Persian Self-Taught (In Roman Characters)

8/11/2019 Persian Self-Taught (In Roman Characters)

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Hasan, ShaikhPersian self-taught

in Roman characters withEnglish phonetic pronunciation

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GOLD

SILVER?Tooman t^jSRtk Tooman

COPPERSbabee Sbabee

PERSIAN COINS.


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MARLBOROUQH'8 SELF-TAUGHT SERICS-NO. 22 PERSI AN.


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6235

LONDON :

MABLBOBOUGH, PEWTBESS & Co.,2. OLD BAILEY, B.C.


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(tn *

PEEPACE.

THISvolume is primarily intended to supply a working and

practical knowledge of the Persian language, for the benefit

of those who have not the time or the inclination to master

the grammar, and yet require to use the spoken tongue for

purposes of business or pleasure. With this object in view it

supplies many vocabularies of words carefully selected to suit the

needs of those holding communication with Persia and thePersians, classified according to subject, and a large number

of colloquial phrases and sentences of a practical character,s

imilarly classified. Throughout these sections of the volume

the Persian words are given in the romanized form, and the

English phonetic pronunciation is added (in the third column)in acccrdance with Marlborough's system of phonetics for which,of course, the Publishers alone are responsible a system which

has grown out of long experience, and is of so simple a nature that,

by means of it, a stranger to the language, who knows English only,can read off the words at a glance, and thus easily make himselfunderstood amongst Persian-speaking people. An outline of theGrammar is added for the use of students of the language.

The work thus forms a useful and valuable handbook of Persian

for tourists and travellers, commercial men, naval and militaryofficers, students and others. We may add that the Persianlanguage is very sweet, and compared with other languages is

easy to master. It has a complete literature of its own. It is not

spoken in Persia alone, but in Afghanistan and many parts ofIndia, and is the official language of some of the courts of that

country. It is also used in Turkish Arabia (Baghdad), and byeducated people in Russian Turkestan.

The study of Persian is almost essential to one who wishes tolearn Hindustani and modern Turkish, as the former of thesecontains about 40 per cent, and the latter about 25 per cent, of

Persian words.

SHAYKH HASAN.

Cambridge, 1909.


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CONTENTS.

THE ALPHABET AND PBONUNOIATION, Pages 7 to 11 .The Alphabet

... 7

The Persi-Arabic Characters 8Remarks on the Alphabet 10The Romanized Characters, with Phonetic Pronunciation 11

PRELIMINARY NOTES 12

VOCABULARIES. Pages 13 to 52.

Animals, Vegetables, etc. ... .... 15 18

Animals, Birds and Fishes 15

Flowers, Fruits, Trees and Vegetables 17Insects and Reptiles ... ... ... ... 16

Colours ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

Commercial and Trading Terms ... ... ... ... 33

Correspondence ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36

House and Furniture 28

Mankind; Relations ... ... ... 21Human Body, The 22

Cooking and Eating Utensils26

Dress and Dressing ... ... ... ... 26

Food, Drink and Smoking 24Health 23

Numbers : Cardinal 38Collective and Fractional ... ... ... 40Ordinal 39

Parts of Speech. Pages 41 to 52.

Adjectives... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41

Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions ... ... ... 50Verbs ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

Post-office, Telegraph and Telephone 37Professions and Trades 30Times and Seasons 18

The Persian Months 20Town and Country 20

Travelling byLand 31


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CONTENTS.

Travelling by Sea 32

Washing List 28

World and its Elements, The ... 13Land and Water 13Minerals and Metals ... ... ... ... 14

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. Pages 53 to 64.

Adjectives 55

Adverbs ... 64

Conjunctions ... ... 64

Thelzafat 54

Noun 53Prepositions ... ... ... 63

Pronouns : Personal, Possessive, Relative, Interrogative 56 59

The Verb 59

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES & SENTENCES. Pages 65 to 92.Commercial and Trading ... ... 88 91

Correspondence, Post, Telegrams, etc. ... 82

Enquiries ... ... ... 70

Expressions, Useful and Necessary Idiomatic ... 65 69

Expressions of Emotion, etc 69

Health 80

In Town 84

Money-Changing 91

Notices ... 83

Post, Telegrams, etc 82

Shopping ... ... 86

Time, The 81Travelling. Pages 71 to 80.

Arrival 74

Hotel, The 75Meals 78

Railway, The 71

Steamboat, The 73Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions ... 65 69

PERSIAN HANDWRITING 93Specimen of Persian Handwriting (The Lord's Prayer) ... 94

The Lord's Prayer in Romanized Persian, with literaltranslation ... 95

MONEY: Persian Coins ... ... ... ... 95Equivalent Values English, American and Persian ... 96

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 96

POSTAL CHARGES...

96


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PERSIAN SELF-TAUGHT.

THE ALPHABET.THE Persi-Arabic letters at first sight appear very be-

wildering to Europeans, and are a frequent cause of

stumbling to many who would find a knowledge ofthe language of immense importance to them. It is tomeet this difficulty that the Romanized characters have

been adopted in this work.

Students who desire to study the wonderful literatureof the East at first hand, must, however, overcome this

initial difficulty, and to do this the best plan is to copyeach letter repeatedly, and with care, until it is fixed inthe memory, only two or three being dealt with at a time,and not the whole

alphabet.In this

wayone is

surprisedhow soon the characters in their various positions becomefamiliarized to the mind.

Having mastered the alphabet, the words given in thevocabularies should next be learned, pronouncing the

phonetic aloud, and writing the word from memory in thePersi-Arabic letters, which can then be corrected byreference to the following tables. In this way therudiments of the language will be easily acquired.

The letters and sentences are written and read from

right to left, as in all the Semitic languages the Persi-

Arabic being one of these although it should always bo

borne in mind that the Persian language proper is not of

Semitic origin, but is akin to the old Sanskrit.


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THE ALPHABET IN PERSI-ARABTCWITH ROMAN CHARACTERS.

Letters marked with * are Arabic characters, and the words in which theyoccur are Arabic.

XAAO-

5


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Name.


