Period 4 1800 - 1848 - Weebly · ANDREW JACKSON: NULLIFICATION CRISIS Tariff of Abominations...
Transcript of Period 4 1800 - 1848 - Weebly · ANDREW JACKSON: NULLIFICATION CRISIS Tariff of Abominations...
PERIOD 41800 - 1848
POLITICAL PARTIES
1st: Federalists v. Democratic Republicans
Hamilton (Industry) v. Jefferson (Agriculture)
Federalists lost support as agricultural areas grew faster than industrial & opposition to War of 1812
2nd: Democrats v. Whigs
Jackson (common man) v. Clay (elitists)
Corrupt bargain led to anti-Clay feelings
Corrupt Bargain: Jackson wins election (not the majority of EC); House decides election; Clay in control of House makes an agreement with Adams; Adams selected as President; Clay becomes Secretary of State
SUPREME COURT CASES
Federal government enforces it’s supremacy over states
Marbury v. Madison: court’s power of Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland: states can not tax an entity of the federal government
Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce & thus licenses on waterways
Worchester v. Georgia: federal government says Native Americans do not have to leave Jackson’s response: “The court made their decision, now let them enforce it”
Indian Removal Act = Trail of Tears
60,000 Native Americans relocated to Oklahoma Territory +1000 died during the migration
+6000 died as a result of the migration & disease
ANDREW JACKSON: NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)
Revised rates on a variety of imports
Led to a reduction of trade between US & Europe
Hit South Carolina hard
Relied on cotton trade
1832: SC politicians, led by John C. Calhoon, states can nullify acts of the federal government
Jackson pushes Force Bill: authorizing military force in South Carolina for treason (SC nullifies)
Issue intensifies as slavery topic continues to divide country
States Rights v. Federal Government
2ND BANK OF US (BUS)Jackson hated BUS
Too much power in a small elite group
Opponents re-charter & Jackson vetoes
Angry class-based rhetoric in veto message widely received by voters & he is elected to 2nd term
“The bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it”
Moved federal deposits from BUS to states banks in Democratic leaning states
Caused Secretaries of Treasury to either resign or be fired
PANIC OF 1837
Jackson’s suspicious of bankers & credit
Issues Specie Circular (1836): government
land can only be paid for in specie; NO PAPER MONEY
Shortage of government funds
Destruction of BUS & Specie Circular = Panic of 18347
RISE OF WHIGS V. DEMOCRATSWhigs (1833) Democrats
Opponents of Jackson & Democratic Party Jackson supporters
Tended to support government funded economic
modernization
Supported tariffs & a central bank & government
encouragement of manufacturing
Populist ideology: tariffs would “fatten” urban
commercial interests
SECTIONALISM V NATIONALISM
Sectionalism: What is in the best interest of the area I live in?
Aka: regionalism
Nationalism: What is in the best interest of the country?
Sectionalism/Regionalism is beginning to trump Nationalism
MARKET ECONOMY
North: more industry
South: slavery grew dramatically; need for cotton
US became more interconnected as local economies became national markets
Ex: cotton (South) sent to textile industries (North) = cloth/clothing sold around the country
ACTIVITYAt your tables:
Pick up an envelope
Sort the cards into piles based on what you think were characteristic of the Colonial Economy (1700 – 1790) & those characteristic of the Market Economy (1790 – 1830).
On a separate sheet of paper:
1. Do you notice any trends?
2. What other categories could you break the cards into?
3. What kind of impact do you predict a change to a market economy had on:
Gender roles/expectations
Pride in work
The economy
2ND GREAT AWAKENINGMany reform movements & religions grew out of the 2nd Great Awakening
With a partner, define/describe each of these in your notes. List key ideas/people.
Mormonism
Transcendentalism
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism
Women’s Rights
Temperance
Prison & Mentally Ill Reforms
Education Reform
SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES
Many Native American tribes developed spiritual practices
Mixture traditional religious beliefs & elements of contemporary experiences (EX: exposure to Christianity)
Handsome Lake (Seneca)
Set of spiritual practices
Longhouse Religion
Traditional native & Quaker beliefs
Offered a sense of hope to many American Indians
Spoke out against alcohol consumption & breakdown of family
Factionalism that split Native Tribes
EMERGENCE OF A NATIONAL CULTURE
Discuss with a partner:
What is a “National Culture”?
How would you describe a national culture today?
