Permaculture BowlingGreens (SwB)

8/11/2019 Permaculture BowlingGreens (SwB)

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String o Beads ProjectWOODHOUSE MOOR BOWLING GREENS

Science Without Borders

Researchers: Gabriela Otremba | Jullyana Menezes

Supervisor/Editor: Tom Bliss

June-September, 2014


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String oBeads (SoB) is a project aiming to develop achain of Permaculture pocket forest gardens,

orchards, food planting and wild/pollinator flower

patches in target sites across the Woodhouse Moor,to link - literally and conceptually - the permaculture

garden at Bedford Fields in the North with the

University of Leeds Sustainable Garden, in the south.

String oBeads was proposed as a potential addition

to the Leeds Edible Campus, which exists to connect,celebrate and ideally enhance all the existing food-

growing and biodiversity projects in, initially, theWoodhouse Moor and the City Centre area, by

creating a themed edible corridor. (Leeds Edible

Campus is a Feed Leeds co-managed project - FeedLeeds being a network of organizations and

individuals involved with sustainable local food and

related issues).

After the SoB idea was floated, a seminar was held to

explore the possibilities, with a wide range ofuniversity departments, local community groups and

national organisations contributing ideas andsuggestions.

Although the SoB ranges from Bedford Fields toSustainable Garden, in this report we address

only the potential sites on Woodhouse Moor. We

also do not consider issues of access, resources,ownership or management, which would have

been addressed in the next stage of the project.

INTRODUCTION RESEARCH SURVEY SHORT LIST CONCEPTS SKETCH DESIGNS

String oBeads | Leeds Edible Campus | Feed Leeds - www.leedsediblecampus.co.uk

yesterday today tomorrow

Leeds Edible Campus, available on:

http://www.leedsediblecampus.co.uk/

01


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Permaculture is a system by which we can exist onthe earth by using energy that is naturally in flux and

relatively harmless, and by using food and natural

resources that are abundant in such a way that wedont continually destroy life on earth;

In permaculture, we embrace a threefold ethic: Care of Earth:care of all living and non living

things soil, species and their varieties,

atmosphere, forests, micro-habitats, animals

and water; Care of People: our basic needs for food,

shelter, education, satisfying employment,and convivial human contact are taken care

of;

Contribution of Surplus Time, Money andEnergy:that means that after we have taken

care of our basic needs and designed our

systems to the best of our ability, we canextend our influences and energies to helping

others achieve that aim; Some ways we can implement the Earth care ethics

on our own lives:

Where possible, use species native to the

area, or those naturalised species known tobe beneficial. The thoughtless introduction of

potentially invasive species may upsetnatural balances in your home area;

Cultivate the smallest possible land area

plan for small scale, energy-efficient intensivesystems rather than large-scale, energy-

consuming extensive systems; Be diverse, policultural;

Bring food-growing back into the cities and

towns, where it has always traditionally beenin sustainable societies;

We can base our linking strategies to these

questions:

Of what use are the products of thisparticular element to the needs of other

elements? What needs of this element are supplied by

other elements?

Where is this element incompatible withother elements?

Where does it benefit other parts of thesystem?

Each element in the system should be chosen and

placed so that it performs as many functions as

possible;

Each important function is supported by many

elements;

PERMANENT + AGRICULTURE = PERMACULTURE Cultures cannot survive for long without a sustainable

agriculture base and ethic land use;

Permaculture deals with plants, animals, buildings,and infrastructure (water, energy, communications);

Permaculture is about the relationships we

can create between these elements by theway we place them in the landscape;

Permaculture uses the inherit qualities of plants andanimals combined with the natural characteristics of

landscapes and structures to produce a life-supporting

system for city and country, using the smallest practicalarea;

It has the philosophy of working with, rather thanagainst nature; of protracted and thoughtfulobservation rather than protracted labour; and of

looking at plants and animals in all their functions, rather

than treating elements in a single product system;

These 12 principles are seen as universal, althoughthe methods used to express them will vary greatly

according to the place and situation;

1. Observe and Interact; 2. Catch and store energy;

3. Obtain a yield;

4. Apply self regulation and accept feedback; 5. Use and value renewable resources and

services;

6. Produce no waste;

7. Design from patterns to details; 8. Integrate rather than segregate;

9. Use small and slow solutions;

10. Use and value diversity;

11. Use edges and value the marginal; 12. Creatively use and respond to change;

02Permaculture | Forest Garden | Urban Agriculture | Pollination


Permaculture

What is Permaculture? Available on: Shades of Green,

http://shadesofgreeninc.org/about/what-is-permaculture/

Permaculture Design Principles. Available on: Permaculture Principles,http://permacultureprinciples.com/principles/


