Periodico 10 English

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to the melanocytes found in mammals. In addition, they are used astool for the designing of new druFinally, the chemistry of colorsfascinating and abundant in naturThrough the study of pigments wcan appreciate how the organisms this planet have adapted to surviand defend themselves from predtors. The study of pigments can helpful for the understanding some diseases and the developmenof new medical treatment for contions.

Camou age is abiological adaptation ac-quired by many organismsduring evolution. This ad-aptation can help themhide from predators andstay alive in situations thatcan cause their death. Thisadaptation is variable, be-cause it can be expressed asa changing color mecha-nism or seen as physicalappearance of the organ-ism. In addition, organismthat are susceptible to behunted are not the onlyones who develop thesetraits; predators also devel-oped this during evolution.These traits allowed themnot to be seen by their prey.Also, it increases the proba-bility of nding food. Fromthis perspective we can seethat both organisms; thepredator and prey had todevelop these traits andmechanism for environ-mental adaptation andsurvival.

One organismthat uses this mechanismfor protection is the octo-pus. The octopus is a mol-

lusk that belongs to thecephalopods family. Thesecreatures are characterizedby having their extremitiesattached to their head andthe ability to change colorsquickly. In addition, octo-pus are capable of alteringskin texture to assimilatetheir surroundings. Thisaction can be done by thepresence of specialized cells

found within their skin.This cells are chromato-

phores (Fig. 1) and theyhave an organelle within

them known as the elasticsaccule; which possess thepigments. Unlike otherorganism, the octopus hasa more complex chromato-phore cell, because this cellhas muscular bers forstretching. Through thismechanism the organellestretches and the pigmentsinside is re ected in theskin surface. This process isknown as mimicry and itconsists in changing theappearance and texture ofthis amazing creature.Figure 2 shows a camou-

aged octopus in compari-son to it’s original color.

There are many

types of pigmentation de-pending on the color that isre ected under the pres-ence of white light. Thechromatophore cells areclassi ed in two di erenttypes. One are the bio-cromes which are real pig-ments like carotenoids andpteridines and the otherone is a re ecting structurethat can exhibit di erentcolors in the visible spec-trum. The most common

colors in the chromato-phore are: yellow, brown,and red. Also, blue andwhite are re ected. Onemechanism used to changethe color is reorienting therefraction surface of thechromatophore cell. By thismechanism, the octopus isable to communicate, hideand hunt. Actually, themelanophores (brown pig-ments) are studied with thepurpose of understanding

some human diseases, be-cause these cells are related

Camou age Pigmentation

ACS UPR Aguadilla

Green Chemistry Division

January—May 2016 10th edition

La Idea Química

Cristina C. Torres Cabán, Editor

Hello! The tenth edition celebrateschemistry in colors. You'll nd articlesexplaining how chemistry gives color

to the world around us .

Advisor: Dr. Brenda J. Ramos Santana

By Christian Montes Castillo | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

Fig. 1 Cromatophore. ©Fransava

Fig. 2 Camou aged octopus .©Teleg

by Cristina C. Torres Cabán, Eds.

Prof. Brenda J. Ramos Santana, Ph.D., Eds.

In this edition:

Camou age Pigmentation 1

Chemistry of bioluminescenceand bio - uorescence

2

Chemistry in our atmosphere 4-5

Optics and Silk 6

What is synesthesia? 7

Anticancer activity 8

Pigmentation in plants 9


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Bioluminescence is the phenome-non in which a living organism pro-duces and emits light. This occursthrough a chemical reaction cata-lyzed by the enzyme luciferase, inwhich luciferin is oxidized by oxy-gen (O 2). As part of the reaction, itrequires the energy molecule ATP(adenosine triphosphate), whichprovides energy for the transfor-mation of luciferin to oxidized lucif-erin. The excess energy that arisesfrom this reaction is released in theform of light, what we can observe.There are di erent types of lightdepending on the composition ofthe reactants, although the mostcommon emitted is blue light.

Page 2 La Idea Química

Chemistry of Bioluminescence and Bio - uorescence: Applica-tions in Science and Discoveries

By Kelly A. Vega Pagán | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

Bioluminescence

Bio- uorescence

The bio - uorescence, on the oth-er hand, is when an organismabsorbs, transforms, and radiateslight.

It occurs when a speci c mole-cule that the bio - uorescent or-ganism possesses, after beingelectronically excited by light, forexample, returns to its groundstate.

