Periodization for Junior Athletes
Transcript of Periodization for Junior Athletes
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Planning and Periodization for the Planning and Periodization for the Planning and Periodization for the Planning and Periodization for the Junior AthleteJunior Athlete
Train to Train and Lear to Compete StagesTrain to Train and Lear to Compete StagesTrain to Train and Lear to Compete StagesTrain to Train and Lear to Compete Stages
Montreal, January 24, 2009
Istvan BalyiNCI BC
Charles CardinalCharles CardinalNCI Quebec
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Periodization for the Junior AthletePeriodization for the Junior AthletePeriodization for the Junior AthletePeriodization for the Junior Athlete2009 CS4L Workshop2009 CS4L WorkshopOttawa, January 21Ottawa, January 21
Istvan BalyiATP & NCI BC
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Kate Pace World - Champion – DownhillKerrin -Lee Gartner – Olympic Gold - Downhill
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Objective of the PresentationObjective of the PresentationObjective of the PresentationObjective of the Presentation
• Train to Train focus– Females 11-15– Males 12-16
O i f P i di ti• Overview of Periodization– Periods, phases, mesocycles, microcycles, sessions and units
• Overview of Growth and DevelopmentOve v ew o G owt a d evelop e t– Chronological age, relative age, developmental age– Early, average and late maturers
Trainability “windows of opportunity optimal trainability”– Trainability = “windows of opportunity, optimal trainability”
• Program design – reactive periodization• ConclusionsConclusions
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Influence of maturation:Influence of maturation:
100
grow
th Different patterns of system growth during childhood
N l80
60post
nata
l Neural
60
40as %
of p
General40
20
atta
ined
General
Genital0S
ize
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Age (years)Adapted from Scammon, 1930
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P di t i A bi P fP di t i A bi P fPediatric Anaerobic PerformancePediatric Anaerobic Performance
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Active Start
Seven Stages of Canadian
FUNdamentalCanadian
Long-Term Athlete
Learning to TrainAthlete
Development Training to Train
Training to Compete
Training to Win
Active for Life
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The Big PictureLate Specialisation Sports – Generic Model
Talent IDTalent ID
• Active Start - FUNdamental Movements (0-6)
• FUNdamental Stage - FUNdamental movement skills(6-8 females / 6-9 males)
• Learning to Train - FUNdamental sports skills(8 11 f l / 9 12 l )
ScreeningScreening
S l tiS l ti
ManyMany
33(8- 11 females / 9-12 males)
• Training to Train - Building the "engine" and sport specific skills(11 15 females / 12 16 males)
SelectionSelection
SpecialisationSpecialisation 22(11-15 females / 12-16 males)
• Training to Compete* - Optimising "engine" andsport / event / position specific skills(15-21+/- females / 16-23+/- males)
Further specialisationFurther specialisation 11(15 21+/ females / 16 23+/ males)
• Training to Win* - Maximising "engine" and sport / event / position specific skills(18 + females / 19 + males)
High performanceHigh performance( )
• Active for Life* Enter at any age!!!
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Early, Average and Late MaturerEarly, Average and Late MaturerAll 3 Athletes are 14 years of age Chronologically
At age 14 chronologically
10
12A = is 16 developmentally B = is 14 developmentallyC = is 12 developmentally
8
10
A
4
6ABC
2
4
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
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Skill Trainability
12
10
12
6
8AB
A
4
6C
B
0
2 C
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
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Speed Trainability
12
Speed Trainability
10
12
8A
4
6 BC
2
4
F F
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
M M
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Suppleness Trainability
12
Suppleness Trainability
10
12
8AB
4
6 BC
M & F
2
M & F
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
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Endurance Trainability
10
12
8AB
4
6BC
A
2B
C
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
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Strength Trainability
12
Strength Trainability
10
12
8AB
4
6 BC
A
B
2
B
C
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
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Rapid Transit and Slow Transit
10
(Tanner, 1989) cm
8
9
5
6
7
Slow
3
4
5 Rapid
1
2
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
Years
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Reactive PeriodizationReactive PeriodizationReactive PeriodizationReactive Periodization
• Monitoring the onset of the growth spurt, PHV and g g p ,deceleration of growth is a must to design/ adjust the planR ti t th l it f th• Reacting to the velocity of growth
• Adjusting training, competition and recovery program designprogram design
• “Adolescent maintenance”• Viru = “If there is a conflict between the long-term
plan and competition demands, the first must take priority!”
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Periodization
Integration and Sequencing of Sport Integration and Sequencing of Sport Science, Sport Medicine and SportScience, Sport Medicine and Sport--Specific Specific
TechnicalTechnical Tactical ActivitiesTactical ActivitiesTechnicalTechnical--Tactical ActivitiesTactical Activities
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For whom ?