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1U

REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET.The Persian alphabet contains no vowels, properly so called.

The short vowel-sounds are indicated by (') zabarr, (J) zeerr,

( ) jnsh. The first is a short (a) as in at ; the second (zeerr)short (e) as in effort; the third (jnsh) gives the short (u) sound

something like the sound of ou in should, or of u in the French

plume pronounced short : ex. I, * , I, pronounced respectively ma,

meh, men. When the long vowel-sound a, as in art, occurs at the

beginning of a word it is indicated by the sign (~) madd, placedover I as in +*\ adam, 3 dmad, but elsewhere in a word it isindicated simply by 1 as in .ili shad (glad). There is no sign in

Persian for the vowel (o) as in note, but (a) with (') zabarr,

followed by (v) is pronounced as (o) : ex. .j.l oder (paternal uncle),

isJjjjl orang (thi'one).

t^ (y) following any letter with (,) zeerr, is pronounced as

long I, i. e. as double ee in sheep : ex. u\j>\ eeran (Persia), ^~>*deeshab (last night). There are two other signs, namely ( )

djazm, and (-

)tashdeed. The first of these is placed over any

letter which is followedby

novowel-sound,

as over \ in^^J.

raftan (to go) ; the second doubles the letter over which it is

placed, as over


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11

THE ROMANIZED CHARACTERS,WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.

PRONUNCIATION. Phoneticsused.

Like theEnglish

a in at ... ... ...

As a long in art ... ... ... ...Like ai in 'rain ... ... ... ...

As b in but ... ... ... ... ...As ch in church ... ... ... ...As in English ... ... ... ...As e in egg ... ... ... ...As fin friend ... ... ... ...

Like the y in ambiguity ... ... ...Like the English g in good, very guttural ...

Aspirated, as in English ... ... ...

As i in bit ... ... ... ... ...As ee in deed ... ... ... ... ...As

.;'in jam ... ... ... ... ...

As z in azure... ... ... ... ...As k in keep ... ... ... ...

A guttural aspirate like ch in the Scotch lochAs in English ... ... ... ...As in EnglishAs in EnglishAs o in hope ... ... ... ... ...As in English ... ... ... ...A deep gutturalAs in English very ; always to be pronouncedA sibilant, as in sisterAs in shine ... ... ... ... ...As in tutor ... ... ... .. ...

Short, as on in should, or u in French plumeAs oo in moon ... ... ... ...As in EnglishAs in you ... ... ... ... ...As in zodiac ... ... ... ... ...

* Pronounce eu as one sound, and short.


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12

PKELIMINARY NOTES.

Persian equivalents. It is necessary to point out that in thethird part of the book, Conversational Phrases and Sentences,the Persian equivalents of the English phrases are given in thesecond column, and not merely a translation of the English

words. How different the equivalent and the literal translationmay be is shown by the few instances where both are given.(See p. 65.)

Pronunciation. The student will do well to master thepronunciation at the outset. The use and value of eachphonetic sign adopted are shown on page 11, and should becarefully noted.

Marlborough's systemof

phoneticsis based on the

principleof one sign, one sound, and conversely, one sound, one sign.The particular use of each English letter in representing thesounds of the Persian characters should be learnt, and eachmust always be pronounced in the same manner (one sign, onesound).

To facilitate the correct pronunciation of the short vowels,the words in the vocabularies have, to a great extent, been

divided up by hyphens, but these divisions do not alwayscorrespond with the true syllables ; e.g., sadum, pronunciationwritten sad-eum (properly

sa-deum ) ; neyah, pronunciationwritten neg-ah

(for

ne-gah ).

In such words as daste man, where the letter e stands forIzafat, it will be noticed that it is represented by i in the thirdcolumn (dast-i-man) to remind the reader that it is Izafat. Wheree does not stand for the Izafat it is denoted by

e

in the

the third column also.

The conjunction va (and) in such words as dast va pa (handand foot), rooz va shah (day and night), is pronounced eu inconversation, like the French u in plume ; (dasteu-pa, roozeu-

shah).In all questions the interrogative (dya) is inserted. In

conversation, however, it is often omitted, the question being

inferred from the inflexion of the voice.


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VOCABULARIES.

The World and its Elements.

English.

(Jelidn va andscr-i-oo.)

Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Air


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14

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.


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15

Animals, Birds and Fishes.(Hayvanat, murqhdn va malwyan.)


Animals


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16



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17


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18



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English. Persian (romanizeil). Pronunciation.


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20



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21

English. Persian (roinanized). Pronunciation.


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22



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English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation


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English. 1'ersiau (romanized). Pronunciation.


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Cooking and Bating Utensils.

English.

(Zcuroof-i-fabkh va team.)(For Shopping, see p. 80.)

Persian (roinauized). Pronunciation.

Basin


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27

Kntflish. Persian (romaiiized). Pronunciation.

dress materialscloth

cotton

flannel, -ette

lace

linen

muslinsilk

velvet

wooldress (lady's)

dressing-gown

evening dress

gaiter

garters

gloveshairpinhat

jewellerybracelet

brooch

ringneck -tie

needleovercoat

parasol

pins

pocketpurserain-coat (waterpr.)razor

sandalsscissors

sewing cottonskirt

soapspectacles

tapethimbletooth-brush

pdrchah, qumash


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English.

towel

trousersumbrellawatch

28


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English. Persian (romaiiized). Prouunciatlon.


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80

English. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.


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81

KiiKlish. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.


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82



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88



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84


bearer


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85



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87



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38



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89

Persian (ronmnized). Persian (rom.) Pronunciation.