The light increases the energy

of the electrons of the moleculeor pigment to an excited state,from a lower to a higher energylevel. Then, as they lose energybecause of the vibrations in themolecule, is released in the formof electromagnetic radiation thatmay be within the visible spec-trum; in other words, it emitslight and then returns to itsground state . However, it re-

quires the light received to be ofgreater energy than the lightemitted by the uorescence, andthat the molecule or pigment isable to absorb it in the rst place.

Marine Species

Bioluminescence, like bio -

uorescence is found in diverseorganisms. These may be mi-croscopic like some bacteriaand bioluminescent protiststhat maintain symbiotic rela-tionships with other organ-isms, bioluminescent insectssuch as re ies and even cor-als, sh, algae and, for the rsttime evidenced bioluminescentreptiles.

The bio - uorescent reptile isknown as the Hawksbill seaturtle; recently found near theSalomon islands by marinebiologist David Gruberfound.In this case, the Hawksbill sea

turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata ,critically endangered species,absorbs the light re ected bythe sea and emits it as greenand or red light .

Findings like these have ledscientists to the use of mecha-nisms of bio - uorescence andof the reactions of biolumines-cence in broad elds of Scienceand Medicine, for example in

cellular and molecular biologythat implements the chemistry ofthese two phenomenon as labor-atory techniques for the study ofthe cell and the developing ofmany more advances.

Medicine

A recent study, for example,published by a team of scien-tists under the name "Dynamicbioluminescence and uores-cence imaging of the e ects ofthe antivascular agent Com-bretastatin -A4P (CA4P) onbrain tumor xenografts", re-veals the use of scanning ofbioluminescent and uores-cent images for the study ofthe responses of tumors totherapies. According to thestudy, the technology allowedto obtain more concise resultsusing less laboratory rats, re-sulted to be validate and lessexpensive when compared toother methods.

The observation of the worldthat surrounds us, and of allthe processes and reactionsthat take place in it, keeps in-spiring scientists to studychemistry on whole new levelsand in nature in search ofknowledge, ndings and theirapplication.


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Page 3 10th edition

Color of Metals

Metals burn in di erent colors.©CompoundInterest 2014

The ACS Student Chapter at the University of

Puerto Rico in Aguadilla demonstrates di er-ent colors seen in metals (Figure 3) by burn-

ing sodium, copper and potassium with etha-nol during their Initiation Acts 2015 -2016 .

Figure 3. Cristina Torres and Milton Torres during thedemonstration of di erent colors in metals.


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The Aurora Borealis,

known as the north-ern lights, are a seriesof bright lights pro-duced in the atmos-phere of the Earth,thanks to the excita-tion of certain mole-cules.

This wonderful phe-

nomenon occurs in avery interesting waywhich is explained asfollows: when thepacket of photons ofsunlight radiates andpenetrates our at-mosphere it excitesthe atoms and thegas particles causingthem to collide and toenter in the excitedstate, generating apalette. The color ofthe aurora dependsmainly on the mole-cule that is being irra-diated and dependingthe altitude at whichit is being radiate. Thecolors most frequent-ly seen are a greenish-yellow tone that isproduced by the exci-tation of the molecule

of oxygen at an alti-

tude of 60 milesabove the Earth. Theoxygen molecule alsohas another tone,which is red, at an al-titude of 150 milesabove the Earth, thiscolor is not usuallyseen, and it’s really

rare. The nitrogenatom as the oxygenatom is excited by thephotons, producingblue and violet tones,usually nitrogen isexcited at altitudes of60 miles above theEarth.

How do we knowthis? Well, scientistsare studying the auro-ra by launching rock-ets that measure thequantities of parti-cles; they estimatethe amount of theseparticles and the alti-tude at which theycollide. They also ob-tain information withimages of ultravioletand X-rays taken bysatellites.

Did you know that

these wonders can be

arti cially created?How? Thanks to theparticle accelerator,as this may emit anenergy powerfulenough to excite mol-ecules; or by using aradio frequency withhigh energy.

Auroras are not just abright light in the at-mosphere, this phe-nomena indicate theclimate of certain re-gion in which it’s visi-ble; indeed the emer-gence of the Auroradoesn’t mean thesame everywhere. Insome places theemergence meansthere will be lots ofrain and storm, whileelsewhere indicates acalmer climate andwarm and vice versa.If the phenomenondid not occur general-ly indicated that theweather would be lesssteep for placeswhere storms andrain appeared; and forplaces where the

weather is calm and warm

indicated that it would becolder than usual.