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Forest Garden

Forest gardening is an important element ofpermaculture. It is a food-producing garden, based on

the model of a natural woodland or forest, and because

it is a copy of a natural ecosystem, it is perhaps themost ecologically friendly way of gardening opened to

people;

A forest garden is made up of fruit and nut trees, fruitbushes, perennial vegetables and herbs, and to work

well it has to be carefully layered

Seven layers of the Edible Forest Garden:

1. Canopy / Tall tree;

2. Sub-canopy / Large Shrub;

3. Shrub;4. Herbaceous;

5. Ground cover creeper;6. Underground;

7. Vertical / Climber;

Impacts:

Economic: creation of jobs and reducing food

costs; Social: well-being, health and nutrition,

employment, social relationships, community

pride, social networks, livelihood, physicalactivity;

Energy: less food transportation;

Carbon footprint: less transport and carbonsequestration;

Reduction in ozone; Soil decontamination: phytoremediation

(reduce pollution) / Used in standing and grey

water; Noise pollution: plants absorbing sound

waves;

Nutrition and quality food: active role inplanting and dietary knowledge for people;

Environmental justice: reduce class/racial

disparities, at affordable prices and creationof a local food system infrastructure;

Implementation:

Garden sharing; Food processing: seeds, tools transplants,

education; Farmer's Market;

Examples (case studies):

P-Patches Seattle Open space for the community;

Optional individual garden rentals

with some collectively gardenedspace;

Vegetables, small fruits, flowers or

herbs; Todmorden Yorkshire UK

Market town and civil parish;

Incredible edible Todmorden Project:Urban gardening Project Local

food;

Urban Agriculture

Cultivating, processing and distributing food in/arounda village;

Reasons:

Social movement for sustainable

communities: organic growers. This would

take park in transition cities, with this way of

town planning;

Food security and nutrition;

Creation of the Victory Gardens (war

gardens, food gardens for defense) afterthe World War I and II in the UK, US,

Canada and Germany (and at the Great

Depression). This happened to reducepressure on the public food supply;

Community gardens concept;

Urban Agriculture Concepts: The Food and Agriculture Organization of

the United Nations (FAO): it is an industry

that produces, processes and markets food

and fuel, largely in response to the daily

demand of consumers, applying intensive

production methods, using and reusingnatural resources and urban wastes;

The Council of Agriculture, Science andTechnology: Complex system

encompassing a spectrum of interests, from

a traditional core of activities associatedwith the production, processing, marketing,

distribution and consumption, to a

multiplicity of other benefits and servicesthat are less widely acknowledged and

documented. The include recreation and

leisure economic vitality and business

entrepreneurship, individual and community

health and well-being, landscape

beautification and environmentalrestoration;

Food security: livestock production (influx ofworld population to urban areas);

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Permaculture | Forest Garden | Urban Agriculture | Pollination

Forest Gardening. Available on: Ecovillage Charlottesville,http://ecovillagecharlottesville.org/site-plan/


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Pollination

Transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a

flower to the female stigma;

Creating offspring to next generation; Flowers = tools that plants use to make their seed:

pollen transferred between flowers of the same species; Vectors: pollinators (Wind, water, birds, insects,

butterflies and successful fertilization);

Pollinator friendly practices: Foraging habitat;

Reproduction;

Shelter; Chemical use management;

Monitoring;

Use of a wide variety of plants that bloom from earlyspring into late fall;

Avoid modern hybrid flowers;

Eliminate pesticides; Larval host plants;

Damp salt lick; Spare that limb (bee hotel, condo);

Nectar resources;

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Permaculture | Forest Garden | Urban Agriculture | Pollination


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05


Woodhouse Moor: History | Uses | Surroundings

History Summary

The Woodhouse Moor is one of the most importante

parks at Leeds, being the closest one to the citycentre; Once it was connected to countryside and was

occupied by parliamentiary forces around the middle of

the seventieth century; It used to contain a water reservoir built after the

cholera epidemics;

Its current design comes from the Victorian period,with remarkable characteristcs that can still be noticed

there;

Uses Throughout Time

Hyde Park Unity Day Image, available on:http://www.theguardian.com/leeds/2010/apr/27/community-

celebrates-unity-day-and-city-of-leeds-school

Reservoir (1837); Public Speeches;