AthleteChronological Age
Biological AgeTraining Age
Long-term Athlete Development FUNdamental
Annual PlanSingleDoubleTripleTraining Age
-General-Sport-Specific
Learning to Train Training to Train Training to Compete Training to Win
pMultiple
Periodisation
PeriodsPhasesGeneral
Meso CyclesDevelopmental
Stabilizing
Micro CyclesIntroductory Periods
PreparationCompetitionTransition
GeneralSpecific
Per-CompetitiveCompetitiveTransition
StabilizingPre-Competitive
CompetitiveRestorative
DevelopmentalShock
MaintenanceTaperP kPeak
RestorationTransition
Sessions6:1= 4 / 6 / 9 / 12 / 1 5 NEW Evaluation
5 : 2 = 3:1 - 2:1 PLAN
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The “Flow” of Periodization Planning of TrainingPlanning of Training
Structure and Hierarchy
Athlete
Long Term Athlete Development
Quadrennial Plan (Olympic Cycle)Annual Plan
Cycles of Annual PlanPeriodsPhasesPhases
MesocyclesMicrocycles
Sessions
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Planning of TrainingStructure and Hierarchy
AthleteAthlete Chronological AgeDevelopmental Age
Training Age (General)S t S ifi T i i ASport-Specific Training Age
Long Term Athlete DevelopmentActive Start
F d t l PhFundamental PhaseLearn to Train
Train to Train PhaseTrain to Compete Phase
T i t Wi PhTrain to Win PhaseActive for Life
Annual PlanSingle periodizationDouble periodizationTriple periodization
Multiple periodization
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Cycles of the Annual Plan
Periods Preparation periodCompetition periodT iti i dTransition period
Phases General preparatory phaseS ifi t hSpecific preparatory phase
Pre-Competitive phaseCompetitive phaseTransition phase
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Mesocycles
Developmental mesocycle Stabilizing mesocycle
Per-Competitive mesocycle Competitive mesocycle p yRestorative mesocycle Transitional mesocycle
Microcycles
Introductory microcycleDevelopmental microcycleDevelopmental microcycle
Shock microcycleStabilizing microcycle
Taper microcyclePeak microcyclePeak microcycle
Maintenance microcycleRestoration microcycleTransition microcycle
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Sessions / Microcycle
6 1 (4 6 9 12 15 18 18 )6:1 (4; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 18+)5:1 (5; 8; 9; 10; 10+)4:1 (4; 6; 7; 8; 8+)
3:1 (3; 5; 6; 6+)3 1 2 1 5 23:1 – 2:1 = 5:2
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PlanningPlanning
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Adaptation toTraining(Modified after Nadori and Yakovlev)
External Load -Volume Supercompensation
( )
-Intensity Overcompensation -Frequency -Specificity Usual Daily Activity Next External LoadInternal Load Recovery - 3 hours- Physiological Restoration - 6 hours Physiological Restoration 6 hours - Biochemical changes Fatigue - 24 hours - Psychological - Metabolic - 36 hours - Neural - 48 hours - Tissue damage - Microtraumas
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Delayed Onset of Training EffectDi i i hi R t / Ad t ti RDiminishing Returns / Adaptation Reserves
(Balyi, 1997)
100110Schematical Illustration of Long-term Adaptation to Tr
Sh t d l L d l
708090 Shorter delay Longer delay
405060
102030
Training Age
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
10 g g
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Target Zone120
Target Zone
100
Adaptation Reseve
Diminishing Returns in Adaptation Genetic Ceiling
60
80 Adaptation Reseve or Potential
40Adaptation Pattern or Rate
0
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Training Age
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Developmental Age – Priority of Training - Trainability
P f
Program Design
Performance Level Genetical ceiling limit
Normative data:-Fitness records-Fitness records-Performance records-Training records - # of hours trained
l th f l - length of cycle - specificity of training- etc.,
Training Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Quantification of Annual Plans
Type text
Type text Type text Type text
Type text Type text
Type text
Type text Type text Type text Type text
Type text Type text Type text
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Year 1 - Steps 1 - 3Competition and Transition Phases
%
100
Tr
75 Competition
ansI? ??50
25
Itio
? ??6 5 4 1 2 3
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
25n6 5 4 1 2 3
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
Similar procedure is used for double or multiple
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Year 1 - Steps 4 - 6pGeneral, Specific and Pre-Competitive Phases
% Tr100
75 Competition
rans
PC
SP
GP
50
siti
CP
PP
PP
25on6 5 4
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
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Year 1 - Step 7Year 1 Step 7Plot the Volume of Training
%
GPP SPP PCP CP TP
100
7575
50
25
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
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Y 1 St 8Year 1 - Step 8Plot the Intensity of Training
%
GPP SPP PCP CP TP
100
75
50
W k
25
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
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Y 1 St 9Year 1 - Step 9Macro and Micro Cycle Planning
%
GPP SPP PCP CP TP
100
75
50
25
