Periodic Table of the Periodic Table of the Elements:Elements: Chemistry NotesChemistry Notes

November 13November 13thth, 2008, 2008

Somebody had spare time:Somebody had spare time:

Who?Who? Dmitri Dmitri Mendeleev (1870) Mendeleev (1870) arranged the 65 arranged the 65 elements (known at elements (known at the time) in order of the time) in order of increasing increasing atomic atomic massmass..

Mendeleev’s DiscoveryMendeleev’s Discovery

Periodic LawPeriodic Law: : When When arranged by arranged by atomic mass, atomic mass, the elements the elements exhibit a exhibit a periodic periodic recurrence of recurrence of similar similar properties.properties.

Organized? Really?Organized? Really?

The periodic The periodic table is table is arranged in arranged in groupsgroups (up & (up & down) down)

and and periodsperiods (across).(across).

Periodic Patterns in Main Periodic Patterns in Main Group Elements:Group Elements:

Okay, so the first one isn’t a “periodic” Okay, so the first one isn’t a “periodic” pattern…pattern…

Hydrogen: Hydrogen: The simplest elementThe simplest element Free hydrogen is rare, most is bonded to O Free hydrogen is rare, most is bonded to O

in Hin H22OO Because of it’s size, H’s behavior is uniqueBecause of it’s size, H’s behavior is unique

Please color (Please color (neatlyneatly) Hydrogen white. ) Hydrogen white.

Soft metalsSoft metals Low mp (for metals)Low mp (for metals) Reactive (increasing as you move down Reactive (increasing as you move down

the family)the family) Will react in water to form a 1:1 ratio of Will react in water to form a 1:1 ratio of

metal ion to hydroxide ion (OHmetal ion to hydroxide ion (OH--)) Please Please nicelynicely color these color these blueblue

Group IA: Group IA: Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

Group IIA: Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Alkaline Earth MetalsMetals

Hard metalsHard metals High mpHigh mp Low reactivity at room temp.Low reactivity at room temp. Reacts with water to form a 1:2 ratio of Reacts with water to form a 1:2 ratio of

metal ion to hydroxide ion.metal ion to hydroxide ion. Please color (Please color (again neatlyagain neatly) these ) these greengreen

Group VIIIA: Group VIIIA: Noble GasesNoble Gases

Non-metal…all gases.Non-metal…all gases. Extremely low mp & bp…thus, they’re Extremely low mp & bp…thus, they’re

gases gases Non-reactive (inert)Non-reactive (inert) Please neatly color the Noble Gases Please neatly color the Noble Gases redred

Group VIIA: Group VIIA: HalogensHalogens

Non-metalsNon-metals Very low mp & bpVery low mp & bp Extremely reactive (reactivityExtremely reactive (reactivity decreases decreases

as you move DOWN the group).as you move DOWN the group). Will react with alkali metals in a 1:1 ratio.Will react with alkali metals in a 1:1 ratio. Please color the halogens Please color the halogens yellowyellow

Nonmetal vs. MetalNonmetal vs. Metal

There is a ‘staircase’ division between There is a ‘staircase’ division between metals and nonmetals.metals and nonmetals.

It starts between B and Al And zig-zags down to the border

between Po & At. (over-1 down-1, over-1 down-1)

Some along this line are called Some along this line are called metalloidsmetalloids. . (I’ll talk about them later)(I’ll talk about them later)

Please outline this line in Please outline this line in blackblack..

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Will all form positive ionsWill all form positive ions Conduct electricity and heat VERY wellConduct electricity and heat VERY well Are Are malleablemalleable (can be hammered into (can be hammered into

sheets)sheets) Are Are ductileductile (can be drawn out into wires) (can be drawn out into wires) Please color the transition metals Please color the transition metals purple purple

(from Sc to Ga, Y to Sn, and La to Bi)(from Sc to Ga, Y to Sn, and La to Bi)

MetalloidsMetalloids

The elements along the ‘zig-zag’ line that The elements along the ‘zig-zag’ line that separate metals from non-metals are separate metals from non-metals are known as metalloids or known as metalloids or semimetalssemimetals..

They share properties with both metals They share properties with both metals and non-metals.and non-metals.

This would include the following: Si, Ge, This would include the following: Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and Po As, Sb, Te, and Po

Please color them in Please color them in orangeorange..

Make Room For MoreMake Room For More

At the bottom of every periodic table are At the bottom of every periodic table are two rows of “Inner Transition Metals”two rows of “Inner Transition Metals”

The Lanthanide & Actinide Series’The Lanthanide & Actinide Series’ Please color these Please color these brownbrown..

You know about metals…You know about metals…

Nonmetals are exactly the opposite from Nonmetals are exactly the opposite from metals.metals.

They are GOOD insulators (don’t conduct They are GOOD insulators (don’t conduct heat or electricity)heat or electricity)

They are brittle (hammer them and they’ll They are brittle (hammer them and they’ll break)break)

Most form negative ions (but some, like Most form negative ions (but some, like carbon, are weird). carbon, are weird).