111sad-va-i112 sad-va-t

120 sad-va-bixt121 sad-va-blst-va-yek122 sad-va-blst-ra-du180 sad-va-sl140 sad-va-chcliel150 sad-va-panjdh

160 sad-va-shast170 sad-va-haftdd180 sad-va-hashtdd

190 sad-va-navad200800400 chehdrsad500 pdnxadGOO shesh-sad700 haft-sad800 hasht-sad

900 nuh-sad1,000 7a*ar

10,000 dah-hazdi

deuveestsee-sad

che-har-sad

pan sadshesh-sadhaft-sad

hasht-sad

neuh sadhaz-ardah-haz-ar

100,000 xad-hazar

500,000 pdnsad-hazdr, kuriir

1,000,000 melydn1908 A.B., hazdi'-i-a-nuksad-va-

hashtmilddi,

corresponding to mutubeq b&

1326 A.H. hazdr-va-slsad-va-blst-va-sheshe hejrl

Ordinal Numbers.First

second

thirdfourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

eighthninthtenth

eleventhtwelfth

thirteenth

fourteenth

fifteenth

sixteenth

seventeenth

eighteenthnineteenthtwentieth

j yekuni, avval

duvvuin

sevrumchehdrum

panjuniikethum

haftitm

ktufitum

nuhumdahum

ydzdahumdavdzdahumsizdalinm

chekdnlalium

pdnzdahumtltdnzdahnm/ti t'l/dkllDI

lujdahinii

nuzdahitinblstum

sad-hazar

pansad-hazar, keu-roor

melyanhaz-ilr-eu-neuh-sad-eu-

hashtmeeladee,meutobeq bft

haz-ar-eu-see-sad-eu-beest-

eu-sheshi hej-ree

(A'

ddd-i-vasfee . )

yekeum, av-valdeuv-veum

sev-veumche-ha-reum

pan-jeumshesheumhaf-teumhash-teumneu-heumda-heum

yazda-heumdavaz-da-heumseez-da-heumche-har-da-heum

panz-da-heumshilnz-da-heumhef-da-heuin

heej -da-heum

nooz-da-heumbeesteum


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English.


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English. Persian (roraanized). Pronunciation.


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English. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.


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48



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Persian (romaalzed). Pronunciation.

tostop,

tr.

, intr.

sweepswimtake

take care

talk, speak,. tear

tell, relate

thankthink

,, throwtie

,, touch

,, travel

>, tryturn, tr.

, intr.

understand

,, use

,, wait,, walk,, want,. warn,, waste, tr.

watch

,, wear, put on, tr.

., wear, intr.

weigh, tr.

wipewishworkwrapyawn

iii't/i'tlt-ddshtan,iiint(tttd-k


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Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, etc.

English.

(Zarrf, harrfe-atf, zameer, va ghayreh.)(For Grammar see pp. 0861.)

Persian (rornanized). Pronunciation.

About (nearly)


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during


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OUTLINE OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR.

THE NOUN.

All nouns in Persian are of one gender. They form their

plural by adding ^\ tin or U ha, the former for persons, thelatter for things.

EXAMPLES.

*j* mard, man. u\ij* nwrddn, men.

^1^3 ketdb, book. U i_jL3 ketdb-hd, books.But U ha is now generally used for both classes.

The accusative is formedby adding

I. rd to thesingular

or

plural.

EXAMPLES.

Js qalam, pen. I, Jji qalam rd, pen.

U JS qalam hd, pens. \. U J3 qalam IM rd, pens.This termination has also the force of the definite article.

EXAMPLES.

.,jjj I. cb bdgh rd dldam, I saw the garden.

^JJ3cb 6a^/t dldam, I saw a garden.

In the singular the indefinite article is indicated by the

ending ^, pronounced e.

EXAMPLES..~~ \ asbl, a horse.

^-j-jl j^j sefid asbl, a white horse.

But when the adjective follows the noun (j is attached to it also.i

EXAMPLE.

^,| asb-i-sefldl, a white horse.


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THE IZAFAT (denotes possession).

The izafat signifies possession ; it is denoted by the sign (^) zir

and is used in the following three ways :

1 . The genitive is formed by adding the izafat to the governing

noun, which usually precedes the governed noun.

EXAMPLES.

j*A$ kctlid-i-dar, the key of the door.

U^> oi.,o derakht-i-fchurma, thetree of the date.

But when the word ends in a vowel or ^ v1 semi- vowel, it

takes the form u pronounced yi.

EXAMPLES.

ij^a. (jljj*. fJiudd-yi-jehan,the God of the world.

U 3 (_. roo-yi-daryd, the surface of the sea.

2. When several adjectives form attributes to the same noun

they are connected by the izafat or by the conjunction J va.

EXAMPLES.

^ .j^ J.T o^..^ derakht-i-gul-i-surkh-i-khoobi,a good red

rose tree.

^-, J.J o^,^ derakht-i-gul-i-surkh va khoobl, a goodred rose tree.

3. Personal pronouns are connected with nouns by the izafat,

thus forming possessive pronouns.

EXAMPLES.

..w* I^A-O dast-i-man, my hand.

Ui ^b pay-i-shuma, your foot.

1 When () pish is followed by j c, it is pronounced as oo in good.


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ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives usually follow nouns, and in this case are connected

with them by the izafat.EXAMPLES.

._; \,s. k_>b.j ketdb-i-arabl, the Arabic book.

(J-.JI&Jco kaghctz-i-engelisi, the English paper.

The termination 1. ra for the accusative is added to the

adjective only.

EXAMPLE.

*j. ;... I. [C-^-ccjbj ketdb-i-arabl ra kharldam, I bought an

Arabic book.

But if there are several adjectives U ra is only added to the

last.

EXAMPLE.

*>J*- Ij ic^ Jfl'g^yfc j7p. i_>Loj Jcetdb-i-buznrg-i-khusltkhatt-i-arabl ra kJiuridam, I boughta large well-written Arabic

book.

A few adjectives sometimes precede the noun, to which is thengenerally added the indefinite article * khush rang, of fine colour.


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The degrees of comparison are formed by adding the termina-tion

s^J tar for the comparative, and ^,5 tarln for the superlative.

EXAMPLES.

^j.\ buzurg, large. J ^j buzurytar, larger.c ^/ 0->. bu-urgtarm, largest. tfJW. behiarln, hest.

Than is expressed by jl az.

EXAMPLE.

*** j' J c'l>^ djcvantar az Jiama, younger than all.The superlative construction, as in English, is with the

genitive.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

^* man, I. U ma, we.

y tu, thou. Ui shuma,, you.^1 w, he, she, it. cA~?.' wftan, they.

