Biodiversity Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

BY: ALEXANDRIA MAGGIO

PERIOD 7

Virus

Bacteria

Protists

Fungi

CHAPTER 1

Viruses

A virus is a microorganism. A virus uses cells of living organisms, that are called a host to keep itself alive, and also to replicate. A virus may have good outcomes or mutate into a bad outcome, later becoming harmful to a persons body.

VIRUS

Characteristics Viruses are organisms that don’t follow the six characteristics of living things.

•Viruses do not contain ribosomes or en-zymes, which causes them to not have the ability to metabolize.

•Do not use own energy to respond to there surroundings.

•Do not grow and develop.

•Do not have cellular organization.

•Do not have self initiated movement.

•Viruses do not have the ability to repro-duce on their own. They require a host to reproduce.

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VIRUS

Structure

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Viruses contain the following structures. Protein coat, genetic material, inner corner and outer membrane. The inner corner protects the genetic material. The two basic structures found in a virus is the protein coat and genetic material.

Genetic Material: Contains instructions on developing new viruses.

Outer Membrane: Surrounds the virus to give extra protection. Only certain viruses have this extra protection.

Protein Coat: Protects the virus. Wraps around the ge-netic material.

Inner Corner: The in-ner corner is where the genetic material is stored.

Viruses have proteins (shown as spikes) to attach to its host.

Virus

VIRUS

Method of Multiplication

In order for a virus to multiply, it must attach itself to a host cell.  When a virus enters the host cell, it's genetic material then overrides the cells functions.  It will then direct the host to cre-ate genetic material.  Then the collected genetic material will create new viruses.

Viruses go through a total of five phases when reproducing/multiplying.

1. Attachment - attaching to perform a certain function

2. Penetration -  action of makings your way through some-thing

3. Un- Coating - the removing of the protein coat or envelope of a virus.

4. Biosynthesis - producing of complicated molecules in cells or living organisms.

5. Maturation and Release - the virus becomes infectious

Active Virus Multiplication: The bacterium automatically be-gins its process of multiplying in its host cell.

Hidden Virus Multiplication: The bacterium waits a longer pe-riod of time, before it come out of hiding to begin its process

of attacking the host cell.

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/viral-lifecycle

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Click Here for an Interactive Video!

VIRUS

Role in NatureViruses clear out the waste in our bodies when they are not severe such as the common cold.  Viruses like bacteriophages kill spectrums on bacteria that is harmful to the human body.  Viruses can be helpful to humans by helping us find cures to diseases, but their main role in na-ture is causing diseases.  

Viruses are often named by

• The disease they cause

• The organisms they effect

• Place they were first found

• Named after people

Some viruses include:

• Chicken pox - red blister like bumps, symptoms start with flu like symptoms, such as a fever, headache, sore throat and stomach ache. The chicken pox usually lasts only a few days. Vaccines are given

Flu or Influenza - Symptoms include a fever, chills, earaches, body aches, headaches, cough and sinus problems. The flu does a vaccine that will prevent people from getting the virus. Shots and mists are usually given by the time a child turns two, every year before flu season.

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Virus Review Quiz

Check Answer

Question 1 of 3What are two of the basic needed struc-tures within a virus?

A. protein coat and cytoplasm

B. cytoplasm and genetic material

C. protein coat and genetic material

D. cytoplasm and cell wall

CHAPTER 2

Bacteria

Bacteria are single celled organisms, also referred to as unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes because they lack the nucleus structure.

BACTERIA

Characteristics

Bacteria is a microscopic organism.  Their genetic material is not contained within a nuclei.  

Bacteria is a living organism therefore it follows the 6 living characteristics which are:

• Growth and Development

• Self Initiated movement

• Reproduction

• Metabolize

• Response to Surroundings

• Cellular Organization

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BACTERIA

Structure

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Cell Wall:

• Provides bacteria and other cells with structural support and extra protection.

Cell Membrane:

• Is a semipermeable structure that surrounds the cyto-plasm of a cell. Is the first layer of protection.

Cytoplasm:

• Contains all the cells structures excluding the nucleus.

Ribosomes:

• Makes proteins

Genetic Material:

• Instructions for cellular functions.

Flagella:

• Helps the cell move. A long whiplike type structure.

The long, whiplike structures help the bacteria cell move along.

Bacteria

BACTERIA

ClassificationBacteria are single celled organisms, also referred to as unicellular organisms.

• Prokaryote

• 3 different shapes

1. Spherical (cocci)

2. Rod like (bacilli)

3. Spiral (spirilla)

• Vary in size- use micrometers to measure.

