Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells - smeits.rs Lovro Markovic.pdf · Albrecht S, Rech B. On top...
Transcript of Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells - smeits.rs Lovro Markovic.pdf · Albrecht S, Rech B. On top...
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Lichttechnisches Institut, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, KIT
32. Međunarodni kongres o procesnoj industriji, Beograd, 30-31. maj 2019 32nd International Congress on Process Industry, Belgrade, May 30-31, 2019
Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells
Lovro Marković, University of Zagreb
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Table of Content
Solar Cells in General
Perovskites
About Tandems
Architectures
Materials Optimization
Fabrication / Modules
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Perovskites braking records
https://www.photon.info/en/news/oxford-pv-achieved-273-percent-conversion-efficiency-perovskite-solar-cell
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Promises of perovskite materials
Absorption and diffusion
Bandgap and high voltage
Solution processable
Lightweight
Paetzold U. Perovskites Photovoltaics - Lecture slides. Lichttechnisches Institut, KIT.
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Promises of perovskite materials
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2015/04/the-perfect-marriage-silicon-and-perovskite-solar-cells/
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Why tandems?
Peters M et al. Spectrally-Selective Photonic Structures for PV Applications. Energies. 2010; 3(2): 171-193Liu Z. Optical loss analysis of silicon wafer based solar cells and modules. 10.13140/RG.2.2.26172.74881.
Thermalisation losses
Sub-bandgap losses
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Why tandems?
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-physical-limitations-were-hitting-in-solar-PV-efficiency-and-where-might-we-see-breakthroughs; De Vos, A. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 1980; 13 (5): 839-846
Surpassing Shockley–Queisser limit
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Why perovskite / Si tandems?
Suitable bandgap span (1.5 – > 2.2 eV)
High transparency (<Eg) – small Urbach tail – sharp abs. edges
Solution processable (low-cost)
Si – the most mature and developed PV technology
Albrecht S, Rech B. On top of commercial photovoltaics. Nat. Energy. 2017; 2: 16196
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Different architectures
two-terminal monolithic mechanically stacked four-terminal
Bush, K A et Al. 23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability. Nat. Energy. 2017; 2 : 17009
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2T structure
Tunnel junction in between
Higher possible efficiencies (less additional circuits, reduced parasitic absorption)
„Current-matching”
Grant, D T et Al. Design guidelines for perovskite/silicon 2-terminal tandem solar cells: an optical study. Opt. Express. 2016; 24: A1454-A1470
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4T structure
Both sub-cells independently optimized
Independent of seasonal and angular variations in solar spectrum
Additional circuitry
Jaysankar M et Al. Four-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Multijunction Solar Modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017; 7: 1602807
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First Perovskite / Si tandem
Produced in 2015!
Achieved 13.7%
Problems with „current-matching”
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Bandgap optimization in 2T
Tunable by changing halide concentrations
Should be in range 1.7-1.8 eV
Covering the majority of solar spectrum
„Current – matching” – higher voltage – lower current
Stability problems of possible materials
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Top-cell materials
Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(Br0.17I0.83)3
Addition of Cs to improve photo- and thermal- stabilityMaintaining the high-efficiency level
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Top-cell materials
Addition of Rb (smaller than Cs)
Improving efficiency and hysteresis of the top-cell
Better transparency (84%, in range 720–1100 nm)
4T world record!!!
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Or?
https://www.photon.info/en/news/oxford-pv-achieved-273-percent-conversion-efficiency-perovskite-solar-cell
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Bottom-cell materials
Silicon heterojunction (SHJ)
Highest efficiency silicon technology
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Optimal light-management
Parasitic absorption
Achieving sub-bandgap transparency of top cell (sharp absorption edges)
Lack of appropriate ARC and textured surface on the bottom cell
Bottom Si cell ( ≈ 10% PQE)
Duong, T et Al. Rubidium multication perovskite with optimized bandgap for perovskite silicon tandem with over ‐26% efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017; 1700228.
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Optimal light-management
Developing new materials with higher transmission (ZnO, TiO2, SnO2)
Optimization of layer thinknesses (e.g. tunnel junction layer)
Light – trapping techniques
2 T > 4 T due to non-existance of air-ITO interface (less reflection on surface of Si-cell)
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Optimal light-management
2T world record!!!
11.06.18
Texturing of all surfaces
Rear reflector and texturing (IR backscattering)
Sahli, F et Al. Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency. Nat. Materials. 2018
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Fabrication
Spin coating
Problems with fabricating functional layers on Si-cell as substrateAfter texturing – vapor deposition has to be usedTemperature problems – TiO2 mesoporous layer (400 °C) – degradation of a:Si surface passivated layers of bottom cell
Wu Y et Al. Monolithic perovskite/silicon-homojunction tandem solar cell. Energy Environ. 2017; Sci. 10: 2472
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Fabrication
Sputtering of ITO electrodes can damage perovskite
Addition of low-work-function metal-oxides
ZnO, TiO2, SnO2
Increases thermal and environmental (encapsulation) stability
Bush, K A et Al. 23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability. Nat. Energy. 2017; 2 : 17009
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Going to modules
4T cells mechanically stacked
Problematic size of individual perovskite solar cell ( < 1 cm2 )
Trade-off between sheet resistance of electrode and transparent electrodes thickness
Jaysankar M et Al. Four-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Multijunction Solar Modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017; 7: 1602807
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Going to modules
Cell-on-cell or module-on-module architectures
Jaysankar M et Al. Four-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Multijunction Solar Modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017; 7: 1602807
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Going to modules
Perovskite solar cells generally produced on flat glass surface (high-reflection)
Need for patterning surfaces of both cells
AR – pyramids attached to the glass surface
Refractive index matching layer (IML) between stacked cells
Jaysankar M et Al. Perovskite-silicon tandem solar modules with optimised light harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018.
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Going to modules
Jaysankar M et Al. Perovskite-silicon tandem solar modules with optimised light harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018.
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Conclusion
Perovskite / Si tandems as one of the most probable candidates for solar cells of future
Rapidly growing research field
Optimized modules in the beginning of research
Comercial production still far away
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
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