Perkembangan Arsitektur Komputer
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PERKEMBANGAN ARSITEKTUR KOMPUTER
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Anggota
Ahmad Ataka A. R.Ahmad Raditya C. B.Aulia ReckyGuntur BagaskoroM. Ubeid SubhanToniTrianto
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Komponen KomputerSejak 1940-an, komputer mempunyai beberapa komponen:
Input devicesOutput devicesStorage devices
Volatile memory devices: DRAM, SRAM, …Permanent storage devices: Magnetic, Optical, and Flash disks, …
DatapathControlKomponen keenam: Network
ProcessorComputer
Control
Datapath
Memory
Devices
Input
Output
What is Computer Architecture?
Technology
ApplicationsComputer
Architect
Interfaces
Machine Organization
Measurement &Evaluation
ISA
AP
I
Link
I/O
Cha
n
Regs
IR
Apa itu “Computer Architecture” ?Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Computer Organization
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
APA yang dilakukan komputer (logical view)
Computer Organization
BAGAIMANA ISA diimplementasikan (physical view)
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)Definisi oleh Amdahl, Blaaw, dan Brooks – 1964“… the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation.”
ISA mencangkup:Instruksi dan Format InstruksiType Data, Penyandian, dan RepresentasiProgrammable Storage: Registers dan MemoriAddressing Modes: Pengaksesan Instruksi dan DataPenanganan Kondisi Khusus
Instruction Set ArchitectureISA merupakan penghubung antara hardware dan software
Contoh (versi) Diperkenalkan Tahun
Intel (8086, 80386, Pentium, ...) 1978 IBM Power (Power 2, 3, 4, 5) 1985HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992PowerPC (601, 604, …) 1993
Instruction Set Architecture
Semua instruksi mempunyai lebar 32-bitMacam2 instruksi:
Load/StoreInteger ArithmeticJump dan BranchFloating PointMemory Management
Organisasi KomputerRealisasi dari Instruction Set Architecture
Beberapa komponennya:
Registers, ALU, FPU, Caches, ...
Cara komponen2 tersebut terhubung
Mengatur arus informasi antar komponen
Abstraction LayersSo
ftw
are Application
Operating SystemCompiler
Assembler
Linker Loader
Processor Memory I/O System
Datapath & Control Design
Digital Logic Design
Circuit Design
Physical (IC Layout) Design
Scheduler Device Drivers
Instruction Set Architecture (Interface SW/HW)
Har
dwar
e
Perubahan Teknologi Menimbulkan Perubahan Arsitektur
1970an multi-chip CPUsMemori semikonduktor masih sangat mahalmicrocoded controlSet instruksi kompleks
1980an1 buah chip CPU, dimungkinkan dalam chip RAMsimple, hard-wired controlSet Instruksi yang lebih simpelCache : chip kecil
1990an (fast clocks)Terdiri dari banyak transistorKontrol yg kompleks untuk mengeluarkan instruksi
2000anLebih banyak transistorMenggunakan teknologi yg lebih canggih
Intel 4004 - 1971
Microprocessor pertama2,300 transistor108 KHz
Intel Pentium IV - 2001
42 juta transistor2GHz
Application ConstraintsApplications drive machine ‘balance’
Numerical simulations floating-point performance main memory bandwidth
Transaction processing I/Os per second integer CPU performance
Decision support I/O bandwidth
Embedded control I/O timing, power
Media processing low-precision ‘pixel’ arithmetic
Interface DesignA good interface
lasts through several generations of implementations IBM 360 and x86 ISAs, DOS APIs
is simple - ‘economy of mechanism’Interfaces are visible, Implementations generally aren’t3 Types of Interfaces
Between Layers API, ISA
Between Modules Network protocol (Ethernet), I/O channel or bus (SCSI or PCI)
Standard Representations ASCII, IEEE floating-point
Instruction-Set Architecture
Software impactsupport OS functions
restartable instructions memory relocation and protection
a good compiler target simple orthogonal
denseHardware impact
admits efficient implementation across generations
admits parallel implementation no ‘serial’ bottlenecks
Abstraction without interpretation
OP R1 R2 R3 imm
OP R1M1 im2R2M2
R3M3 im2 ...