Maybe you wonder if it ispossible to occur on otherplanets... the answer is yes.This occurs on Saturn, Ura-nus and Jupiter becausethese planets, like our plan-et, own a magnetic eld

with the respective atomsto be excited and be able toshow bright patterns in theatmosphere.

Aurora borealis By Brian O. Acevedo Fuentes | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

Chemistry in our atmosphere


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Aurora australis is aphenomenon foundin the southern hemi-sphere of structuralform with a bright-ness that allows theemission of light rayswithout raising thetemperature on thenight sky. At nightthe aurora beginswith a very isolated

elongated arc that isspreading on the hori-zon and goes east -west. During themidnight, the bowcan increase in bright-ness. In addition, itpossesses very di er-ent colors thatchange rapidly withtime. They begin toform each of the ele-vations which areformed on the surfacealong an arc with ver-tical structures thatresemble light raysvery long and thin.The sky can ll inter-vals of spirals andlight rays move rapid-

ly from horizon tohorizon and can last afew minutes or lastfor hours. As dawnapproaches the wholeprocess is graduallysubsiding and onlysmall areas of the skylooks bright until the

morning comes. Thecolors of the auroradepends on a set ofsimilar things togeth-er by having one ormore common mole-cules of very smallparts or small bodiesof the solar wind andthe energy level thatthese atoms or mole-cules reach. Oxygen is

what ensures that theprimary colors of theauroras look; green,yellow and red beingthe least common.The sun constantlyemits all kinds of par-ticles that some simp-ly pass through theatmosphere; some hitthe ground and oth-ers with the Earth'smagnetic eld so thatthe positive and neg-ative charges takeopposite directions.

Due to the arrange-ment of the Earth'smagnetic eld bothparticles ow from

reaching the pole tonally hitting themagnetosphere pro-ducing beautiful lumi-nous phenomena. Au-roras are produced bythe collision of pro-tons and electronsfrom the sun trapped

in the magnetic eldof the pole. Becauseof the duplicationthat occurs betweenpositive and negativeparticles the sameluminescence occursat the North Pole andthe South Pole at thesame time. The polarauroras are one of themost amazing phe-

nomena that can beseen in the Antarcticsky. They occur athigh altitudes and canonly be observed nearthe poles into theground. It is a physicalphenomenon that canbe compared to theprinciple of operationof the uorescenttubes.

Observing aurorasrequire very speci cweather conditionsthat only occur nearthe poles during thepolar night. Aurorascan be seen in thedark. Although the

scienti c instrumentscan detect disturb-ances in the magnetic

eld that human eyescannot see them dur-ing the day. It high-lights that eventhough there was adisturbance in the

Aurora australis By Deyaneira Vargas | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

magnetic eld it could notbe observed because lightdoes not help to see it. Onlywith the dark elements ofmagnetic studies can bedetected, but still it would-n’t be seen.


Comparison between Aurora borealisand Aurora australis

Name:

Auroraborealis Auroraaustrali

E ect: Chargedparticles ex-citeatmosphericmolecules

Chargedparticleexciteatmosphmolecul

Location: Northernhemisphere

Southerhemisph


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When we thinkabout optics, we probablythink about eyesight andglasses. The truth is, op-tics deals with much morethan that. Optics is allaround us and we employit in many of our everydayactivities. To be more spe-ci c, optics is the eld ofscience which studies phe-nomenon and technology

associated with the gener-ation, transmission, utili-zation, detection, andmanipulation of light. Inother words, optics stud-ies the behavior and prop-erties of light. It is a verybroad eld, from our verysmall phone, to the cum-bersome X -ray machines.

Ophthalmology, telecom-munications, quantumoptics, spectroscopy,among many others are just some of the di erentapplications which involveoptics. In such a progress-ing world where nearlyalmost everything is digi-tal, optics becomes moreimportant each day and atthe same time, innovative

ways of putting it to usekeep developing, such asmanufacturing optic de-vices from silk using pho-tolithography, which is amethod of impressionusing light and chemicalsto imprint a geometricpattern in the making ofcircuits, semiconductors,

and other electrical devic-es.