Tank (after First World War);

Pleasure Gardens; Air-rade shelters and allotments (after World War I I);

Festival of Britain (1951);

Unity Day (nowadays);

Surroundings

Closest park to the city centre;

Next to the main road Woodhouse Lane; Ajacent to the Leeds University Campus;

Supermarkets and bars at the Northeast side;

Residential houses at the Southwest side;

1866 Leeds Map, available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_Moor

Google Street View images of the Surrounding Areas of the Park;


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To help develop a robust framework for future design proposals, a process of surveying, walking the sites, conductingtheoretic research, exploring other forest garden projects, and talking to interested people who are partners in the project

is being conducted. This will develop understanding of the characteristics of the landscape, the processes involved, the

needs of the community and how the design aesthetic should best be developed.

The first step was an initial walk to explore potential sites, followed by a scoping meeting on the 11th of June.

Sites are numbered in accordance with definitions created later in the project.

02Bedford Fields (Meeting Point) 03!"#$ &'() *+# ,#&-'"& ./#0&1 *+$*

21#& *' 3# $ 40$56"'2)&

047'")#" 3#*(##) 8''&+'21# 9$)#$)& *+# 70/: ;'$&

11 Former wildflower strip 13 Woodhouse Moor Bowling Greens 15 Woodhouse Moor Flower Meadow

16 St Georges Field Pocket ForestGarden

17 Fruit Trees on UoL Campus 18 UoL Sustainable Garden (Final Point)

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Scoping Meeting, June 11th

1

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Area 02

Bedford Fields (Meeting Point)

What is a forest garden?

It represents a whole new way of gardening;

It mimics a woodland edge ecosystem, one filled with a mix of both common and unusual edibleplants, trees, shrubs...;

This forest garden is an open access garden for the community to enjoy;

It is quite reclusive and you hardly know that youre in t he middle of the city when youre on it; The aim of this project is to demonstrate a forest garden in an open access community setting;

3 basic layers of a forest garden: trees / shrubs / ground cover (7 in a fully developed project); It is very important to provide high biodiversity; The Bedford Fields has got about an acre of land in total;

It is very important to have a good ground cover - including barrier planting where necessary;

Some of the plants do give some edible fruits and leaves, but have a primary function of balancing the

nitrogen level;

07



NB Pages 07 to 18 should be read in conjunction with the group Research and Survey Document available

from www.ediblecampus.co.uk


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09



Area 15

Woodhouse Moor Flower Meadow

This is a quite isolated area in the Woodhouse Moor;

It used to be a reservoir; Probably this meadow is not natural, since we can find some rare

species on it;

Area 13

Woodhouse Moor Bowling Green

There are three bowling green areas in the Woodhouse Moor; One of them will keep this use, but we could use the other two to create

two different examples of forest gardens: one more ornamental and theother more productive;

Area 16

Leeds UniversitySt. Georges Field

This is one example of an already existing pocket garden in LeedsUniversity;

It has a very natural aspect, due to the use of wild flowers;

In the middle of the flowers, it is possible to see a bee hotel;


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Area 17

Leeds University Little Orchard

After the sustainable garden was developed last year in the Leeds Uni

Campus, the University started to make use of some fruit trees instead

of non-fruit ones throughout the campus; In this area we can see some examples of apple, cherry and other fruit

trees;

One great initiative is to indicate the tree species on the area;

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Area 20

Leeds Sustainable Garden

This sustainable garden in Leeds Uni Campus was implemented on last years summer (2013);

It was developed as a green roof; It was created a good signalisation to indicate when and what plants people can harvest:

Red: indicates that people can never pick (it is not edible or it is private);

Orange: indicates that the plants will soon be ready to be harvested; Green: indicates that the plants are ready to be harvested;

This is a highly designed area; It is ornamental and productive;

Theyve made use of a recycled glass floor, and it works very well;

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00 Meeting point:

Duke of Wellington Statue,

Woodhouse Moor

15 Woodhouse Moorflower meadow

14 Woodhouse Moor

grass land, flooded area

13 Woodhouse MoorBowling Green

10Woodhouse Moor

central hub

11 Woodhouse Moor

Buffer Strip07 On the Leeds NewGeneration Transport

plan, there is a possibility

of a line passing by thisarea, connecting it with

the city centre. The NGT

provide an opportunity forresearch into traffic

contamination of foodplots

04Abandoned playground

next to the Bedford Fields;

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Woodhouse Moor, June 16th


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Area 15


This corridor between the flower

meadow and Clarendon Road is a

great area to develop some fruittrees;

There already are some (we found

a few apple trees in there), but we

could make use of some more;

Under this small cliff there is a

reservoir that used to occupy this

big area in which the flowermeadow lays nowadays;

Some fruit trees on this area

wouldnt make any harm. On theopposite, it would be of great

advantage to the park;

This is a completely artificial site.