^Jis used when speaking to inferiors in rank or age, other-

wise Ui,, as ?/OM in English.The personal pronouns are declined as nouns except that the

accusative of ^ man (I) is Le mard instead of I. ^* nza?i ra.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

These are either the same as the personal pronouns or the

following shorter forms can be used, us also for the accusative of

the personal pronouns :

ist pers. .J am, my, me. ^U man, our, us.

2nd yyl at, thy, thee, U\J t n > y ur > vou -

3rd ,, t_pl ash, his, hers, its, him. ^ll shdn, their, them.

EXAMPLE.

* o-^ dast-i-man,}rmy hand.

aasiam,


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The short form of possessive pronoun added to the word

preceding the verb has the foice of the accusative of the

corresponding personal pronoun.

BXAMFLBS.

l _^J. vil-ash kim,f

him go.cr Jj \y ii-ravil kun,}

Q:>J , ., mlbinain-at, } TC> M see you.^;,j ^

1

; y tu-rd-m'tl'mam,)The accusative of possessive pronouns is formed as in nouns

by the addition I. rd.

EXAMPLE.

I. ..v* o~o dast-i-man rd,]^my hand.

\j

^dast-am-rd, )

To form the plunvl (A Jtd is added to the nouns.

EXAMPLE.

^ (j\Jt r?.~+~< sliamsliir-hd-yi man,nay swords.

-IA j~-+Z> shamshlr-Jid-m,

Thepossessive

case is often denotedby JL

mdl(property).

EXAMPLES.

-1 ^ JU s.il. ^l z?t khdna mdl-i-man ast, this house is mine.e*-U^. JU cU ,jl a bdyhmdl-i-slmmdst, that garden is yours.

The six reflexive pronouns are :

A jy*. Jchudam, myself. ,jlj-. khudimdn, ourselves.

^-*. khudat, thyself. ^tay- khuditdn, yourselves.

khudash, himself, her- ^l^^j* khudin/ian, themselves.

self, itself.

N. B. Personal and possessive pronouns must be replaced byreflexive when they refer to the same subject.


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EXAMPLES.

-^ ]>-oy,

man khudamrdiriishuyam,

I washmyself

(not ^y^ \j* c ô)..,jij. U^y> A* c^* wcm padar-i-khudamrd dldam, I saw my

father (not +&*\ ~e .jj ..ê).

The following are demonstrative pronouns, declined as nouns :

îl m, this.

(Jl a, that.

Â hamin, this same one.ÛA human, that same one.

churnn. hamchunm, such a one as this.

c ^ Mn w ) hamchundn, such a one as that.

hamchu, so,such.

chandm, chandan, so much.

RELATIVE PRONOUN8.

S Art, who, that, accusative l.jl . . . . *$; & chi, which, ki . . . .

a, or (jil . . . . & lei . . . . ash.

EXAMPLES.1.

(_r>j~t w j - mard ki sarashrd shikasta budand,the man whose head they hadbroken.

&>>* v 5CJo kdliska ki charkliaslira sdkhtand,the carriage, the wheel of which

theymade.

The relative pronouns & ki and &. chi are often connectedwith the demonstrative pronouns.

EXAMPLES.

j.ta Jy s> îl In ki pdl ddrad, this one who has money,

o ' jî v ôl an ki faqlrast, that one who is poor.


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Preterite.

. budam, I was. ojjj budlm, we were.

. budl, thou wast. joj.j budld, you were.

7d, he, she, it was. jj^y budand, they were.

* imbudam, I used to be, &c.

*1 jy budaam, I have been. ol jt) 6wc?a tm, we have been.

, thou hast been, jj ^j buda Id, you have been., he has been. j6l sjjj 6(aat/,they have been.

Pluperfect.

budam, I had been, &c.

Future formed with the auxiliary verb ^ly* kJiastan, andthe shortened infinitive jo 6i7c?.

j*\j.kJidham bud, I shall jy ^*A^ kMhlm bud, we shall

be. be.

, thou wilfc JjJ s*\f>~ khahld bud, you will

be. be.

jj jjkl^i.khahad biid, he will jy jj^l^. khdhand bud, they

be. will be.

Infinitive

\j*\ budan, ]Uo be.

hastan,)

Past Participle.

, been.

) 6s7i / be (thou), for the other persons subjunctiveis used, so for all verbs.


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fil

Subjunc tii > /'/' .-> i/t.

jA) bat/lam, I may be. *~ ^. bdshlm, we may be.

l) bduhl, thou niuyest be. .x-Jllj bdshld, you may be.

bashad, he may be. jji'j luxlumd, they may be

A-i.L-A.0 nribiisJiam, I might be, &c.

For the pluperfect ...so bildam, *J*--^ tnlbudam, ^U J>

bdtham, may beused.

jb &a


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Present Participle.

sjjyt. shavanda, becoming (very seldom used).

Piist Participle.

s.xl shuda, become.

GERUND.

(jA-i* shudanl, what ought to become.

Subjunctive present.

+jZ shavam. I may become, &c.

Imperfect and pluperfect the same as in the indicative, and sofor all verbs.

3. THE REGULAR VERB.All infinitives end in ^ dan, or ^ tan.To conjugate a verb we must know its infinitive and impera-

tive. The imperative of verb whose infinitives end in ^jj Idanare formed by cutting off this termination : ex. u A~i J . bakhsh-Idan, io present ; imperative \j&*. ba/chsh, present.

From the imperative are formed :

(1) The present indicative by prefixing ^ ml and addingthe termination

^ am, ^ I, x ad, &c. : ^1 ^ mi-bakhsh-am.(2) The present subjunctive by prefixing w bi, as ^^i-^.

bi-bakhsh-am.

All other tenses are formed from the shortened infinitive

A^JLi^. bakhshld.

PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB

Active voice.

Infinitive \j^j> gin/tan, to take, to seize.

1

Imperative ,J glr take

1 In colloquial Persian it is usual to prefix t_> b before the impera-

tive, as^^AJ biglr, c.


