Physical measurements and other details were
recorded on a datasheet.
Tissues are separated and stored at –20°C forchemical analyses
Laboratory procedures
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
ANALYSISANALYSIS
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin
Total organochlorine residues (ppm)-Andhra Pradesh
Draksh
a Ram
a Ja
nkam pet
Uppalapad
u Ja
tapro
le Kolle
ru
Kazipet
tank
Mandhya
l Tan
k Nan
dalur t
ank
Chinna tumbala
m
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Clarias
batrac
husLab
eo ro
hita
Anabas
testu
dineus
Catla c
atla
Tilapia
mossam
bica
Cyprin
us carp
io
Channa s
triatu
s
Channa o
riental
is
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilis
Cirrhinus m
rigala
00.005
0.010.015
0.020.025
0.030.035
RESULTS
SPECIES
WETLANDS
Total organochlorine residues (ppm) -Tamil Nadu
Kappalu
re
Gundur big ta
nkVad
uvoor
Sulur
R.S. Man
galam
Alwark
urichi
Mapped
u
Vandiyu
r tan
k
Kunnathur M
adurai
Koothapar
big tank
Avalpoodurai
Suchindara
mAriy
akulam
Palli k
aranai
Marsh
Vemban
ur
Chembarm
bakam
Singanall
ur
Theroor c
omplex
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Hypophthalm
icthys
molitr
ixMys
tus vitta
tus
Tilapia
mossam
bica
Cirrhinus m
rigala
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilisLab
eo ro
hita
Channa o
riental
is
Channa p
unctatus
Anabas
testu
dineus
chan
na stri
atus
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
RESULTS Con..
WETLANDS
SPECIES
Total organochlorine residues (ppm) - Karnataka
Heche
Mandak
halli-k
ere
Nagav
alli A
manike
reTumku
r
Krishnara
j Sag
ar
Salagao
n villa
ge tan
k
Cauve
ry riv
er str
etch
Samundar
talab
Bannur
Tailur k
ere
Rarandur K
ere
Marchall
i kere
karig
ala K
ere
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Hetero
pneuste
s foss
ilis
Cirrhinus m
rigala
Cyprin
us carp
ioCatl
a catl
aChan
na stri
atus
Tilapia
mossam
bica
Clarias
batrac
husLab
eo ro
hita
Anguilla bico
lor bico
lor
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
WETLANDS
SPECIES
Variation in total organochlorine residues
Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tami Nadu0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Impact on the consumers?
How safe are the fishes for human consumption ?
If a person consumes 250 g of fish per week, what would be the Daily Dietary Intake of organochlorine pesticide?
SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTIONSUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Name of the pesticide C.punctatus C.striatus C.mrigala H. fossilis L.rohita
BHC 3.13 4.68 3.21 0.57 4.77
DDT 0.61 1.11 1.23 0.82 0.38
Dieldrin 0.03 0.00 0.14 0.07 0.12
Heptachlor 0.94 0.11 0.50 1.15 0.66
Chloridane 0.65 1.91 0.09 0.78 0.19
Endrin 2.88 2.21 0.52 7.01 0.45
Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) Limits for pesticide [ug/person(60Kg)]
Pesticide Statutory agencies
Total DDT
Total HCH
Dieldrin
Endosulfan
Heptachlor epoxide
300
18
6
450
60
Concentration
in ug
FAO/WHO 1971
Health Canada, 1996
(IARC)*
FAO/WHO 1971
FAO/WHO 1971
* International Agency for Research on Cancer
Inference
Residues of one or more persistent pesticides were detected in fishes (100 %) from all wetlands
HCH isomers were detected about 80 % of the fishes
Heptachlor epoxide (78%)
Endosulfan (66%)
DDT and its homologs (p,p’-constituents) were measured in 76 % of fishes
These pesticides are termed as endocrine disruptors,known to elicit their adverse effects by mimicking or antagonizing natural hormones in the body which are responsible for maintaining and controlling the normal development.
Although, pesticide concentrations measured in fishes from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are safe for human consumption if the same concentrations continue to exit, in long run they will exert toxic effects.
AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to
UNDP
MOEF
SACON
and
State co-coordinators
KARNATAKA
Naveein, O.CBangalore – 560 046.
Mr. K. Manu,Mandya Dist.
Vijay Mohan Raj,Deputy Conservator of Forests, Gadag,
Mr. Gurunath Desai,31, Ashok Nagar,
K. Raghothama Rao, SEEK Foundation,Bangalore 560 019,
Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Bustard Nature Club,Raichur 584 101.
Mr. Manjunath Hegde,Hosabale 577 434,
Mr. Ameen Ahmed,Wildlife Aware Nature Club,Tumkur 572 101.
Mr. P.D.Sudarshan,Soil Health Centre,
Uttara Kannada District.
TAMIL NADU
Dr. M.ArunachalamAlwarkurichi
Dr T Badhri NarayananMadurai - 625 020
Dr. Robert B. GrubhNagarcoil -629003
Dr.K.ThiyagesanMayiladuthurai - 609 305
Mr Daniel Wesley, HTiruchirapalli – 620017
Dr.K. Sampath,Chidambaram 608 001.
Dr. RJ. Ranjit Daniels,Chennai – 600061
Mr. Preston Ahimaz,Chennai 600 018.
Dr. V. Kalaiarasan,Chennai 600 022.
Dr. V. KrishnamurthyChennai 600 114
Dr. S. Balachandran,Kanyakumari Dt.
ANDHRA PRADESH
Aasheesh PittieHyderabad 500034
Dr V. Vasudeva RaoHyderabad 500030
Dr B.V. Seshagiri RaoBhimavaram 534202
Siraj A. TaherHyderabad 500034
Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Raichur 584 101.
Rajeev MathewHyderabad 500082
K. Mrutyumjaya RaoKakinada
Sushil KapadiaHyderabad 500082
Dr C. SrinivasuluHyderabad 500007
S. Ashok KumarHyderabad 500033
Dr V. SantharamMadanapalli
Kiran K.Hyderabad
RajashekarSecunderabad 500017
State –coordinators1. Mr S A Hussain
(Karnataka)
2. Mr Aasheesh Pittie(Andhra Pradeh
3. Dr RJ RanjitDaniels(Tamil Nadu)