Using bers fromthe Bombyx Mori (Fig. 4)cocoon, which have beenpreviously used in theelaboration of medicalsutures and textiles, re-searchers have concludedthat these bers have thepotential to make opticdevices such as lenses,making them exible and

most importantly biode-gradable. In 2013, VamsiK. Yadavalli, a scientistfrom the Virginia Com-monwealth University,introduced photolithogra-phy in order to fabricatewith silk. Using photoli-thography, this process offabrication is faster andless expensive. Since pho-

tolithography is not typicallyused with biological compoundssuch as silk, scientists add acry-late groups (acrylic) to the silkproteins in order to make the silkphotoreactive. Yadavalli and histeam concocted two optical de-vices: a Fresnel Zone Plate and asilk iridescent pattern (Fig. 5 & 6).Currently, Yadavalli and his teamare still investigating this tech-nique in pursuance of betteringthe resolution, thus hoping towork with this technology in thefuture which will generate biode-gradable products. This practicecomplies with the green chemis-try principle #10: Design for deg-radation. These products arebeing designed so at the end oftheir function or utilization theyare broken down and hold norepercussion to our environment.

Optics and Silk By Luis Acevedo Soto | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

Páge 6 La Idea Química

Fig. 4 Bombyx mori. ©Małgorzata

Fig. 6 A microstructured pattern of silk proteins di ract sunlightto producer a rainbow of colors. ©ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

Fig. 5 A Fresnel plate made of silk proteins usingphotolithography. ©ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces


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Synesthesia iswhen 2 unrelated senses

are activated concurrently.People with synesthesia arecalled synesthetes. Synes-thesia occurs involuntarilyand is irrepressible; it hap-pens on its own response tostimuli. For example, a non-synesthete will experiencea smell and then apply apicture from its memory toit, unless he has never expe-rienced that smell before.In contrast, a synesthete

will experience the smell,and the mental picture theywill see are unrelated tex-tures and colors assigned tothat experience, they willexperience the same men-tal picture, even if theyhave never experienced thesmell. It’s seen in 1:100,000

people to 1:5,000 peopledepending on the subtype

of the synesthesia. Thereare around 35 subtypes ofsynesthesia, from taste -hearing to sound -touch.Some of these subtypes aredi erent from each other.The most common being,color -graphemic, in whichletters and numbers pro-duce colors and simple pat-terns (Fig. 7). Synestheticpercepts are variable aswell, some of them see at

colors, and other may seemore complex patterns in3D. There are also somethat taste food and non -food alike.

Sometimes synes-thetic are confused withdrug users, because of theirsynesthetic -like experienc-

es. The di erence is thatthis experiences only last

while being under the in u-ence, once sober, they dis-appear. True synetheteshave their synesthesia sincea young age, being females,mostly a ected in a 2:1ratio. Synesthesia is notconsidered a disease, this iswhy we can say that it doesnot a ect people with it.Studies have shown thatsynesthetes can performbetter on test of memory

and intelligence. They arenot mentally ill; they testnegative on scales thatcheck for schizophrenia,delusions and psychosis.There are some synesthesi-as that may be induces bythe loss of a limb, such asthe phantom limb, which is

What is Synesthesia? By Widaliz Vega Rodríguez | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

a remapping of the cortex after anamputation phenomenon. For

synethetes it is not a distraction ofthe everyday life, because theyhave grown used to it. In fact, theyseem to enjoy having this sensa-tions, and sometimes pity non -synesthetes for having as 1D sen-sory experience, as they call it. Theonly time that a synesthetes isbothered by it is when the stimulusproduces an adversive synestheticexperience. For example, somewords make taste like sour milk orcigarette smoke, or when the

name of a person has a vibrant orexciting hue compared to how hispersonality is like.


Fig. 7 Vision of a person with synesthesia. ©Sci@StAnd

ACS UPRAg celebrates colors at the Chemistry Festival onOctober 18, 2015.

Chemistry in colors experiments!


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There are a variety of or-

ganisms that are capableof producing pigments.

Among these is Serratia

marcescens (Fig. 8), a bac-

terium cocobacillus

shaped, Gram negative

and facultative anaerobic.

It is known mostly for pro-

ducing a red pigment,

called prodigiosin (Fig. 9).

This is also produced by

other microorganisms,

but S. marcescens is the

main producer of this pig-

ment. Prodigiosin belongs

to the family of prodi-

ginines, which is charac-

terized by three pyrrole

rings in its structure. It is

also a secondary metabo-

lite, which means that it’s

synthesized by the bacte-

rium, but does not have a

direct role in their growth

or reproduction.

Prodigiosin (PG) is a

promising pigment to cre-

ate cancer treatments,because it attacks cancer

cells without damaging

non -malignant cells. The

mechanisms of action to

combat cancer cells is

apoptosis, which is de-

ned as programmed cell

death induced by extra or

intracellular signals.

