Early arc development recorded in Permian–Triassic plutons ...
Permian / Triassic (236 - 273 Ma time-slice)...240 245 250 255 260 265 270 240 245 250 255 260 265...
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240 245 250 255 260 265 270 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 Permian Triassic Cisuralian Guadalupian Lopingian Early Middle Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan Olenekian Anisian Ladinian Gries- bachian Dienerian Smithian Spathian Aegean Bithynian Pelsonian Illyrian Fassanian GN1 SmN1 SpR1 SpR2 Paracr-N Kocae-N Balat-R Hungar-N Nevad-N1 Curionii-R Kiaman Reversed-polarity Hyperchron Illawara Series Arctic Stratotypes of Early Triassic Stages "Albania, Greece , Poland" "Greece, Italy, Austria, Turkey" Otoceras concavum Otoceras boreale Ophiceras commune Propty. strigatus Proptychites candidus Vavilovites sverdrupi Hedenstr. hedenstroemi Euflemingites romunderi Anawasachites tardus [ un-named ] Olenikites pilaticus Keyserlingites subrobustus [ un-named ] Silberlingites mulleri Lenotropites caurus Anagymnotoceras varium Eogymnotoceras deleeni Frechites chischa Eoprotrachyceras matutinum lower upper 1 2 3 1 2 Arctohungarites bufonis Groenlandites nahwisi Buddhaites haugei Tetsaoceras hayesi Hollandites minor [ un-named ] Otoceras boreale Tompophiceras morphaeus Wordieoceras decipiens [ un-named ] Vav. sverdrupi Vavilovites turgidus Kingites? korostelevi Hedenstr. hedenstroemi Wassachites tardus Bajarunia euomphala Nordophiceras contrarium Parasiberites grambergi Olenekites spiniplicatus Grambergia taimyrensis Lenotropites caurus Czekanowskites decipiens Arctohungarites kharaulakhensis Gymnotoceras rotelliformis Frechites nevadanus Intornites oleshkoi Otoceras boreale Tompophiceras pascoei Hedenstr. hedenstroemi Lepiskites kolymensis Karang. arkhipovi Karangatites evolutus Stenopopanoceras mirabile Lenotropites solitarius Arctoh. ventroplanus Arctoh. triformis Arctohungarites laevigatus Czekanowskites gastroplanus Amphipopanoceras asseretoi Gymnotoceras olenekense Amphipopanoceras dzeginense Frechites nevadanus Parafrechites sublaqueatus Propinacoceras Pseudovidrioceras Demarezites Waagenoceras Timorites Roadoceras-Doulingoceras Anderssonoceras Araxoceras Iranites Paratirolites Pseudotirolites Otoceras concavum Otoceras woodwardi Ophiceras connectens + Oph. tibeticum Gyronites frequens Flemingites rohilla Meekoceras gracilitatis (mixed assemblage) Tirolites cassianus Toziceras pakistanum [ un-named ] Paracrochordiceras Kocaelia Balatonites balatonicus Paraceratites Hungarites Nevadites Eoprotrachyceras curionii Ot. woodwardi (lower) Ot. woodwardi (upper) Nicomedites osmani "unnamed" Aghdarbandites ismidicus "unnamed" Cuccoceras cuccense Bal. balatonicus Schr. binodosus Schreyerites abichii Paraceratites trinodosus Reitziites reitzi Aplococeras avisianum Ticinites crassus Serpianites serpianensis Chieseiceras chiesense Eoprotrachyceras curionii Neogondolella carinata / Hindeodus parvus Neospathodus cristagalli / Neospathodus kummeli Neospathodus pakistanensis Neospathodus waageni Neospathodus triangularis / Neospath. crassatus Neogondolella regale Paragondolella ex gr. excelsa Clarkina hauschkei Clarkina meishanensis - H. praeparvus Hindeodus parvus Isarcicella isarcica Clarkina carinata Clarkina