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Transcript of Permeability of Cell Membrane Advanced Biology. Transport Vocabulary Concentration gradient ...
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Permeability of Cell Membrane
Advanced Biology
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Transport Vocabulary
Concentration gradient Difference in the concentration of a
substance throughout across a space (inside vs. outside of the cell)
Equilibrium Concentration of a substance is equal
throughout a space
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Cell Membrane
Responsible for regulating what goes in and out of the cell Can go through the phospholipids
Small, uncharged molecules Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide Non-polar molecules diffuse much faster than polar
molecules Can go through membrane proteins
Ions and large molecules Macromolecules-sugars, proteins, etc.
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Types of Transport Passive transport
Molecules are able to pass through the phospholipids on their own or may need the assistance of a membrane protein
Doesn’t use chemical energy (ATP) Goes with concentration gradient (high low)
Active transport Molecules need assistance by using a membrane protein Uses chemical energy (ATP) Goes against concentration gradient (low high)
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Passive Transport Diffusion
Simplest form of passive transport Movement of molecules continues until they reach
equilibrium (distributed equally inside and outside the cell)
Only a few types of molecules will go across the cell membrane this way (oxygen into the bloodstream)
Temperature, pressure, electrical current, and molecule size can affect rate at which diffusion occurs
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Passive Transport
Osmosis Diffusion of water molecules across a
membrane Osmotic pressure occurs when pressure
develops in a system (cell) due to osmosis; necessary for osmosis to occur
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Osmotic Solutions
Isotonic Concentration of water (solvent) and the solute are
the same inside and outside the cell Hypotonic
Concentration of water is greater outside the cell than inside the cell (high solute inside, low outside)
Water moves inside causing cell to swell (lyse) Hypertonic
Concentration of water is greater inside the cell than outside the cell (low solute inside, high outside)
Water moves outside causing cell to shrink (plasmolysis)
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Osmotic Solutions
Plants need a hypotonic environment Cell wall prevents cell from lysing Creates turgor pressure (pressure of the
cell’s contents against the cell wall due to osmosis, determined by how much water is in the central vacuole); provides additional support for cell
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Passive Transport with Carrier Proteins
Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport that uses carrier proteins to carry large or charged molecules across the cell membrane Proteins are specific to what they
transport Proteins will change shape as they allow
the molecule to pass
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Facilitated Diffusion with Carrier Proteins
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Passive Transport with Channel Proteins
Channel proteins act as “pores” in the cell membrane which allow ions to pass through Also specific as to what they allow through Don’t change shape as the molecule
passes through Transport occurs at a much faster rate than
with carrier proteins
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Transport using Channel Proteins
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Active Transport Uses membrane proteins (pumps) to
move molecules across the cell membrane Pumps are integral proteins Most proteins will change shape as the
molecule passes through Some bind with only one type of molecule,
others bind with two different types May move molecules in same direction May move molecules in opposite directions
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Active Transport
Sodium-potassium pump (nerve cells) Pumps three sodium (Na+) ions out and two
potassium (K+) ions in Usually more Na+ ions outside the cell and more K+
ions inside the cell Na+ is toxic to the cell (drives osmosis) K+ important for chemical reactions in cell
Proton pumps Move protons (hydrogen ions) out of the cell
(typically across mitochondria during cellular respiration)
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Active Transport
Endocytosis Cells take in larger substances by forming a
vesicle around the substance Pinocytosis: intake of smaller substances and
fluids Phagocytosis: intake of large molecules and
entire cells (bacteria) White blood cells use endocytosis to get rid
of foreign molecules (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
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Endocytosis
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Active Transport
Exocytosis Vesicles fuse with cell membrane to
release substances outside the cell Electrical impulses are converted into
chemical messages and then are “exported” out of your cell through this process
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Exocytosis
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Active Transport Receptor proteins
Bind to specific signal molecules which enables cell to respond Usually allows for another molecule to pass
through the channel protein Causes receptor protein to change shape to allow
molecule to enter/exit cell Causes an intermediate protein to activate which
activate an enzyme which forms a second messenger
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Receptor Proteins
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Learning Targets
I can name the two types of movement through the cell membrane.
I can explain differences between active and passive transport.
I can describe examples of active and passive transport.