Apoptosis includes ex-

pression of genes encod-

ing apoptotic proteins.

This mechanism acts

against cells MCF -7 breast

cancer, which are the

most used (among other

cell types, such as MDA -

MB-231 and T47D) for

studies of hormonal re-

sponses. This is due to

their high sensitivity to

hormones for expressing

the estrogen receptor. In

this mechanism, PG acti-

vates expression of NAG-1

gene, which encodes an

apoptotic protein. It also

activates the enzyme

"kinase -3β glycogen syn-

thase" (GSK -3β) (Fig. 10),

which is involved in the

expression of NAG -1 gene

and apoptosis. In turn,

NAG-1 and GSK-3β death

receptors activate DR -4

and DR-5 in cancer cells.

The substrate of these

receptors is caspase -8, a

protein mediating apop-

totic processes, and no-

ticed that PG increases

the levels of this protein.

Furthermore, PG -induced

apoptosis in MCF -7 cells is

blocked by treatment PG

and AR-A014418 (GSK-

3β), implying that the ac-

tivity of GSK-3β is re-

quired for apoptosis to

occur.

In an in vitro study, Sruthy

and colleagues deter-

mined that if cancer cells

are exposed to a concen-

tration of increasing pro-

digiosin, the percent inhi-

bition of the cells also in-

creases. In addition, it was

observed that the anti-

cancer activity of prodigi-osin is higher in breast

cancer cells MCF-7, MDA-

cells and T47D MB-231,

also studied. However,

they must perform an in

vivo analysis to determine

the exact cytotoxic poten-

tial of prodigiosin.

Pigment produced by Serratia marcescens shows anticancer activity


By Arlyn V. Padín López | Active member of ACS UPR -Ag

Fig. 8 Serratia marcescens

Fig. 9 Structure of prodigiosin.

Fig. 10 Ribbon model of GSK -3β .


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Page 9 10th edition

Pigmentation in plants: owers and fruits

Have you ever won-dered what makes a

ower or plant to pro-duce its color? For ex-ample, what pigmentsmakes us see a yellowsun ower or a violetPetunia? The color ob-served in owers is theresult of light re ectedfrom di erent plant pig-ments. In general, a pig-ment is any molecule orchemical that absorbs

radiation between380nm ultraviolet(violet) -760nm (red)and produces color.

Pigmentation inplants, vegetables and

owers has importantfunctions. Some areused as reusable cata-

lysts that facilitate andaccelerate chemical reac-

tions; thus promoting theprinciple of green chem-istry: "Enhancing cataly-sis". Carotenoids are cat-alysts; these (red, orangeand yellow) pigments arerelated to the synthesisof vitamin A and have animportant role in visionand growth.

Other pigments serveto camou age plants andare involved in photosyn-thesis. In nature, chloro-phyll is involved in theabsorption of light ener-gy and production of sug-ars and oxygen.

Pollination and repro-duction processes are

also in uencedby the pigmentation. The

ower color attracts pol-

linators such as bees (Fig.11), butter ies and hum-mingbirds, that carry pol-len and facilitate fertiliza-tion. Pigmentation offruits and seeds attracts

Our chapter celebrates CCED at the Festival!

consumer animals thatthen disperse them to newareas. On the other hand,the pigmentation is ofgreat importance to new

By Loyda M. Morales Rodríguez | Vice -President βββ 2015-2016 biotechnological develop-ments that focus primarily othe role of pigments in at-

tracting insects or visual preerence. Several of these invtigations in pigments foundcrops, vegetables, fruits aimto improve the nutritionalproperties of crops (i.e. Golen Rice, Fig. 12), and also iornamental characteristics(i.e. the blue rose).

Fig. 11 Pollinator bee. ©John Kimbler

Fig. 12 Golden rice. ©CaseforGold

Earth Day Festival celebrated April 24, 2016. ACS UPRAg Earth Day at the Chemistry Festival on April 24, 2016.