postcarinata Sweetospathodus kummeli Neospathodus dieneri Chengyuania nepalensis Neospathodus waageni - Scythogondolella meeki Neospathodus waageni - Scythogondolella milleri Triassospathodus hungaricus Icriospathodus collinsoni Triassospathodus homeri Triassospathodus triangularis Triassospathodus sosioensis Chiosella gondolelloides Chiosella timorensis Neogondolella? regalis Paragondolella bulgarica Paragondolella bifurcata Neogondolella constricta Neogondolella mesotriassica Paragondolella alpina - Paragondolella? trammeri praetrammeri Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri - Paragondolella alpina Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri - Neogondolella aequidentata Neostreptognathodus pequopensis Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus Jinogondolella nankingensis Jinogondolella aserrata Jinogondolella postserrata Jinogondolella altudaensis Clarkina postbitteri Clarkina dukouensis Clarkina asymetrica Clarkina leveni Clarkina guangyuanensis Clarkina transcaucasica Clarkina orientalis Clarkina wangi Clarkina subcarinata Clarkina changxingensis Clarkina yini Clarkina meishanensis Budurovignathus Neogondolella aequidentata Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri, G. pseudolonga Paragondolella alpina Neogondolella mesotriassica Neogondolella constricta Gladigondolella tethydis, Paragondolella excelsus, G. cornuta Paragondolella ex gr. excelsus, Paragondolella bifurcata Nicoraella kockeli, G. hanbulogi Paragondolella bulgarica, G. malayensis budurovi Neogondolella? regalis Chiosella timorensis Chiosella gondolelloides (?) Triassospathodus sosioensis (?) Triassospathodus triangularis Neospathodus homeri Neogondolella jubata Triassospathodus hungaricus Scythogondolella milleri Neospathodus waageni Chengyuania nepalensis Neospathodus pakistanensis Neospathodus dieneri, Hindeodus typicalis, Neospathodus cristagalli Sweetospathodus kummeli Clarkina postcarinata Clarkina carinata Isarcicella isarcica Hindeodus parvus Clarkina wangi Clarkina postbitteri Jinogondolella postserrata Jinogondolella aserrata Jinogondolella nankingensis G. hanbulogi Neospathodus waageni, Scythodondolella milleri Neospathodus collinsoni Neospathodus dieneri Neospathodus pakistanensis, Neospathodus cristagalli Clarkina carinata Sweetospathodus kummeli Isarcicella isarcica Misellina Cancellina cutalensis Neoschwagerina Neoschwagerina magaritae Polydiexodina Yabeina Lepidolina Colaniella Paleofusulina Rectocornuspira kahlori (un-named) Meandrospira pusilla Meandrospira dinarica Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis Pilammina densa (un-named) Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis, Pilammina densa Meandrospira dinarica Meandrospira pusilla Rectocornuspira kahlori Pilammina densa Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis, Meandrospira dinarica, Meandrospira pusilla Rectocornuspira kahlori S. Hemisphere: S. ottii RADIOLARIANS UNKNOWN Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis RADIOLARIANS UNKNOWN Hozmadia ozawai - Parentactinia nakatsugaraensis Hozmadia gifuensis Paroertlispongus diacanthus Barantuna cristianensis Parasepsagon robustus (no dated radiolarians) Tetraspinocyrtis laevis Spongosilicar. transitus Spongosilicar. Italicus Ladinocampe multiperforata P. hellenica F. calcaneum RADIOLARITE GAP of Earliest Triassic !! RADIOLARITE GAP of Earliest Triassic !! T. fisheri, Triassellina ssp. G. subtilis S.