We can notice that by the quantity

of rare species that we can findbetween the flowers;

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Yellow Rattle and Silver Weed

leaves;Pictures of the few fruit trees we

found on the area;

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Area 15



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This small spot on a grass land ofthe Moor normally floods every

time that it rains. It could be a greatarea to develop a wet garden;

Bicycles passing on the wrong

side of the sidewalk have been

damaging the grass;

This is the area in which annuallyhappens the Bonfire on the 5thof

November.

Area 14

Woodhouse Moor Grass Land / Dew Pond

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This rose garden is nothing but

ornamental. We could plantsome edible plants on the

corridors between the flowers;

This area would be kept as a

game spot, but the other twocould be used as lands to developexperimental forest gardens;

There are two bowling green

areas available: one of themcould be about ornamental and

the other about productive forest

gardens;

Area 13

Woodhouse Moor Bowling Green

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Area 10

Woodhouse Moor Central Hub

In this area at the heart of the

Moor there are four green lands,

and one of them is quite empty.

The empty one is the only welllighted area, and we could use it

as a spot for a forest garden

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Area 11

Woodhouse Moor Buffer Strip

This is the Woodhouse Moor

orchard, a recent intervention;

It represents a very good initiative,

but the orchard could be morediversified;

In the area there are some apple

trees, some peach trees and oneplum tree;

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Why the Bowling Greens?

The Survey walk through Woodhouse Moor (Hyde Park), helped to

define which areas might most easily be developed as Forest

Gardens. The strongest contenders for consideration were theBuffer Strip (which had been already identified by Parks and

BugLife as a potential target), the Wildflower Meadow (which is

already providing ample support for pollinators, though someadditional planting for human foraging might be appropriate in the

margins), and the three Bowling Greens.

These grass squares (used to play a traditional British ball game,

which used to be more popular in the 20th Century) were installedin 1922, so were not part of the original layout of the park in 1857.

We had been informed by Parks that two of the three greens werebeing decomissioned because the high level of maintainance could

not be financially justified for relatively few active players.

The Friends of Woodhouse Moor also provided insight into the

preferences of this group for historic preservation and potential

restoration to the 1857 design.

Although not part of the original design, keeping the shape of thegreens was suggested as a way to increase the likelihood of the

park being accepted for listing on the Register of Historic Parks

and Gardens, (as desired by the Friends).

We therefore developed our ideas based on a concept of growingedible species inside the squares, making the most ofpermaculture/forest garden principles, which a majority of the

group endorse, and which would also be fundable by Grow Wild

funding (from Kew Gardens), while developing bold designsappropriate for an urban park.

With two greens available, two low-maintenance and sympatheticdesigns could be developed

Version 1: A formally designed garden, in which the

aesthetic priority comes above productivity;

Version 2: A more conventional Forest Garden, as

organic as possible, in which the productivity and the

aesthetic are balanced.


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Bowling Greens

Relevant quotations 1

From Broeckel (2013)


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Bowling Greens

From Broeckel (2013)

Relevant quotations 2

From group Research and Survey Report (Bliss et al 2014): The existing Crown greens slope slightly down to the sides of 35m

squares of close-cropped grass. Intense maintenance means that only short lawn species survive. Two greens are beingdecommissioned, and Parks are open to suggestions for what to do with them, with a stipulation that any designs should retain

the quiet contemplative feel of the existing enclosure. Two designs by LMU MA student JIll Broeckel for Healing and Productive

gardens (rather than Forest Gardens) on the bowling greens can be found on the LEC Ideas page. Jill writes:

"Converting bowling green lawns into edible gardens will require some adjustment to the soil and structure of bowling green

lawns. As afore mentioned, bowling greens are treated with chemical fertilizers. To ensure that edible plants grown on these sitesdo not contain harmful residual chemicals, the existing soil ought to be either removed and replaced with soil appropriate for

vegetable growing or remediated by growing cover crops - such as peas - which can soak up harmful chemicals and trace metals.The former may be more expensive, whereas the latter may take more time. Other alternative solutions might be proposed, but

regardless of which action taken, before an edible garden can be grown the site soils must be tested and prepared for growing

vegetables and fruit.