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POPOVER! Double tap to activate!

BACTERIA

ReproductionBacteria reproduce by the process of binary fission.  In order to reproduce, bacteria must be in the right temperature, a suitable amount of food.  They reproduce very frequently.  With the right conditions, bacteria can reproduce as frequent as every 20 min-utes.  

asexual:  

• involves only one parent

• offspring are identical to that one parent

binary fission:

• each cell gets entire copy of parent's genetic material

• each cell only gets a part of the parent’s ribosomes and cytoplasm

sexual:

• two parents combine genetic material

• new organism doesn’t contain either parents full ge-netic material

conjugation:

• one bacterium gets part of the other bacterium's genetic material

• they get this through a thin, bridge like material that connects the two cells.

Role in Nature:  

Bacteria plays the roles in nature of:

• creating of food and oxygen.  Foods include cheese, yogurt, vinegar.

• recycling in the environment (decomposes)

• cleanup (oil spills)

• health maintenance and medicine production. (Ecoli, In the intestines, making insulin)

http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bacterial-growth-generation-time-curves-phases-stages.html

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Click here for an interactive video!

BACTERIA

Role in Nature

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Bacteria plays a big part in nature. Bacteria helps with the creat-ing of food and oxygen which are to basic needs to all living things. Sone of the foods bacteria helps produce are cheese, yogurt, and vinegar. Bacteria also helps with clean up in the environment. It helps with recycling by being a natural decomposer. Bacteria helps with cleaning up oil spills. Bacteria also helps with health maintenance and making medications. Ecoli in the intestines and making insulin is just two things bacteria helps with medically.

Positive Effects: Bacterium eat the chemicals found in oil spills, getting rid of the harmful waste.

Negative effects: Some bacterial diseases such as salmonella can be harmful to humans bodies. For example, when uncooked eggs or uncooked chicken is eaten severe symptoms can be given do to the harmful bacterium's.

Bacteria Review Quiz

Check Answer

Question 1 of 2In what ways can bacteria have a positive outcome in there roles in nature?

A. Cleaning up oil spills

B. Making insulin in humans bodies

C. producing food and oxygen

D. All of the Above

CHAPTER 3

Protists

Protists are eukaryotic organisms but are not classified as a plant, animal, or fungus.  Most protists are unicellular meaning that they have only one cell.  Some protists like algae are multicellular.

PROTISTS

Characteristics Protists are eukaryotic organisms. Pro-tists are considered to be in a odds and ends kingdom. Protists are unicellular or-ganisms most of the time while others are multicellular. Some are autotrophs while some are heterotrophs.

Although they are considered to be very different from one another, all protists to share some of the same characteristics. All protists live in moist surroundings.

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PROTISTS

Structure

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Food Vacuole: Two ends of two pseudopods that fuse together form a food vacuole.

Cell Membrane: Protects protists. Is a thin layer of protec-tion, allowing protists structural shape to change.

Pseudopods: Protists use pseudopods to move around and also to feed. They form when cytoplasm flows toward one location and the remains of the protist follow.

Contractile Vacuole: Collects excess water from the cyto-plasm and expels it from the cell.

Nucleus: Controls the cell’s functions and helps with the process of reproduction.

This picture shows all of the main structures that are found in all protists.

Protists

A protist contains a food vacuole, pseudopods, cell mem-brane, contractile vacuole, and a nucleus. A protists struc-tural looking can be very different from other protists, be-cause the cell membrane allows the protists to change its ap-pearance often. Every protist has a different shape than any other just like snowflakes.

PROTISTS

Classification

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Protists are classified in three main groups.   1. Animal-like protists 2. Plant-like protists 3. Fungus-like protists

An amoeba is an example of a animal like protists.

PROTISTS

Animal-Like Protists POPOVERS!!

(Double Tap The Pictures to see the popovers so that you can see what each examples of protists go with each type.)

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Animal like protists share many characteristics with animals such as the way they act.

• Create movement

• Are classified by the way they move.

4 Types of Animal Like Protists• Amoeba - They are found in salt and freshwater, soil, and

also in animals. They have a very high structure, and can is a soft, jellylike protozoan.

• Flagellates - They use flagella to move. Some flagellates live in water, and some can also be considered as a parasite.

• Ciliates - Ciliates are very complex protozoa. They have hundreds of cilia, which is a hairlike structure. The Cilia are used to gather food through water that is ahead of the cili-ate.

• Spore Forming Protist - Parasites that absorb nutrients from their hosts. Do not have cilia or flagella, therefore they cannot move on their own.