What elements would you include in your description? (ex: religious, industrial, economic)
Post War of 1812
Increase in nationalism
Blending of European cultures & experience in America to create something uniquely “American”
AMERICAN RENAISSANCERebirth of art & literature
Art Literature
Hudson River School
Art school
Peak 1820’ – 1870’s
Thomas Cole, Asher Durand & Frederic Church
Inspired by European romantic paintings
American landscapes with hints of impending civilization
Often emphasized emotion over accuracy
Romanticism: reaction of industrialization & the market
revolution
Harkening back to the days of an idealized past (“Back in
the day”)
James Fenimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans
Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow
AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES
David Walker: David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (1829)
Resist slavery by any means necessary
idea of self defense enraged southerners
Southern states: Pamphlet is seditious & penalized anyone caught with it
Frederick Douglass Born into slavery; Escaped in 1838
Prominent speaker against slavery
African Methodist Episcopal Church Reflected African American religious practices & beliefs based on their experience in America
Gave African American communities more autonomy & tailored religious services to the needs of their community
CHANGES IN COMMERCE, MANUFACTURING, AGRICULTURE & TRANSPORTATION
Banking:
Credit began to play a more important role in the economy
What is credit & why how would it impact the economy?
Incorporation of America
Laws made it easier to create & expand corporations
Shifted from temporary corporations (for the purpose of building roads/bridges) to permanent (chartering of businesses) & allowing people to invest.
Supreme Court
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: states can not interfere with private contracts
TECHNOLOGY
Agricultural Efficiency
Shift from tools that required man/animal power to tools that were more durable & efficient
Ex: John Deere (1847): steel plow
More efficient grain drills, mowers, hay rakes…
2 significant improvements:
Automatic reaper – Cyrus McCormack (1831): cut & stacked wheat & other grains
Thresher: kernels of grain had to be loosened from the inedible chaff; used on farms in the “Old Northwest” (region between the Great Lakes & the Ohio & Mississippi Rivers)
TECHNOLOGY
Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts Interchangeable Parts: parts of a specific product, made to exact specifications to allow for rapid assembly of
a product
Developed by Eli Whitney (creator of the Cotton Gin) for the production of firearms
Steam Power Robert Fulton (1807) demonstrated a functioning steamboat on the Hudson River
20 years later, used for shipping on rivers & dominated commercial shipping
Later applied to locomotives & in factories that had once used waterwheels
Communication Telegraph – Samuel Morse; information transmitted using Morse Code
1st line: DC to Baltimore
Lines followed RR
Connected the country
TRANSPORTATION & REGIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE
Canals & Roads
1800 – 1830: Internal improvements
expansion & improvements of roads & canals (along with the development of steamboats)
Expanded trade between Midwest & eastern cities
Partially funded by the government
Most significant: Erie Canal (completed 1825); connected Hudson River to the Great Lakes
Dropped the cost of moving freight from Buffalo to NYC by 90%
Building of the National Road (aka: the Cumberland Road) 1811 - 1853
RAILROADS
1829: 1st tracks laid by Baltimore & Ohio RR
Made shipping products faster & less expensive
Connected the country
IMPACT OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION“Putting Out System” : men & women performed an assigned task, generally at home, as part of piecework
Ex: cutting leather for shoes to be made in another factory
Slater Mill & the Factory System
Textiles: 1st to industrialize
1790’s: Samuel Slater built 1st factory
Spun cotton & wool into yarn or thread
Water, human or animal power did the work
Lowell System
Water powered textile plant
Drew young women from the New England countryside
Women were paid less & seen as “temps”; eventually they would marry & be replaced
1830: 8 Lowell factories employed 6000 women
Women lived in boarding houses & were strictly monitored
Had a degree of freedom. Went on strike when wages were cut in 1834 & 1836
IMPACT OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION
On Work & Power: businesses became more powerful than the individual
On Gender & family Roles:
The “proper” role for women: shift from “Republican Motherhood” to less public minded concept of a “woman’s place”
Women were regarded as intellectually inferior
Cult of Domesticity: Should take care of the house & children & keep a proper Christian home separate from the male spheres of politics, business & competition
Laws made women 2nd class citizens