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
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Year 1 - Step 10
GPP SPP PCP CP TP
Year 1 Step 10Quantitification
Weeks 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152
%
100
GPP SPP PCP CP TP
75
5050
25
Stamina 50 30 10 10 Strength 20 20 10 10Speed 5 10 15 15Skill 20 35 60 60 Suppleness 5 5 5 5
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Phases of the Annual Plan
General Preparatory Phase (GPP);General Preparatory Phase (GPP);Specific Preparatory Phase (SPP);Pre-Competitive Phase (PCP);p ( );Competitive Phase (CP);Transition Phase (TP);
TP CP
PCP SPP
GPP
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LTAYear 1 - Training to Train ( 2 x 24 + 2 )
Age Group 10 Males and 9 FemalesAge Group 10 Males and 9 FemalesCompetitions 4 + 4 = 8
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Year 5 - Phase 1, 2 & 3 (11 + 5 + 1 / 10 + 5 + 1 / 10 + 7 + 2)
Training and Competition Load
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Meso cycles
Annual Cycle Periods Phases Meso Cycles Micro Cycles SessionsAnnual Cycle, Periods, Phases, Meso Cycles, Micro Cycles, Sessions, Unitsƒ Traditional mesosƒ Non-traditional mesosƒ
ƒ Insanity mesos
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The content of a meso cycle is dependent on how far or how
Training content
The content of a meso cycle is dependent on how far or how close the cycle is from competition (location-location-location)The farther a a the c cle is from competition the higher theThe farther away the cycle is from competition the higher the volume and lower the intensity isThe closer the cycle is to competition the lower the volume
d hi h th i t it iand higher the intensity isFrequency is very steady / frequency reduction can be implemented in power sports BUT not in endurance sports
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Traditional Meso CyclesTraditional Meso CyclesTraditional Meso CyclesTraditional Meso Cycles
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Micro Cycles
IntroductoryIntroductoryDevelopmentalShockStabilizingStabilizingCompetitiveƒ Taperƒ Peak
Day 1Warm up
MainCool downƒ
ƒ ModelingRestorativeTransitional or active rest micro
Cool downRegeneration
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The content of a micro cycle is dependent on how far or how
Training content
The content of a micro cycle is dependent on how far or how close the cycle is from competition (location-location-location)The farther a a the c cle is from competition the higher theThe farther away the cycle is from competition the higher the volume and lower the intensity isThe closer the cycle is to competition the lower the volume
d hi h th i t it iand higher the intensity is
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Introductory Micro Cycley yNeural Adaptation
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Introductory Micro CycleM t b li Ad t tiMetabolic Adaptation
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Introductory Micro CycleMixed Neural Metabolic AdaptationMixed Neural-Metabolic Adaptation
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“Windows of Optimal Trainability”“Windows of Optimal Trainability”
• Adaptation and trainability - definitionsp y• “Critical” or “Sensitive” Periods (Tanner)• Accelerated adaptation to training (Viru, et al)• “Windows of trainability” (LTAD)• “Windows of opportunity for trainability” (Bar-Or and
Ro land)Rowland)
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• Chronological ageg g• Skeletal age• Developmental age• Relative age• Training age
S ifi i i • Sport-specific training age
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Maturation de l’individu (hâtive normale ou tardive)Maturation de l individu (hâtive, normale ou tardive)Early, Average and Late Maturers
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13 year old boys
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13 14 13 14
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Early,A d Average and
Late maturers
Maturation de Maturation de l’individu (hâtive,
normale ou normale ou tardive)
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Trainability Trainability -- Capacité d’entraînementCapacité d’entraînementTrainability Trainability -- Capacité d entraînementCapacité d entraînement• Based on chronological
age:• Fondée sur l’âge
h l i age:– Speed– Suppleness
chronologique :
– Vitesse• Based on
developmental age– Skill
– Flexibilité (souplesse)
• Fondée sur l’âge de développement :
– Stamina– Strength
• Biological markers
développement :– Habiletés– Endurance– ForceBiological markers
– onset of PHV – PHV – onset of menarche
Force– Jalons biologiques (début
du pic de croissance rapide-soudaine et croissance onset of menarcherapide-soudaine)
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Developmental age Developmental age -- PHVPHVDevelopmental age Developmental age PHVPHV
• How to measure ? • Comment le mesurer?• How to measure ?• What to measure ?• When to measure ?
• Quoi mesurer?• Quand mesurer?
• What tools to use for the measurements ?
h h ld
• Quels outils utiliser pour mesurer?Qui devrait mesurer?• Who should measure ?
• How to administer measurement data ?