(P.) petersbergensis Porochara / Vladimiriella globosa ? Porochara triassica Stellatochara dnjeproviformis Stellatochara hoellvicensis Duplicisporites granulatus Camerosporites secatus Partitisporites spp., Ovalipollis pseuodoalatus, Staurosaccites quadrifidus Kuglerina meieri Aratisporites saturni, P. longdonensis Dyupetalum vicentinensis, C. nevesi I. chitonoides (Triadispora crassa, T. suspects, T. plicata) Angustisulcites spp., Stellapollenites thiergartii Triadispora crassa C. gunyalensis, J. conmilvinus, D. insolitus Dyupetalum vicentinensis Stellapollenites thiergartii C. cristatus, I. kosankei, Microachrydites fastidioides, V. jenensis, K. apiculatus Triadispora (acme), (T.crassa, T. suspecta, T. plicata) Densosporites nejburgii, C. gunyalensis, J. conmilvinus, D. insolitus Alisporites cymbatus Densosporites nejburgii (common), D. (Triplexisporites) playfordii Cycloverrutriletes presselensis, L. brevicula, L. obsoleta C. chalasta Ovalipollis pseudoalatus, T. verrucata Partitisporites spp. Prodiploxipinus spp. (ornamented), Chasmatosporites spp. I. chitonoides C. gunyalensis, A. macrocavatus , Tridiaspora plicata S. (Cornutisporites) seebergensis, I. chitonoides, A. circumdatus A. spiniger J. punctispinosa A. robustus Lundbladispora spp. (common) U. imperialis, P. pococki K. apiculatus J. punctispinosa, K. punctatus Densosporites nejburgii Densoisporites spp. (common), A. robustus, P. reticulatus, V. jenensis Kraeuseli saeptatus, L. variabilis, P. disertus, P. fungosus, N. striatus (common) Lundbladispora spp. (common), Pechorosporites spp. (common) S. richteri, P. pococki C. chalasta (common) tapinocephalid empire endothiodontid/ dicynodontid empire Tethyan Boreal Ammonites High Boreal Sequences Global, Tethyan T-R Cycles Major T-R Cycles Sequences Larger Benthic Foraminifers Markers Zones Dinoflagellate Cysts Tethys Zones (Kozur, 2003) Zonal Markers Radiolarians Ostracodes Verte- brates Boreal Ostracodes Spores / Pollen Arctic Alpine/Germanic Charo- phytes Age Stage Zonal Markers Conodonts Zones N. America (Orchard & Tozer, 1997) Zones Paleozoic Zones Tethys (Kozur, 2003) Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan Olenekian Anisian Ladinian An4 An3 An2 An1 Ol 3 Ol 4 Ol 2 Ol 1 In2 In1 end-Perm 240.4 241.5 242.9 243.7 245.4 246.6 247.4 248.1 250.0 250.2 251.2 Stage Substage Age Epoch Period Standard Chronostratigraphy Geo- magnetic Polarity Permian / Triassic (236 - 273 Ma time-slice) Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60. Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al.; Cambridge Univ. Press) {See chapter on the Triassic Period in The Concise Geologic Time Scale (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M.; 2008; Cambridge Univ. Press) for potential revisions in Triassic time scale and zonations} Sponsored, in part, by: ICS CHRONOS Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cen Time ScaLe Creator R September 2008 245.0 251.0 260.4 270.6 249.7 253.8 268.0 265.8 237.0 245.0 251.0 260.4 270.6 249.7 253.8 268.0 265.8 237.0
Transcript of Permian / Triassic (236 - 273 Ma time-slice)...240 245 250 255 260 265 270 240 245 250 255 260 265...
