Period 3

Period 3Regional and Transregional Interactions(c. 600 1450)98. Regions controlled by the Mongol EmpireChinaAnatoliaPersiaMesopotamia99. Trade network stabilized by the Pax MongolicaSilk Roads100. Selection of leadership positions in traditional Mongol societyMerit system based on demonstrated battlefield bravery101. Military tactics and equipment of the Mongol armiesCombination of light and heavy cavalryUse of the crossbow and short bowLightweight armor of leather, iron, or silkExtensive spy network102. Change brought to Russia by the MongolsMigration of the center of power from Kiev to Moscow103. What was the most devastating event to the Abbasid caliphateThe Mongol invasion of Mesopotamia104. Strategies of Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty for Mongol dominance in ChinaRefusal to adopt Chinese civil service examsDependence on Muslims and nomads, not Confucian bureaucrats, as next in command in the exercise of power105. Social group in China that earned higher status under Mongol rulePeasantry106. Timur-I LangAKA TamerlaneLed a short-lived reemergence of Central Asia nomadic dominance after the fall of the Mongol EmpireMagnificent capital at Samarkand107. Military technology revealed to Europeans by the MongolsGunpowder108. Characteristics of Mongol warfareDecimal system units of 10, 100, 1000, etc. (pyramid organization)Breaking tribal connectionsMobility horses; used weather and geography to their advantageTraining and disciplineCavalry (each soldier had 2-3 horses)Traveled light and lived off the landCommunication and spy networkPsychological warfare109. Similarities in the process of how Islam spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia, and AfricaArrived with tradersTook root first in urban areasMainly peaceful.Political power remained in the hands of non-Arab elite.Considerable syncretism in the conversion process.110. Reason for the Sunni and Shia schismDisputes over legitimate succession of leadership after the death of Muhammad111. The largest durable tricontinental civilizationIslamic civilization112. Description of pre-Islamic Arab societyPastoral nomadicDesertLittle agricultureBedouins = early nomadic communities organized in clansCamel caravan connecting Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean113. Cities with the greatest symbolic or religious significance in Islam todayMecca Medina114. Cities that served as political and administrative centers of Muslim empiresBaghdad (Abbasids)Damascus (Umayyads)Istanbul (Ottomans)115. Muhammads greatest resource for economic supportHis wife, Khadija116. UmmaArabic term referring to the community of the faithful117. Empires that were challenged by Umayyad expansionSassanid PersiaByzantine118. Eastern and western geographic limits of Islamic ruleEast = Northwest IndiaWest = Spain and Morocco119. DhimmiStatus given to non-Muslims of an Islamic stateArabic for protected peopleRetained their personal freedom, property, and legal rights in exchange for their loyalty and a special tax (jizya)Jews, Christians (Catholics, Greek Orthodox), Hindu, Buddhists120. Status of women in the EARLY Islamic periodMale adultery was condemned in the KoranFemale infanticide was forbiddenFemale inheritance rights were strengthenedDivorce rights for women existedWomen could testify and court and inherit property121. City that was the center of the Islamic golden ruleBaghdad122. Areas of expertise or learning that progressed under the rule of the Abbasid caliphateMedicineLawPhilosophyMathematics123. Similarities between the decline of the Roman and Abbasid empiresChaotic succession fights for the imperial throneFrequent interference of military commanders in politicsGrowing dependence on nomadic warriors and mercenariesDecline in agricultural productivity124. Unifying force of the Muslim caliphatesThe widespread use of the Arabic language125. Name of the peninsula that was the homeland of the Byzantine and Ottoman empiresAnatolia126. Comparison between Abbasid Middle East and Song ChinaBoth experienced the proliferation (rapid growth) of technical advances and growing wealth of their cities127. Technological advances traced to the height of Islamic civilizationLateen sailsAdoption of Arabic numeralsAnatomical knowledgePhilosophical inquiry128. European regions influenced by Byzantine civilizationRussiaThe BalkansUkraineBelarus129. Official language spoken in the Byzantine EmpireGreek130. How was the Byzantine Empire crossroads of trade?It was the center of trade between the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia131. Byzantine emperor with the longest lasting impactJustinian as a result of his law code132. CaesaropapismPolicy whereby the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairsConnected to Constantine and the Byzantine Empire133. Similarities between Byzantine rule and Tang ChinaAn imperial bureaucracy staffed by persons from all social classes but generally drawn from the aristocracyA throne occasionally held by womenAn emperor whose rule has Gods approvalRegional governors appointed by the imperial center134. Status of Buddhism in China after persecution by the TangBuddhism continued to exist, but on a much reduced scale135. Neo-ConfucianismIncorporated ideas of Buddhism and DaoismSynthesized older Chinese philosophies with the newer appeal of Buddhism136. Nomadic groups that pressured dynastic rule in Chinese history up to this pointJurchenMongolTurkManchu137. The key infrastructural development of the Tang-Song era in ChianConstruction of the Grand Canal (started during the Sui dynasty)138. Foot BindingDates from the Song eraSmall feet inspired arousal among men and was something common among the wealthy classes as a sign of social status139. Chinese inventions during the Tang-Song eraExplosive powderMagnetic compassMovable typePaper money

140. JinshiTitle earned by students who passed the most difficult battery of Chinese civil service examinations

141. Effects of Neo-ConfucianismRegeneration of a centralized bureaucracyPreference of Chinese ideas and practices over foreign onesDevelopment of public worksInstitution of a more rigorous education and examination system142. Chinese political and cultural characteristics borrowed and rejected by the JapaneseBorrowedAristocrats doubled as military officersStrict codes of behavior governed noble classes in court life at the imperial centerPoetry was a highly valued art form among the eliteA capital city as the nerve center of the empireRejectedExamination systems for the imperial elite143. People under the Chinese tribute system in the Tang-Song eraKoreansVietnameseJapaneseTibetan

144. First novel and where it came fromThe Tale of GenjiJapan

145. What was reinvigorated by the Song after the fall of the Tang?Confucianism

146. Relationships of Korea and Vietnam to Tang ChinaAlthough both were defeated by Tang China, Korea developed a more positive relationship with the Tang courtTribute responsibilities to imperial ChinaVietnam eventually wins independence

147. Body of water involving merchant ships from the most diverse collection of civilizationsIndian Ocean Basin

148. Cultural conflict in the Indian subcontinent under the Delhi SultanateIslam clashed with Hinduism149. HarshaDominated northern Indian in the 16th century as a conqueror and administratorSuccessful in unification of the northern 1/3 of IndiaAdministered it with the help of local rulersBuddhist but promoted religious tolerance150. Mahmud of GhazniMuslim conqueror in the 11th centuryMade 17 incursions into India to plunder and demolish its templesPushed Buddhism from its place of originHarshness of his invasions deterred people from converting to Islam151. Effects of monsoon seasons on Indian Ocean trade and agricultureBoth were dependent on the climatic variations of the monsoon seasonsBoth needed to adapt to those variations use of reservoirs, canals, irrigation152. How did the caste system adapt to the arrival of Muslim merchantsThey became a distinct caste within the system

153. Why did southeast Asia monarchs convert to Hinduism and BuddhismThe religions reinforced the idea of kingshipEpics like the Ramayana provided support for the value of monarchies154. Establishment of Buddhism in China compared to southeast AsiaChinese Buddhism incorporated Daoist ideas while southeast Asian Buddhists built on a base of Hinduism155. Why were kingdoms in southern India more stable than those to the northConsistent adherence to HinduismNot troubled by regular invasions as the north was156. Changes in trade patterns during postclassical society compared to earlier patternsTrade patterns were much bigger with more intense contacts