69/192


70/192

- sar, on. (_$[? sari dtash, on the fire.

t> ba, with. LJ ^ b bd man biyd, come with me.^j 61, without. o^a-J .p. 6* zaJitnat, without trouble,

jl a, from. ^jJV jj^jl r2 tabrlz dmadam, I camefrom Tabriz.

to td, to. oi. U ^1 A jl a-: tehrdn td rasht dur ast,o*J

,^jit is far from Teheran

to Easht.

j IS td bi, up to. M^-^. k' fdbiblnwi, until we may see.

i, bottom. k^y r^-^. point kncha, at the bottom

of the street.

upon. e**y u% bdldyidir(tlht,upon the tree.^,5

,.*j blrun, outside. ^4- ui/^ J - ^* r n * shahr, outside the

town.

(jl^j bardyi, foi-. .,oli-...9jo bardyi tu ferestddam, I sent

for you.

CONJUNCTIONS.

For these, see Vocabulary, pp. 50 to 52.

ADVERBS.There are no adverbs properly so called in Persian. Their

place is taken by nouns, with or without prepositions, or by

adjectives.EXAMPLES.

v_^-< ^j bl sabab, without reason.

,c*js?- bi khubl, well. L/ 5 ^* ' dsudagl, safely.

Arabic adverbs with terminations I an, are also used.

EXAMPLES.

Lus^ takhmlnan, approximately.

LJu yaq'nan, ceitainly. UU ghdliban, mostly.


71/192

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES ANDSENTENCES.

Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions.(Kalemdt va jeumlahay-i-meustalah meufeed va laeem.)


Good morning


72/192


/

It is lucky that...

As you knowIt must be doneWhat are you (

doing? IPlease come backCome here

[soonI have come onbusiness [come?

When will youWill you come ?Where are youGo and look [going?What is the mat-

ter?As soon as possible

Oh no thatisnotsoIf possibleWhat does thisI don't know [mean?

/ I don't quite under-

'stand^ I haven't the

slightest idea

I have never seen itI haven't seen you

for a long timeWho said so ?1 will speak to him

about it

He won't hear of itHe cannot be relied

enHe is honest and

hard-workingYou must not do

that

asbdbe khush bakh-tlat keh...

chendnclieh mlddnld

bdyad beshavadcheli mlknnl? [To inf.]

j

cheh inlkunld/ [Sup.]1

lutfan zud bargard i

beyd Injdman bardye kdrdmadain

kai khdhid dmad?

di/d khdhid dmad?kujd mlravldfbero ner/dli keuncheh khabarast ?

cheh shud /har qadr zud kehmumkenast

nah chenln nlst

ayar mumkenastIn ya'nl cheh?

man namlddnamman durust nami-

fahmamman hlch namifah-mam [dam

man ilrd hlch nadi-mnddatlst shumdrd

nadldamkl f/uft /

man bd ft dar khnsii-se u harj khdhamzad [kard

u qabill nakhdJuidbeh u khdter jam 1

naniitovdn shutl

u bd namus va kdrkuna*t

naktm, shumd nabd-

yad in kdr rabekunid

asbabi Meush lo&kh-teest ke..,

chenan-che meedaneed

ba-yad beshavadche rueekeunee ?che meekeuneed ?leutfan zood barrgarrd

beya

eenjaman bara-yi kar ama-darn

kay /c/mheed amad ?a-ya Maheed amad ?keuja meeraveed ?bero negah keunche Mabarast ? che

sheud?harr qadr zood kemeumken-ast

na chen-een neest

agarr meumkenasteen ya'-nee che ?man nameedanamman deureust namee-

f ah mamman beech nameefah-mam [dam

man oora heech nadee-meuddateest sheumara

nadeedamkee geuft ?

man ba oo darr Meu-soosi oo harrf AV/a-ham zad [karrd

oo qabool na-Ma-hadbe oo /i/taterr jam'-

nameetavan sheudoo ba namoos va kar

keun-ast

nakeun, sheurna naba-

yad een kar ra be-keuneed


73/192

67

English. uii (roinanliedj. Pronunciation.

Do not tellanyone1 will do niy best

I can do without itIt will do after-

wardsIt will do at your

leisure

Be careful

I will bring it for

youDo you want tbis ?I don't want that

I want an answer

[answer ?What is yourWait a minuteDo you like this ?I like it very much

How do you likeit ? [at once

Kindly let me knowYou are very for-

tunate [anxiousYou need not beIt is too difficult

It is well done

[address ?

What is yourMy address is...Give me his addressHe lives in...

So it seemsYes, I suppose so

,\/ Do you speakEn-lish ?

I am English

bekasimarjii

/tar c/if/i mnmkenastkhdham hard

bi ft intunkenant

ba'd bekdr mlkhurad

har vaqt bekhdhldin isha vad

deqqat knn,mutarajjeh bash

man urd haraye x/tn-md khdham dritrd

(dyd) inrd mlkdhldf

(man) dnrd nainl-khdham

(man) yek javdbmlklidliam

jardbe sluundchist-

yek daqlqah sabrknnInrd mi/iasandld ?man urd bestjdr ml-

pasanilamdyd Inrd (lira) ml-

pasandld? [bedehlitt fan zud k/taharshuind khaill khush-

ba klit Id

mnziareb naba*hldIn bcKydr miuliffelaxtIn (fi) bcsi/dr kliubast

adraw shiimd chUt ?In adra


74/192

68



75/192


76/192

70

English. Persian (romanizedj. Pronunciation.

You surprise me

Take care

x My faultOil 1 it is nothingI am sorry

(asking pardon)What a pity It is a sad thingWhat a shame I am very glad

Bravo 1 well done IHow fortunate How excellent 1I am very angryHold your tongue

- Don't answerAll rightOh dear oh dear

Be offIt is no goodGet out

My dearHelp mercy

What do you say ?[To superior][To inferior]

Do you hear me ?

Will you kindlyDo you understand

me ? [mean ?What does thatWhat is that ?Can you speak

English ?Do you know

Mr....?Where is the...?

shumd ward mitta-ajjcb mllfitnid

deqfjat kun bepd

taijHire wanchin nixtman tinttaassefambebalchs/dd

half, afxfi* '.