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releases/2015/04/150401161512.htm

Chemistry in our atmosphere

What causes the aurora borealis or northernlights? EarthSky. Jan 30, 2015. http://earthsky.org/earth/what -causes -the -aurora -

borealis -or-northern -lights

Krisch, J. Update: Shooting Rockets at anAurora. Jan 31, 2014. http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a9997/heres -why-scientists -are -

shooting -rockets -at -an-aurora -16441412/

McClure, J. The Northern Lights; a clueabout the real cause of Global Warming?n.d. https://www.iop.org/activity/groups/subject/env/prize/file_40771.pdf

Forget the Northern Lights, we could createaurora ANYWHERE: Particle acceleratorcould one day make manmade shows in ouratmosphere. April 9, 2015. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article -

3031881/Forget -Northern -Lights-create -

aurora -Particle -accelerator -one -day -create -

manmade -shows -atmosphere html

mouflage Pigmentation

rington, D. What is camou age in ani-ls: de nition and examples . De nition of

mou age in animals. Study, n.d. http://dy.com/academy/lesson/what -is-

mou age -in-animals -de nition -examplesuiz.html

brador Garrido, A. Comunicación enfalópodos; Cromatóforos. Universidad devilla, n.d. http://alojoptico.us.es/rtaleto/comunicacion_cefalopodos/a_neuroanatomia.htm

äthger L.M., Denton E. J., Marshall J. N.,nlon R.T. Mechanisms and behavioural

nctions of structural coloration in cephalo-ds. National Center for Biotechnologyormation, U.S. National Library of

edicine. [Online], 2009. http://ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/MC2706477/

eyer, F. How octopuses and squids changeor. Ocean portal nd your blue. n.d.p://ocean.si.edu/ocean -news/how -opuses -and -squids -change -color

emistry of Bioluminescence and Bio-orescence

rris Cotton Cancer Center Dartmouth -

chcock Medical Center. 'Firefly' mecha-m makes cancer studies more efficient,

s expensive. ScienceDaily. April 1, 2015.

Optics and Silk

Bourzac, K. Making Silk Optical DevicesWith Photolithography. Chemical & Engi-neering News. Cen.acs.org. 2015. http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/web/2015/04/Making-Silk-Optical -Devices-

Photolithography.html

Irving, B. Explaining What We Do: A GentleIntroduction to Optical Design - OpticalLens Design. Optics.synopsys.com. 2015.http://optics.synopsys.com/learn/learn -intro-optics -design.html

What is Synesthesia?

Elsevier. Reading in two colors at the sametime: Patterns of synesthesia brain activityrevealed. ScienceDaily. March 2011.www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309082341.htm

Synesthesia: Why some people hear color,taste sounds. The Australian NationalUniversity. ScienceDaily. April 2015.www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150413214343 htm

References

La Idea Química

Smelly Sounds: One Person Out Of Every1,000 Has Synesthesia. Universidad deGranada. ScienceDaily. Jan 2008.www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071226003600.htm

Anticancer activity

Grimont F, Grimont PAD. The Genus Serratia .Prokaryotes. n.d. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/226092360_The_Genus_Serratia

Holliday DL, Speirs V. Choosing the right cellline for breast cancer research. Breast CancerResearch. 13(215). [Online], August 12, 2011.http://breast -cancer -research.com/content/13/4/215

Soto -Cerrato V, Viñals F, Lambert JR, KellyJA, Pérez -Tomás R. Prodigiosin induces theproapoptotic gene NAG -1 via glycogensynthase kinase -3B activity in human breastcancer cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.[Online], Jan 2007. http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/6/1/362.long

Sruthy PB, Anjana JC, Rathinamala J,

Visit us on the web!

facebook.com/upragacs || acsuprag.com || [email protected]

Jayashree S. The role of redprodigiosin from bacteria of eagut as an anticancer agent. JoMicrobiology, Biotechnology Sciences. [Online], 2014www.jmbfs.org/issue/december-201415-vol-4-no-3/jmbfs-075issue_id=3665&article_id=12

Pigmentation in plants

Los pigmentos en la naturalehttp://porquebiotecnologia.comindex.php?action=cuaderno&opt=5&tipo=

Salviati, D. El color y los biológicos. Oct 2012. es.slideshare.net/danielsalviati/-los-pigmentos -biolgicos

Perry, L. Color in Flowers O2012. http://pss.uvm.edu/poh24colr.htm

ACS UPR-Ag Chapter receives Outstanding Chapter Award andGreen Chemistry Award at the 251st ACS National Meetingcelebrated on March 13 -17, 2016 in San Diego, California.

The Green Chemistry Team! 2015 -

Second Environmental and Green Chemistry Symposium, Resource: Lic. AníbalHernández Vega, Title: “Sostenibilidad y Ambiente: El rol protagónico de las

macroalgas marinas”, celebrated Nov. 24, 2015 at UPR Aguadilla.

Periodico 10 English

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