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Per
mia
n T
riass
ic
Cis
ural
ian
Gua
dalu
pian
Lo
ping
ian
Early
Middle
Kun
guria
n
Roadian
Wordian
Cap
itani
an
Wuc
hiap
ingi
an
Cha
nghs
ingi
an
Induan
Ole
neki
an
Anisian
Ladinian
Gries-bachian
Dienerian
Smithian
Spathian
Aegean
Bithynian
Pelsonian
Illyrian
Fassanian
GN1
SmN1
SpR1
SpR2
Par
acr-
N
Koc
ae-N
B
alat
-R
Hun
gar-
N
Nev
ad-N
1 C
urio
nii-R
Kia
man
Rev
erse
d-po
larit
y
Hyp
erch
ron
Illaw
ara
S
erie
s A
rctic
Str
atot
ypes
of
Ear
ly T
riass
ic S
tage
s "A
lban
ia, G
reec
e
, Pol
and"
"G
reec
e, It
aly,
A
ustr
ia, T
urke
y"
Otoceras concavum
Otoceras boreale
Ophiceras commune Propty. strigatus
Proptychites candidus
Vavilovites sverdrupi
Hedenstr. hedenstroemi
Euflemingites romunderi
Anawasachites tardus
[ un-named ]
Olenikites pilaticus
Keyserlingites subrobustus
[ un-named ]
Silberlingites mulleri
Lenotropites caurus
Anagymnotoceras varium
Eogymnotoceras deleeni
Frechites chischa
Eoprotrachyceras matutinum
lower upper
1 2 3
1
2
Arctohungarites bufonis
Groenlandites nahwisi
Buddhaites haugei
Tetsaoceras hayesi
Hollandites minor
[ un-named ] Otoceras boreale
Tompophiceras morphaeus
Wordieoceras decipiens [ un-named ]
Vav. sverdrupi Vavilovites turgidus
Kingites? korostelevi
Hedenstr. hedenstroemi
Wassachites tardus
Bajarunia euomphala
Nordophiceras contrarium
Parasiberites grambergi
Olenekites spiniplicatus
Grambergia taimyrensis
Lenotropites caurus
Czekanowskites decipiens
Arctohungarites kharaulakhensis
Gymnotoceras rotelliformis
Frechites nevadanus
Intornites oleshkoi
Otoceras boreale Tompophiceras pascoei
Hedenstr. hedenstroemi
Lepiskites kolymensis
Karang. arkhipovi
Karangatites evolutus
Stenopopanoceras mirabile
Lenotropites solitarius
Arctoh. ventroplanus
Arctoh. triformis
Arctohungarites laevigatus
Czekanowskites gastroplanus
Amphipopanoceras asseretoi
Gymnotoceras olenekense
Amphipopanoceras dzeginense
Frechites nevadanus
Parafrechites sublaqueatus
Propinacoceras
Pseudovidrioceras
Demarezites
Waagenoceras
Timorites
Roa
doce
ras-
Dou
lingo
cera
s
Anderssonoceras
Araxoceras
Iranites
Paratirolites
Pseudotirolites
Otoceras concavum
Otoceras woodwardi
Ophiceras connectens + Oph. tibeticum
Gyronites frequens
Flemingites rohilla
Meekoceras gracilitatis
(mixed assemblage)
Tirolites cassianus
Toziceras pakistanum
[ un-named ]
Paracrochordiceras
Kocaelia
Balatonites balatonicus
Paraceratites
Hungarites
Nevadites
Eoprotrachyceras curionii
Ot. woodwardi (lower) Ot. woodwardi (upper)
Nicomedites osmani
"unnamed"
Aghdarbandites ismidicus
"unnamed"
Cuccoceras cuccense
Bal. balatonicus
Schr. binodosus
Schreyerites abichii
Paraceratites trinodosus
Reitziites reitzi
Aplococeras avisianum
Ticinites crassus
Serpianites serpianensis
Chieseiceras chiesense
Eoprotrachyceras curionii
Neogondolella carinata / Hindeodus parvus
Neospathodus cristagalli / Neospathodus kummeli
Neospathodus pakistanensis
Neospathodus waageni
Neospathodus triangularis / Neospath. crassatus
Neogondolella regale
Paragondolella ex gr. excelsa
Clarkina hauschkei
Clarkina meishanensis - H. praeparvus
Hindeodus parvus Isarcicella isarcica Clarkina carinata
Clarkina postcarinata Sweetospathodus kummeli
Neospathodus dieneri
Chengyuania nepalensis