Hardware/Software Interface
System-Level OrganizationDesign at the level of processors, memories, and interconnect.More important to application performance than CPU designFeeds and speeds
constrained by IC pin count, module pin count, and signaling rates
System balancefor a particular application
Driven by performance/cost goalsavailable components (cost/perf)technology constraints
P
SW
800MHz4-way Issue16Bytes x
200MHz
I/O
M M M M
DiskNet
Display
MicroarchitectureImplementasi dari instruction setExploit capabilites of technology technology
locality and concurrencyIterative process
generate proposed architectureestimate costmeasure performance
Current emphasis is on overcoming sequential nature of programs
deep pipeliningmultiple issuedynamic schedulingbranch prediction/speculation Regs
Instr.Cache
IR
PC
BA
C
Performance Measurement and Evaluation
CPU execution timeby instruction or sequence
floating point integer branch performance
Cache bandwidthMain memory bandwidthI/O performance
bandwidthseekspixels or polygons per second
Relative importance depends on applications
P
$
M
Many Dimensions to Performance
Perkembangan Teknologi
Processor transistor: 30% - 40% per tahun
Kapasitas Memori: 60% per tahun
Kapasitas Disk: 60% per tahun
Kesempatan untuk aplikasi-aplikasi baru
Organisasi dan design yang lebih baik
Tahun Teknologi Relative performance/biaya
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000
2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000
Pertumbuhan Kapasitas per DRAM Chip Kapasitas DRAM berlipat empat kalilipat hampir setiap 3 tahun
Bertambah 60% per tahun, selama 20 tahun
Performa Processor (1978-2005)
Meningkat hampir 10000x antara 1978 dan 2005
Penjualan Microprocessor (1998 – 2002) Penjualan processor
ARM melebihi processor Intel IA-32, yang muncul lebih dulu
Processor ARM biasa dipakai pada cell phone
Kebanyakan processor kini tertanam di cell phones, TV digital, video games, dan banyak peralatan lain.
Kelas KomputerDesktop / Notebook
Tujuan umum, bermacam-macam software
Server ComputersBerbasis jaringan
Kapasitas, Performa, dan Keandalan tinggi
Ukuran bervariasi dari yang kecil hingga seukuran bangunan
Embedded ComputersTersembunyi sebagai komponen dari sistem
Kendala daya/performa/biaya yang ketat
Penjualan Komputer (1998 – 2002)
Pasar Processor (1997-2007)
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Multilevel machineTypical virtual machine levels
High-level-language (HLL) machine levelAssembly language machine levelOperating system machine levelInstruction set architecture (ISA) levelMicroarchitecture levelDigital logic level
Digital logic level adalah hardware (berisi transistors, kabel, power supply, dll.)
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Perkembangan multilevel machinesTiga level architecture
ISA levelMicroprogram levelDigital logic level
Microprogram levelMenginterpretasikan perintah-perintah ISA menggunakan digital logic level
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Perkembangan multilevel machinesOperating system level
Memberikan perintah kepada ISA levelPerintah yang diberikan:
Bisa langsung dijalankan oleh ISA level Diinterpretasikan lebih lanjut oleh microprogram level
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Perkembangan multilevel machinesCISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
Zaman keemasan bagi microprogram level – 1960an hingga1970anmicroprogram level berevousi menjadi semakin canggihProses ekseskusi lambat
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)Perintah-perintah kecil langsung dieksekusiMenambah kecepatan eksekusi sekaligus harga
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Tahun Dibuat oleh Nama Keterangan
~1834 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine First programmed computer (mechanical)
1943 British government COLLOSSUS First electronic computer
1944 Howard Aiken Mark I Electromagnetic relays
1946 Mauchley & Eckert ENIAC I Vacuum tubes, computed artillery tables
~1952 John von Neumann IAS First stored program computer (von Neumann architecture)
1960s Ken Olson (DEC) PDP-1 and PDP-8 Transistors, “minicomputer”
1964 Seymour Cray CDC 6600 First scientific supercomputer
1964 IBM System/360 Integrated circuits, first “family” of computers
1978 DEC VAX First 32-bit superminicomputer
1981 IBM IBM PC Started personal computer era
1985 MIPS MIPS First commercial RISC machine
1992 DEC Alpha First 64-bit personal computer
computer architecture dari masa ke masa
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Computer generations0th 1642 – 1945 Mechanical1st 1945 – 1955 Vacuum tubes2nd 1955 – 1965 Transistors3rd 1965 – 1980 Integrated circuits4th 1980 - VLSI, personal computers5th 1970s - Invisible computers
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Moore’s LawJumlah transistor pada chip bertambah 2 kali lipat setiap 18 bulan
Gordon Moore (co-founder Intel) – 1965Bukan merupakan hukum alam, hanya observasi empiris
Moore’s law terbukti benar sejak tahun 1960-an sampai sekarangBertambah dari 103 menjadi108 transistor per chip
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Moore’s Law
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Jenis Komputer
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Contoh komputer architectures
rchitecture Type
Pentium 4 CISC● personal computers
UltraSPARC III RISC● servers
Intel 8051(MCS-51 family)
8-bit microcontrollers● imbedded systems
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Intel computer family
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Intel computer family
Moore’s law pada chip (Intel) CPU.