Soil depth is another factor which must be addressed in altering bowling green sites to be suitable for growing edible plants.

Bowling green thatch (organic matter just below turf surface) is kept at a depth of only about 25-50 mm. In order for vegetables tohave healthy or effective root depth, the thatch depth would need to be increased. (Broeckel 2013)

Normal conversion of lawns to forest gardens would, however, suggest planting through the existing sward. From Permies.com:You already have grasses that are less aggressive than pasture grasses so DO NOT change them. You can plant your fruit trees

and shrubs right into the grass AS LONG as you ALSO MULCH well. Cardboard - then lot's of mulch. Cardboard will smother the

grass so it gets no sun and mulch does it's job. DON'T add amendments into the hole. Add them ON TOP of the soil.http://www.permies.com/t/36649/forest-garden/quickest-cheapest-convert-lawn-forest

From group Research and Survey Report (Bliss et al 2014): The fact that this area is open but surrounded by, effectively, a 'wall'

of mature trees and shrubs, means that there is a lot of scope for creating the equivalent of a woodland edge ecotone (the

environment that forest gardens seek to mimic). The more naturalistic appearance of this might not be appropriate for the whole

perimeter but would help enhance biodiversity e.g. of pollinators.


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Inspiration: Roberto Burle Marx

Roberto Burle Marx picture. Available on:http://www.jblog.com.br/hojenahistoria.php?itemid=31358

Sidewalks at Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Burle

Marx, 1970. Available on: http://www.themilanese.com/?p=1616

Safra Bank Roof Garden, So Paulo, Brazil Burle Marx, 1980.

Available on: http://www.gardendesign.com/ideas/s-o-paulo-brazil-gardens

Design Inspiration

Merging the naturalistic design philosophy of permaculture with a stylistic desgin philosophy appropriate to the formal areas of an urban park requires an equanimity of strength between

the two approaches. In otherwords - a bold design easthetic is called for.

In discussion with other memebrs of the group, it was decied that it would be appropriate and inspirational for us to showcase the iconic design approach of our compatriot landscape

architect - one of the most important in the modernist movement, and one with considerable influence on park design in the UK: Roberto Burle Marx

Roberto Burle MarxSo Paulo, 1909 Rio de Janeiro, 1994

Brazilian Architect, Landscape Architect, Artist

Burle Marx was a Brazilian Landscape Architect whose designs of parks and gardens made him world famous. He was able to transfer traditional artistic expressions such as

tapestry and folk art, as well as cubism and abstractionism, into his avant-garde and modern Landscape designs.

Some of the main characteristics of his designs were: Never mixing flower colours;

Utilization of big groups of the same speciment; Using native plants;

Attention to the effect of each plants character on the whole garden;

Burle Marx projects were chosen as influence to the style of the design were going to create in our own project. However, theres a characteristc that we can see in almost all of hisprojects that is the opposite of one of the main characteristics of a proper forest garden: the utilization of big groups of the same speciment couldnt happen in a garden which main

principle is the naturality and the diversification of species and layers. Thus, in our designs there will be great defined shapes, but this will happen on a way in which we can create anatural project, both on the formal and on the organic versions.


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Bowling Greens

Formal Version defined shapes;

Organic Version proper forest garden;


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Bowling Greens

Formal Versions

Organic Version

In this version, we have created two different

options, as illustrated in the sections (Right):

The first would use only groundcover planting - to

maximise the formaility, and to respect thehorizonatal nature of the former greens. However,

edible plants in a forest garden layer could not on

their own deliver Marxs maxim of large blocks ofsingle species, because ecological design requires

intermixed species. So the shape requirement isdelivered by Chamomile paths, which also provide

access.

The second option uses the same ground plan,

but introduces three forest garden layers: the

Groundcover layer, the Medium Shrubs layer andthe Big Shrubs/Small Trees layer. This option

would be closer to the principles of a proper Forest

Garden - but again with formality provided byChamomile paths, to define the shapes.

Both schemes use a moat as a design feature,and to help restrict the ingress of pests.

This version representes a more conventionalforest garden, albeit with some Marx-inspired

formality. It features most of the Forest Garden

layers: Groundcover Plants, Small Shrubs (ShadeTolerant Edible Perennials and Sun Loving Edible

Perennials), Medium Shrubs, Small Trees andsome Canopy Trees, as well as a big Feature Tree

on the Southest corner of the Bowling Green.