Could not vote, serve on a jury
A woman’s property became her husbands when she married
Femme covert: political doctrine – wives had not independent or legal political standing
IMMIGRATION
Attracted by sense of opportunity
Many stayed in the NE, some went west
Irish:
Potato Famine led to roughly 1 million deaths from starvation
1845 – 1850: 1 million came to America (NYC & Boston)
German:
Many were skilled craftsmen & entrepreneurs
Escaping political repression
Headed to the west; the “German Triangle” (Cincinnati, St. Louis & Milwaukee)
WESTWARD MOVEMENT
1800 – 1840: +4 million headed West
Farm or recreate southern plantations
Some were “squatters”
Others purchased land from the federal government
COMMERCE, TRADE & MANUFACTURING
North South
Specialized in banking, manufacturing &
shipping industries
Textile mills expanded
Focused on cotton production
profitability of cotton led to expansion of
slavery
Mills in the North relied on Southern cotton
Great Britain purchased cotton
1860: 58% of US exports were cotton
1830: 700,000 bales
1860: 5 million bales
Increasing differences between the North & South led to the south
becoming increasing isolated from the North & the Midwest
SLAVERY1808: US outlaws the international slave trade
Northern states had abolished it
1850: 1/3 of Southern population of African American1790: 700,000 slaves in the south
1830: 2 million
1860: 4 million
1:76 were African American in the North
TRADEUS Trade continued to expand after War of 1812
“Old China Trade”
Driven by demand for Chinese products
Tea, porcelain, silk
Exposed cultural differences
US perspective: trade = nationalism; expansion of markets
China: merchants were the bottom of the social order in Confucian thought
Furs were in demand in China
Great Britain increasing threat
Treaty of Wanghia – China extended same trade rights to US as Britain had
NATIONALISM & THE MONROE DOCTRINE
Monroe Doctrine (1823):
Why: threats by Russia, Prussia & Austria to restore Spain’s American colonies; Russian Czar claimed all land in the Pacific NW above 51st parallel
What: statement that warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
Problem: HUGE bluff due to our small military
Monroe Doctrine & Washington’s Farewell Address became the cornerstone of the US isolationist policy
NEW TERRITORIESLouisiana (1803): Purchased from France; doubled size of country
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): US gained Florida & settled boundary of Louisiana; US accepted Spain’s claims to Texas
Florida had been a safe haven for escaped slaves
Webster-Ashburn Treaty (1842): dispute over border between Maine & Canada settles
Mexican-American War (1846 – 1848): US annexed Texas in 1844against warnings from Mexico
“54 40 or Fight”: 1818 – US & GB agree to joint occupation of Oregon Country 1830’s: Americans begin to settle in Willamette River Valley in Oregon
1844: US pushed for ownership of Oregon; GB said “NO”
1846: President Polk compromised (instead of going to war) establishing the 49th
parallel as the border between US & Canada
SPANISH TERRITORIES1822: Stephen Austin led group of settlers into Texas
1830: 7000 Americans lived in Texas
1835: more than 30,000
Americans wanted more political control (ex: slavery) & vowed to fight for independence if Mexico refused
FIGHTING AT THE ALAMO
1835: Texas War for Independence began
Sam Houston named C in C
Gen. Santa Anna led thousands of men to end the rebellion
Headed for the Alamo
Less than 200 men
Lasted 13 days
“REMEMBER THE ALAMO”
March 2, 1836: Independent Republic of Texas declared
Sam Houston & 800 men fought back & captured Santa Anna
May 14: Treaty of Velasco signed
Sam Houston elected Texas’ President
NATIVE AMERICANS IN FLORIDA
1st Seminole War: began during the War of 1812
2nd Seminole War(1835-1842)
Why: Seminoles were being pressured by the government to relocate west
Result: Seminoles were moved west after the capture of Chief Osceola
Many remained defiant & refused to move west
GROWING TENSIONS OVER SLAVERY
South grew increasingly angry over “attacks” on slavery
Racist view of slavery: African Americans are “subhuman”; African Americans were built for manual labor (Mudsill Theory)
Bible enforced slavery
Positive good
Abolitionist Movement harbored racist views
MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820
Set 36’30 line
Provided balance in the Senate11free states:11 slave states
MEXICO TERRITORY
South: government had no right denying citizens of their “property” or preventing them from taking their “property” to territories
North: areas should be closed to slavery while they are still territories
Wilmot Proviso: slavery shall not exist in any of the territories acquired from Mexico; failed in Congress
POLITICS
Election of 1844: Polk (Democrat) v. Clay (Whig)
Democrats: expansionist & pro-Slavery = appeal to South
Whigs: not as aggressive on expansion & divided on slavery
Division will tear apart the Whigs & allow for the emergence of a new party…
The Republicans