In axbdbe taaxsufastaib ant .' aib nist

man besydr k/iusli-Jidlain

dfann bdrakalldhcheh Icltitsltbalc/tt

eke It qadr a'ld

besydr kJiaahmndk-hain harf bczan [amjardb nadehUnlh ; bexyar khubailc/nidd aikhudd

i.e. Oh God(/HIII slto jaltannainIn hhiib nlst [xho

hero gum sho beroazlze man [blnlnrmddd amdn

Enquiries.'

cheh mifarmdld-

cheh mlf/ill ? dyd tnlshenavld '/\ Intfan

dyd mifahmld /

In ya'ni cheh?in cheh chiz ast ?

enyelisl mitavdnld

harf bezanld ?

dqd...rd mlshena-

sld ?

...kujdst?

sheuma, mara meuta-aj-jeb meekeuneed

deqqat keun bepa

taq-seer-i-mancheczee noestman meuta-assefambebaM-sheed

hayf af-soos eel asbab-i-ta-asseufast

ayb ast ayb neest man bes-yar Ar/ieush-

halamafareen bara-kallah

che /r/teush-ba/.7it che qadrr a'lii

bes-yar Mashm-nakamkam harrf be/anjavab nadehMoob ; bes-yar 7r/toobay /iVteuda ay AVteuda

geum sho ja-hannameen /r/ioob neest [sho

berro geum sho berroazeez-i-man [beeroonemdad aman

che meefarrma-eed ?

che meegoo-ee '?

fi-ya meeshenaveed ?

leutfana-ya meefahmeed ?

een ya'nee che ?een che cheez ast ?

en-gelee-see meetavu-need harrf bezaneed?

aqa...ra mee-shena-

seed ?

...keu-jast?


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71


What do they callthat in Persian ?

What is that goodWho is that? [for?Who are you?Who is there ?What do you want?What have you got?What is the matter?

Can you tell me?Why is that ?Who sent you ?What isyour name?Why did you go?

Inra dar fdi'sl cheh'

mlgftyand 1In bur aye cheh khilb

u klxt / [ast /shnnid lastid ?

dnjd /ast? last dnjd?chi'h mlkhdhid ?cheh (jereftul /

cheh khaharaxt- cheh

shnd ? [if Hid /|mitavlnidbeman be-cherd? [tad?shuindrd kl funts-\name shuind chlst- Idie rd raftld ?

eenra darr far-see cho

mee-gooyand ?een bara-yi che Ar/iooboo keest ? [ast ?

sheuma keesteed?anja keest? keest anja?che mee-/r/*a-heed?che gerefteed ?che A7tabarr-ast ? chu

sheud ? [begoo-eed ?ineetavaueed bemanchera ? [tad ?

sheumara kee feu-reus-nanii sheuma cheest ?chera rafteed ?

Railway (Rah-i-ahan, or Shamandafeir.)(For Vocabulary see page 81.)

To the stationHere is my luggageTake it to the cloak-

roomI wish to regis-

ter my luggngefor...

[weightThe luggage is overGet my luggageHere is the ticketHow many pack-

ages are there ?Where is the wait-

ing-room ?

booking-office?refreshment-

room?

lavatory ?

train for... ?

Are you going bythe express ?

Show me a time-table

be ffdr; be estdseyonin a*hyde in an ast

inrd be'>ar be-utdqe

axhyd'man ini/clidJiam ash-

yde khadrd sefdre-shl

befei'estantbe...

ashyd1

sanr/inast

axhyde mard beydritlflvt hfJlt/M


78/192

72

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation

When does thetrain start ?

Can I book throughto...?

A first- (second-)class single ticket

to...?

Return ticket

How much is it ?We want a sleeping

carriage

A corridor carriageA corridor carriage

for ladies

A non-smokingcompartment

Is this the train for...

Do I change any-where?

\\hcre must I

change for...?Is this seat en-

gaged?

There is no roomCall the guardThe train is just

going to start

Open the door

Open the windowHere is the station

Do we stop here ?

Do we alight here?

Do we changecarriages here ?

How long do westop here?

Five minutes

thamandafef kai

mlravad 1

ay a mltavanatn yek-sarah be ... belli

bi'ti'iram ?

yek bellte darajahean-al (ihivviun)be...

belite dusarahr li a ml ast?ma i/fk tttdq mlkhd-

him keh jdye khdbdd^htah bashad

yek ntdqe rdhroddr

yd; ntdqe rdhroddre

zandnah

yek utdq keh slydrnamlkashand

In qatdre . . .ast ?

dyd dar baine raw

bay ad avaz knnam?da r kujd bay ad ha rd-

ye...avaz kunam?

dyd in jd gereftahxhndah ast?

Injd jd nlst [kunma'mur rd sadd

qatdr aldn harakatinllcunad

darrd bdz (vd) kun

panjamh rd bay kunIn astestdseyon (gar)

dyd Injd khdhlm Is-tad?

dyd Injd pain khd-\film dmad?

dyd injd utdqrdavaz khdhim kard?

cheh qadr Injdkhdhlm Istdd ?

panj daqlqah

shamandaferr kay mee-

ravad ?

aya rneetavanam yek-sarrah be ... beleot

begeeram ?

yek beleeti darra-ja-hiav-val (deuv-veum)be...

beleeti deu-sarrah

chand ast ?ma yek eutaq rnee-Ma-

heem ke ja-yi Mabdashta bashad

yek eutaqi rahro-dar

yek eutaqi rahro-darizanana

yekeutaq keh seegar

nameekashandeen qatari...ast?aya darr bayni rah ba-

yad avaz keunam ?darr keuja ba-yad bara-

yi...avaz keunam?aya een ja gerrefta

sheuda ast?

eenja ja neest

ma'nioor ra sadii keun

qatar alan harakat meekeunad

darr-ra baz (va) keun

panjarah ra, baz keuneen ast estaseyon (gar)

aya eenja /c/ta-heem ees-tad?

aya eenja pa-een kh&-heem amad ?

aya eenja eutaq ra avaz/c/


79/192


80/192

74

English. Persian (romanized).