PROTISTS

Plant-Like ProtistsPlant-Like Protists are mostly referred as algae. Most plant like protists are producers and consumers. Most use photo-synthesis to gather food, while others eat other protists or ab-sorb nutrients for food.

6 Types of Plant Like Protists

• Red Algae - This group contains most of Earth’s seaweeds. They hold chlorophyll and a red pigment that gives them there color. They live in marine waters.

• Brown Algae - They live in cooler climates. They contain chloro-phyll and a yellowish-brown pigment that gives it its color. The color they have mainly comes from the chlorophyll they contain.

• Green Algae - The chlorophyll gives the algae its color which is green. It lives in moist soil and water, and sometimes can be found in melting snow.

• Diatoms - They are single cellular and live in salt and fresh water. They use photosynthesis and are a phytoplankton.

• Dinoflagellates - They are mostly single celled. Most live in salt wa-ter but some are found in freshwater. They have two flagellates that makes the protist spin. They mostly use photosynthesis and some are red and contain a strong poison.

• Euglenoids - They are single celled and mostly live in fresh water. They contain both plant and animal characteristics. They use photo-synthesis, but when there is a lack of sun light they are consumers.

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POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of plant-like protists. Double click to activate!

PROTISTS

Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus like protists are organisms that get their food from dead organic matter. They often use structures called pseudo-pods also refereed to as “false feet”, to move around.

Slime Molds: They help recycle organic material through-out the environment.  There are many stages when it comes to slime molds.  In the first stage they look like amoebas and in the second stage they form mold like clumps they produce spores.  They are sometimes located on forest floors and also on compost piles that you may keep in your very own back-yard.

Water Molds: This type of protists appears to look just like white mold.  It can be found growing on dead fish surfaces and some are even plant parasites on land.  They thrive on dead and decaying organic material.

Chytrids: They form gametes zoospores. They are aquatic organisms.  Most are unicellular. Some are decomposers, or parasites on algae, plants, or insects.  

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POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like protists. Double click to activate!

PROTISTS

Role in NatureAlgae and diatoms use photosynthesis to make food, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen from the air. Protists play the biggest role of maintaining Earth’s oxygen lev-els and decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide. Protists are very important in our ecosystem and without them, the world would be very different.  

•Decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

•Maintains Earth’s oxygen levels.

•Makes food

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Protist Review Quiz

Check Answer

Question 1 of 4Which of the following is an example of a plant-like protist?

A. Red Algae

B. Dinoflagellates

C. Diatoms

D. All Of The Above

CHAPTER 4

Fungi

FUNGI

Characteristics

Fungus is an eukaryotic, multi cellular or-ganism.  It is a living organism therefore is follows the 6 characteristics of all liv-ing things.  Yeast is considered fungi, but is one of the only fungi that is unicellular.  Fungi is also heterotrophic meaning they do not make there own food.  

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FUNGI

Structure

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Cell Wall: a rigid layer of protection to fungi and other organisms.

Cytoplasm: Contains all of the material that is both inside the cell and outside the cell.

Nucleus: Most important organ in a cell. It directs both the movement and the growth of a cell.

Hyphae: Main source of growth for fungi. Also called branching tubes, and they make up the cap of some fungi.

This picture shows the full structure of fungi.

Fungi

FUNGI

Classification

Sac Fungi:  produce spores in small cup shaped sacs (yeast is an example of sac fungi)

Club Fungi: mushrooms, puff-balls, rusts, toad-stools, and smuts.  (born on a club shaped spore)

Zygote forming fungi: Found on cheese, bread, and other decaying foods.  Spores are produced in round shaped case called sporangium.

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POPOVERS! Examples of each different type of fungi-like pro-tists. Double click to activate!

FUNGI

Reproduction

Fungi reproduces by making spores.(a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new or-ganism)  Spores are covered with a pro-tective coat, and they can be carried through air or water to new sights be-cause they are so light weight.

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Asexually by forming spores, budding, or fragmentation.

Sexually by sexually with homothallic or heterothallic mycelia

Terms to no:

homothallic - male and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium.

Click here for an interactive video!

FUNGI

Role in Nature

Like bacteria, it plays a role with decaying and re-cycling matter.  Also with food, especially with foods like bread and mushrooms.  Medicines such as penicillin.  Bio-Control agents by keeping pests under control.  Food spoilage by decaying organic food matter.  

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Fungi Review Quiz

Check Answer

Question 4 of 4In what ways does fungi reproduce?

A. by forming spores

B. by budding

C. by fragmentation

D. All of the above are ways that fungi reproduce.