• Qui devrait mesurer?• Comment administrer
les données de mesure?measurement data ?
Âge de développement Âge de développement i d i idi d i id d id i–– pic de croissance rapidepic de croissance rapide--soudainesoudaine
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The orbitale (O) is located on the lower or most inferior margin of the eye socket The tragion (T) isthe eye socket. The tragion (T) is the notch above or superior to the tragus or flap of the ear, at the superior aspect of the p pzygomatic bone. This position corresponds almost exactly to the visual axis when the subject is looking directly ahead.
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Phases of Measurement Phases de croissancePhases of Measurement Phases de croissance
25
Phase1
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 4
Phase 5
Phase 6
Very Rapid GrowthCroissance très rapide
V id d l ti
20
25
Rapid growthCroissance très rapide
Rapid decelerationDécélération rapide
Very rapid decelerationDécélération plus rapide
15CM
C ti f th
Slow decelerationLente décélération
Croissance très rapide
5
10
Cessation of growthFin de la croissanceSteady growth
Croissance régulière
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 230
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Age
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www ltad cawww.ltad.caLater this year
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Development Age of a 14 year old
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Conclusion:Conclusion:G th t d d t it th• Growth measurements are needed to monitor growth and development
• The onset of PHV, PHV and the onset of menarche should be determined in order to be able to adjust training, competition and recovery programs according to the velocity of growthto the velocity of growth
• Plotting PHV will help to identify the onset of the growth t d th k f th th ( ft thspurt, and the peak of the growth (after growth
decelerates)•• The onset of the menarche is about a year after growth
decelerates, thus the coach can estimate the time of the onset of menarche
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Conclusion:Conclusion:
• Before the onset of the growth spurt standing height h ld b d bi thd t thshould be measured on every birthday, or at the
beginning of the annual training cycle in clubs
• Standing height, sitting height and arm span should be measured every three month after the onset of the growth spurt
• Skill, Speed and Suppleness is based on chronological age, while Stamina and Strength are b d th t f th th t d th k fbased the onset of the growth spurt and the peak of growth immediately after deceleration of growth begins
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• You are making or breaking an • You are making or breaking an athlete/player during the Training to
Train Stage!!!Train Stage!!!
Th !!!• There are no excuses!!!
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ThankThank--you you MerciMerci
www.ltad.cawww.dlta.ca
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Questions ?Questions ?Questions ?Questions ?
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Development Age of a 14 year old
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DefinitionsDefinitions
• Growth refers to observable step-by-step changes in • Growth refers to observable step-by-step changes in quantity, “measurable changes in body size, for example, height, weight, fatness.” (Malina, 1986)
• Maturation refers to “qualitative system changes, both structural and functional in nature in the both structural and functional in nature, in the organism’s progress toward maturity, for example, the change of cartilage to bone in the skeleton.” (Tihanyi, 1990)( a y , 990)
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• Development refers to “the pinterrelationship between growth and maturation in relation to the passage of time passage of time.
• The concept of development also e co cept o develop e t also includes the social, emotional, intellectual and motor realms of the child ” (Tihanyi 1990)child. (Tihanyi, 1990)
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Chronological age refers to “the number of • Chronological age refers to “the number of years and days elapsed since birth” (Haywood,1993)
• Skeletal age refers to the maturity of the k l t “d t i d b th d f skeleton “determined by the degree of
ossification of the bone structure.” (Haywood, 1993)
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• Critical periods of development: A critical period refers to a point in the critical period refers to a point in the development of a specific behaviour when experience or training has an optimal effect on development The same effect on development. The same experience, introduced at an earlier or later time, has no effect on, or retards later skill acquisition. (Zaichkowsky, Zaichowsky and Martinek, 1980)
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TrainabilityTrainability
M li d B h d (1991) d fi d • Malina and Bouchard (1991) defined trainability as “the responsiveness of developing individuals at different stages p g gof growth and maturation to the training stimulus.”.
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• Malina and Bouchard (1991) also referred to Malina and Bouchard (1991) also referred to “readiness and critical periods” of trainability during growth and development of young athletes, thus the stim l s ha e to be timedstimulus have to be timedto achieve optimum adaptation with regard to motor skills, muscular and/or aerobic power .
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• Adaptation refers to a stimuli or a series of stimuli which induces functional and/or stimuli which induces functional and/or morphological changes in the organism. Naturally, the level or degree of adaptation is dependent on the genetical endowment of is dependent on the genetical endowment of an individual. However, the general trends or patterns of adaptation are identified by physiological research and the facts and physiological research and the facts and guidelines of the different adaptation processes, such as adaptation to muscular endurance or maximum strength are clearly endurance or maximum strength, are clearly delineated.
• Diagnostics before and after maturation• Moving scales during PHV