81/192

75

English.

Is the proprietor

anywhere about?Have you a room

vacant ?This room is too

small [room?Have you a largeShow me a bed-

roomI will take this oneHave you no better

rooms ?Have you not a

cooler room ?I want a

largeone

Show me some nicerooms

Are you the land-lord?

How much do youcharge per day ?

Has my luggagecome ?Send the luggage

upstairsPut it down hereDo you intend to

stay long ?I shall stay a few

daysI want to have a

washI want something

to eat

Anything will do

Give me the key of

my room

Hotel* (Hotel, Mehmdnkhanah.)(For Vocabularies see page 28 ).)

Persian (romanlzed). Pronunciation.

sdhebe hotel kujdst

(injdst) :

utdqe khdll (herd-

yahi) ddrid?in utdq besydr

kuchek ast

utdqe buznrg ddridf

yek utdqe khdb ne-shdn bedeli

man Inrd mlkhdhamutdye behtar nadd-

rld?

yek utdqe khunuk-tar naddrld?

manyek utdqe

bu-

zurg nii/chdham

yek utdqe khubl ne-

s/idn bedeh

dyd sdhebe hotelshumdld ?

ruzl chand miglrid't

dyd ashyde (asbdbe)\mar a, dvurdahand/[asbdbe ward beferest

bald

biif/zdr mjd (zamiri)khalll khdhld

mdnd ?du seh ruz klidham

mdndman mikhdhaiushiisteshu kunatn

man gnrusnah am,kh nnlamcht'h ddrld

har cheh bdshadzarar naddrad

kalide utdqe mardbedeh

sa-hebi ho-tel keujast

(eenjast)?eutaqi Malee (kerra-y.i-

ee) dareed?een eutaq bes-yar koo-

chek ast [reed ?

eutaqi beuzeurrg dti-

yek eutaqi Mab neshaubedeh ?

man eenra mee-/c/ta-humeutaqi beh-tarr nada-

reed?

yek eutaqi /.7


82/192

76


A decanter of waterWhat are the hours

of meals here ?Lunch is at... and

dinner at...There is no fixed

timeAnd breakfast ?

You can suit yourown convenience

Can I dine in myroom ?

Is the bed wellaired ?

Where is the w.c.?I suppose you have

baths here ?i want a warm

bathGive nit- a piece of

soapGive me a towel

Where is the bell?Can you lend me

some slippers ?I want a candle

I think of leavingto-morrow

Call me early inthe morning

It is chilly to-nightPut on more bed-

clothes

Send boots to meCall my servant

Bring me a light

yek tunk db

injd cheh vaqt shdm-va-nekdr midahld?

nehdr darsdate...vasham dar sdate...

vaqte muaiyannaddrlm

va clidlc siibli, :'drchah kdghaze\

dblcash beinanbedeh

: cltand tamre pustbar dye man beylr

beyii sabr hunadwan javdb lihdham

ferextdd

dyd mltavdnain yektelijerdf beferestam?

man yek telijerdf az...f/ereftaw

hit fan in telijerdf rd

beferext

dyd telijerdf I hardyeman dniadali ast-

man yek bardie jmstmlkhdhain,

ndm ra adrase gl-randah...ast

ndm va adrase fe-restandah...ast

manam ferestandahman am glrandahI tit fan in askendsrd

(hardte pimt-ra)kliiird kun

In kdfi/iaz bay ad

sofdrexhi beshavad

kdr/haze sefdreslri

qabze sefdreshi

man qadree kfW/7iazichaparee mee-A/ja-ham

yek pakat bedehmeurak-kab keujast ?

yek parchah ka///mz-iabkash beman bedeh

chand tamri peustbarra-yi man begeerr

begoo sabrr keunadman jav-ab A-Aa-liam

ferrestad

aya meeta-vanam yektelgerraf beferrostam?

man yek tel-gerraf az...gerreftam

leutfah een tel-gerraf-rabeferrest

aya tel-gerrafee barra-

yi man amadah ast?man yek barrati peust

inee-/c/ia-ham

nam va ad-rassi gee-ran-dah...ast

nam va ad-rassi ferres-tanda...ast

manam ferrestandamanam geerandaleutfan een asken-as-ra

(barrati peust-r


90/192

84

English. I'prsian (romauizod). Pronunciation.


91/192

85

EiiKlish. Persian (romanized). Pronuucldtlon.

to the left

Cross the roadIn what stive t is...?

1'irase tell me thenearest way to...'?

Is this the way to... V

Do you knowMr. ...?I do not know any-

one of that namei know him very

well

What is his name'?Who is he '?

He is an old friendof mine

Where does he live'?Quite nearAre Mr. ...and Mrs.

...at home?Have you a card ?Give him my cardI will call again

.Does he expectyou?

He is expecting meI have an engage-

ment with himGood morningHow do you do ?Very well ; I am

very wellI'must goGood-bye, farewell.Good morning

(evening, night)Sat Idle

myhorse

Call the dog

it: dqd..va madam...lihdnalt hastaiid.'

dya kdrd ddrld?lid rdc mard bedehbe u

wan dubdrah (&


92/192

86


Do not forget tofeed the pony

You haven't fedhim

Can you take meto a good hotel ?

Is there an innabout here?

\Vli;it is the nameof that village ?

What sort of a roadis it?

Which way am Ito go ? [way

You are in the right

You are quite outof the way1 want to be offWhen do you start?'

Have you hired n

conveyance ?

I shall go by cart

alafe asbe kuchek ra

fardmiish makimshtund be-u khnrdk

(alaf) nadddJ'l

dydm'ttardmd mardbeyek mehmdnhlxl -

Hit In'- h-lllllilln lull-ill

d yd ilar nt iia-.'lil.-ikdrednsard liaxt

'

In deh chlst-\

vheli jur rdhist?

n z Icuddm rdhbdi/adberacam?

hain't n rdlt rant ast

x/iitmd rdhrd


93/192


94/192

88

Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

This is a still better

oneIt won't do at allI must have it

Uo\v much do youa^k for it?