Neospathodus waageni - Scythogondolella meeki
Neospathodus waageni - Scythogondolella milleri
Triassospathodus hungaricus
Icriospathodus collinsoni
Triassospathodus homeri
Triassospathodus triangularis
Triassospathodus sosioensis
Chiosella gondolelloides
Chiosella timorensis
Neogondolella? regalis
Paragondolella bulgarica
Paragondolella bifurcata
Neogondolella constricta Neogondolella mesotriassica
Paragondolella alpina - Paragondolella? trammeri
praetrammeri
Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri - Paragondolella
alpina
Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri - Neogondolella
aequidentata
Neostreptognathodus pequopensis
Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
Jinogondolella nankingensis
Jinogondolella aserrata
Jinogondolella postserrata
Jinogondolella altudaensis
Clarkina postbitteri
Clarkina dukouensis
Clarkina asymetrica
Clarkina leveni
Clarkina guangyuanensis
Clarkina transcaucasica
Clarkina orientalis
Clarkina wangi
Clarkina subcarinata
Clarkina changxingensis
Clarkina yini
Clarkina meishanensis
Budurovignathus
Neogondolella aequidentata
Paragondolella? trammeri trammeri, G. pseudolonga
Paragondolella alpina
Neogondolella mesotriassica
Neogondolella constricta
Gladigondolella tethydis, Paragondolella excelsus, G. cornuta
Paragondolella ex gr. excelsus, Paragondolella bifurcata
Nicoraella kockeli, G. hanbulogi
Paragondolella bulgarica, G. malayensis budurovi
Neogondolella? regalis
Chiosella timorensis
Chiosella gondolelloides (?)
Triassospathodus sosioensis (?)
Triassospathodus triangularis
Neospathodus homeri
Neogondolella jubata
Triassospathodus hungaricus
Scythogondolella milleri
Neospathodus waageni
Chengyuania nepalensis
Neospathodus pakistanensis
Neospathodus dieneri, Hindeodus typicalis, Neospathodus cristagalli
Sweetospathodus kummeli
Clarkina postcarinata
Clarkina carinata
Isarcicella isarcica
Hindeodus parvus
Clarkina wangi
Clarkina postbitteri
Jinogondolella postserrata
Jinogondolella aserrata
Jinogondolella nankingensis
G. hanbulogi
Neospathodus waageni, Scythodondolella milleri
Neospathodus collinsoni
Neospathodus dieneri
Neospathodus pakistanensis, Neospathodus cristagalli
Clarkina carinata
Sweetospathodus kummeli
Isarcicella isarcica
Misellina
Cancellina cutalensis
Neoschwagerina
Neoschwagerina magaritae
Polydiexodina
Yabeina
Lepidolina
Colaniella
Paleofusulina
Rectocornuspira kahlori
(un-named)
Meandrospira pusilla
Meandrospira dinarica
Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis
Pilammina densa
(un-named)
Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis, Pilammina densa
Meandrospira dinarica
Meandrospira pusilla
Rectocornuspira kahlori
Pilammina densa
Paulbrownnimannia judicariensis, Meandrospira dinarica,
Meandrospira pusilla
Rectocornuspira kahlori
S. Hemisphere: S. ottii
RADIOLARIANS UNKNOWN
Stigmosphaerostylus turkensis
RADIOLARIANS UNKNOWN
Hozmadia ozawai - Parentactinia
nakatsugaraensis
Hozmadia gifuensis
Paroertlispongus diacanthus
Barantuna cristianensis
Parasepsagon robustus
(no dated radiolarians)
Tetraspinocyrtis laevis Spongosilicar. transitus
Spongosilicar. Italicus
Ladinocampe multiperforata
P. hellenica
F. calcaneum
RADIOLARITE GAP of Earliest Triassic !!
RADIOLARITE GAP of Earliest Triassic !!