All three versions borrow ecological

finctionality from the mature trees and shrubs

around the site


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Bowling Greens

Formal Version Option 1 (Groundcovers)

C3

C3

C3

C3

C3

C3

C3

C3

C3

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

W

W

W

W

P

C1

C1

C1

C1

W Water Path around the Bowling Green (to

isolate the Garden from pests / can be replaced by

sand);

P Solid Material Main Path;

C Groundcovers: up to 30cm. These will also be

used on Option 2. In this option theyll be divided

according to their flower colors) Options:

C1 WHITE FLOWERSStrawberry,Arbutus unedo;

Nepalese Raspberry, Rubus nepalensis;

Wild Garlic,Allium ursinum;Siberian Purslane, Claytonia sibirica;

Garlic Cress, Peltaria alliacea;White Clover, Trifolium repens;

Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens;

C2 YELLOW FLOWERS

Golden Saxifrage,Chrysosplenium alternifolium;

Mock Strawberry, Potentilla indica;

Barren Strawberry, Waldsteinia fragarioides;Creeping Jeny, Lysimachia numulria;

C3 PINK/PINKISH-WHITE/PINKISH-VIOLET

FLOWERS

Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella;Redwood Sorrel, Oxalis oregana;

Rock Cranesbell, Geranium macrorrhizum;

Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile will be planted

around the shapes to better define them, and toprovide walkable access for maintenance and

harvesting.


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Bowling Greens

Formal Version Option 2 (3 Layers)

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

B

B

B

B

B

B

W

W

W

W

P

C

C

C

C

W Water Path around the Bowling Green (to

isolate the Garden from pests / can be replaced bysand);


A(Large Shrubs/Small Trees: 3-5m) Options:

Chokeberries,Aronia arbutifolia;

Highbush Cranberry, Viburnum trilobum;European Bladdernut, Staphylea pinnata;Chaste Tree, Vitex agnus-castus;

Cabbage Palm, Sabal palmetto;

B (Small/Medium Shrubs: 0,5-2m) Options:

Redcurrant, Ribes rubrum;

Gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa;Japanese Wineberry, Rubus phoenicolasius;

Oregon Grapes, Mahonia aquifolium;

Buffalo Currant, Ribes odoratum;Northern Bayberry, Myrica pensylvanica;

Sagebrush,Artemisia tridentata;

Tree Lupin, Lupinus arboreus;

C(Groundcovers: up to 30cm / as specified on theGroundcover Option, previous page);

Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile will be plantedaround the shapes to better define them, and to

provide walkable access for maintenance and

harvesting.


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Organic Version

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Bowling Greens

A

A

A

AA A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

X

B B B BB

BB B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

C

C

C

C

D2

D1

E

W Water Path around the Bowling Green (to isolate

the Garden from pests / can be replaced by sand);


A (Canopy Trees) Options:Apple Bramley, Malus domestica;

Quince, Cydonia oblonga;

Apricot Goldcot, Prunus armeniaca;

Japanese Plum Methley, Prunus salicina;Almond Princess, Prunus dulcis;

Apple Greensleeves, Malus domestica;Pear Beth, Pyrus communis;

Medlar Royal, Mespilus germanica;

Fig Brown Turkey, Ficus carica;Cherry Plum, Prunus cerasifera;

Cherry Summer Sun, Prunus avium;

B (Small Trees / Large Shrubs) Options (for

coppicing):Chestnut Marigoule, Castanea marigoule;

Red Filbert 'Rote Zellernuss' Corylus maxima

C (Medium Shrubs) Options:Blackcurrant Ebony, Ribes nigrum;

Raspberry Glen Ample, Rubus idaeus;Raspberry Polka, Rubus idaeus;

Blackberry Reuben, Rubus fruticosus;

Blueberry Duke, Vaccinium corymbosum;Blue Honeysuckle Kamstschatica, Lonicera caerulea;

Goosebery Hinnomaki Green,

D1 (Shade Tolerant Edible Perennials) Options:

Big Daddy, Hydrangea macrophylla;Ostrich Fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris;

Giant Solomons Seal, Polygonatum biflorum var.

commutatum

Sweet Cicely, Myrrhis odorata;

D2 (Sun Loving Edible Perennials)Daylily, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus;

Daubenton Kale, Brassica oleracea;Good King Henry, Blitum bonus-henricus

Ice Plant, Carpobrotus edulis;

P

W

W

W

pond

Secure shed and materials store

Permaculture BowlingGreens (SwB)

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