I can't let you havethem for less

llo\v much do yourequire ?

I will buy thisHow do you like this1 don't like any of

these

Do you want any-thing else ?

Nothing else to-

day [worth :'I low much is thisSend the things to

my hotelWhat name, sir ?

address, madam?

/// qadn bchtaraxt

[kkuradIn Inch bi'kdr nann-IIKUI lira bay ad be-

kliaram

In fit dm ltd inlguid?

iidni'itdfiniani. kam-tar Ix'ili'/idin

i:luintl in ilc/id luil

[bekhdi'dinlint n In fd m'tkhdlidin

in I'd mlpasandld?


95/192

89


96/192

90

English. Persian (ronianlzed). Pronunciation.


97/192

01

English. Persian (roumnized). Pronunciation.

Here is a cheque

for your accountWill you accept a

bffl?

These goods mustbe carefully packed

Put this mark onthe boxes

The boxes must beiron-bound

The boxes must betin -bound

Trade is goodTrade is dull

He has becomebankrupt

The firm is in liqui-dation

[lit., will be closed]Are these notes

good?

In bljaki' talabe

ilt/i'i burnt (jab id ini-

kunld.'

In mdlhd bay adbd deqqat bantali

nhavandin iii'xhanrd butjzdr

nlye sanduqhdIn sanduqhd bdyad

dhan - bandl be-shavaml

in sanduqhd bay adbe halabl gereftahshavand

bazar ramjaxtbazar kasdtlaxt

u varshekastah xhnd

In tejdratlchdnahbastah khdhadshud

dyd In askendshdkhuband?

een bee-jak-i tal-ab-i

sheumastaya barrat qab-ool mee-

keuneed ?een mal-ha ba-yad ba-

deq-qat bastah shav-and

een neshan-ra beug-zarroo-yi sandooq-ha

een sandooq-ha ba-yada-han bandee besh-av-and

een sandooq-ha ba-yadbe hallabee gerref-tah shav-and

ba-ziir ravaj-astba-zar kassad-ast

oo varr-shek-astaahead

een tej-arat-A;/mna bas-tah A;Aa-had sheud

aya een as-kenas-hiiAViOoband ?

Money-Changing.(For Tables of Money see pp. 5 & 1)0.)

Where is tfcere amoney-changer ?

Can you give mechange ?

Yes, sir ; what

change do youwant?

Will you give mePersian money ?

Please give mebank-notes [in...

Give me the amouu tPlease change this

into smallmoney

dukkdne xarrdfikujdxt?

dyd pid khurd inl-kunld

balidqd chehsekkah

(pul) mlkhdhid?

pule Iran bedekld

lutfan uskendse-

bdnk bedehld

pule . . . bedehld

lutfan Inrd pule

deuk-kani sarrafee keu-

jast ?

aya pool fc/ieurrd mee-keuneed ?

bal-ee aqa che sek-ka (pool) mee-Ma-heed ?

pooli eeran bed-e-heed ?

leutfan as-ken-asi-bank

bed-e-heed

pooli. ..bed-e-heed

leutfan eenra poolikhurdah bedehld? /r/ieurrda bed-e-heed


98/192

92

Kiik'lish. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

Will you cash this

cheque for me ?What exchange on

English money?Please change me

an English bank-note

I want change forthis note [it ?

How willyou

take

Can you give it mein gold?

I will take it in goldCan you change me

a sovereign ?I am sorry I

cannot

I haven't enoughchange by me

I have no more

changeWhere is the nearest

bank ?

Give it me in bank-notes

This is a Bank ofEngland note

aya In bi/akrdkhurd mlkunld?

mazannahe. . .chand ast?

I nt fa n- Jn yt,k axkc-

ndse hdnke enijd'is-rd khurd Innutl

hi dxkrndxrd khurd

fulli >irikhdlilult- klntnlalt dn-

diyar pule khnnln/i

ntnlt'i nun

(bank] kujdst ?

axl;


99/192

96

THE LORD'S PRAYER. [TRANSLITERATION.]

[The following is the romanized form of the words of the Prayer, as given on thepreceding page, with the literal English translation interlined.]

Ay pedar-i- m& keh dar asemanl muqaddas bad nam-i tu.l''athei of ns who in sky Thou art, sacral let-be name of Thee.

Beyayad malakut-i- tu. Ejra-shavad eradat-i- tu darLet-come ylory of Thee. Let be carried out ivish of Thee on

zamln chenancheh dar aseman-ast. Emruz ruzey-i- marathe earth ecen as in the xlcy it is. To-day daily-bread of us

bema berasan va gunahan-i- mara bebakhsh chenancheh mato us send and sins of us fonjirc even as in:

gunahan-i- anhara keh bema takhattl mikunandthe S/H.S of those ivho ayainst us trespass do

rnibakhshlm. Mara bemaqam-i- emtehiln niayar va maraforgive. Us to a place of trial briny -not and ns


100/192

English & American Money, with Persian Equivalents.ENGLISH.

B d.

505001

10

AMERICAN-.dols. c.

250 0025 00

5 002 501 25

I'KRSIAN.t q.

25025

52501 2 10 1 2

C.2* =65 0$ = 11 toomdn (t.) = 10 ijiti'mn (niall eliirk ntM ; 1 i/mnli'inn) ,\, ounce

mesqal (21 nenkli,-nii)...

-f>40

3hah 1,280 tTWJikhiiri ran- (100 Shirax in/nn.

The inesqdl is the standard of weight throughout Persia.NMN is tho Treaty ;.

CAPACITY. There is no measure of capacity in Persia, everythingbeing sold by weight or number.

(.'\ft'


101/192


102/192


103/192


104/192

>* v

< >

*&.'i\2i $fyf*3p '&$&?&*

i#\.5$fa&^*&&&^'j%' '' *

, ~s y, , , '/ / *,' , &, < .Px 9* :. ' VV? *.\''/ '' / x . . .- V *'A< **-> *L..^v-w. j 3O/ #L*x x x l^x < fix '*

' x vl ? 7-rU6c5o3 *


105/192

rr

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