T. fisheri, Triassellina ssp.
G. subtilis
S.(P.) petersbergensis
Por
ocha
ra /
V
ladi
miri
ella
gl
obos
a ?
Por
ocha
ra
tria
ssic
a S
tella
toch
ara
dn
jepr
ovifo
rmis
S
tella
toch
ara
ho
ellv
icen
sis
Duplicisporites granulatus
Camerosporites secatus
Partitisporites spp., Ovalipollis pseuodoalatus, Staurosaccites
quadrifidus
Kuglerina meieri
Aratisporites saturni, P. longdonensis
Dyupetalum vicentinensis, C. nevesi
I. chitonoides
(Triadispora crassa, T. suspects, T. plicata) Angustisulcites spp.,
Stellapollenites thiergartii
Triadispora crassa
C. gunyalensis, J. conmilvinus, D. insolitus
Dyupetalum vicentinensis
Stellapollenites thiergartii
C. cristatus, I. kosankei, Microachrydites fastidioides, V.
jenensis, K. apiculatus
Triadispora (acme), (T.crassa, T. suspecta, T. plicata)
Densosporites nejburgii, C. gunyalensis, J. conmilvinus, D.
insolitus
Alisporites cymbatus
Densosporites nejburgii (common), D. (Triplexisporites) playfordii
Cycloverrutriletes presselensis, L. brevicula, L. obsoleta
C. chalasta
Ovalipollis pseudoalatus, T. verrucata
Partitisporites spp.
Prodiploxipinus spp. (ornamented), Chasmatosporites spp.
I. chitonoides
C. gunyalensis, A. macrocavatus , Tridiaspora plicata
S. (Cornutisporites) seebergensis, I. chitonoides, A. circumdatus
A. spiniger
J. punctispinosa
A. robustus
Lundbladispora spp. (common)
U. imperialis, P. pococki
K. apiculatus
J. punctispinosa, K. punctatus
Densosporites nejburgii
Densoisporites spp. (common), A. robustus, P. reticulatus, V.
jenensis
Kraeuseli saeptatus, L. variabilis, P. disertus, P. fungosus, N.
striatus (common)
Lundbladispora spp. (common), Pechorosporites spp. (common)
S. richteri, P. pococki
C. chalasta (common)
tapinocephalid empire
endothiodontid/ dicynodontid
empire
Tethyan Boreal
Ammonites
High Boreal Sequences Global, Tethyan
T-R Cycles
Major T-R Cycles
Sequences Larger Benthic Foraminifers
Markers Zones
Dinoflagellate Cysts
Tethys Zones
(Kozur, 2003) Zonal Markers
Radiolarians Ostracodes Verte- brates
Boreal Ostracodes
Spores / Pollen
Arctic Alpine/Germanic
Ch
aro
- p
hyt
es
Ag
e Stage
Zonal Markers
Conodonts
Zones N. America
(Orchard & Tozer, 1997)
Zones Paleozoic Zones
Tethys (Kozur, 2003)
Kun
guria
n
Roadian
Wordian
Cap
itani
an
Wuc
hiap
ingi
an
Cha
nghs
ingi
an
Induan
Ole
neki
an
Anisian
Ladinian
An4
An3
An2
An1
Ol 3
Ol 4
Ol 2
Ol 1
In2
In1
end-Perm
240.4
241.5
242.9
243.7
245.4
246.6
247.4
248.1
250.0
250.2
251.2
Stage Substage
Ag
e
Epoch Period
Standard Chronostratigraphy
Geo- magnetic Polarity
Permian / Triassic (236 - 273 Ma time-slice)
Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60.
Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al.; Cambridge Univ. Press){See chapter on the Triassic Period in The Concise Geologic Time Scale (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M.; 2008; Cambridge Univ. Press) for potential revisions in Triassic time scale and zonations} Sponsored, in part, by:
ICS
CHRONOS
PrecambrianPaleozoicMesozoicCen
TimeScaLe
CreatorR
September 2008
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