Period 31754 to 1800

Key Concepts and Required Vocabulary

Period 3 Comprises 12% of the exam

British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the

colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new

nation’s social, political, and economic identity.

• Key Concept 3.1:

Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States

I. Throughout the second half of the 18th century, various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the new United States government

A. English population growth and expansion into the interior disrupted existing French–Indian fur trade networks and caused various Indian nations to shift alliances among competing European powers.

B. After the British defeat of the French, white–Indian conflicts continued to erupt as native groups sought both to continue trading with Europeans and to resist the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands.

• Pontiac’s Rebellion• Spring of 1763

• Huron, Ottawa, and Potawani Indians attack

• Kill over 2,000 settlers

• Proclamation of 1763• England doesn’t want to

send the necessary soldiers into the Ohio Valley to secure it

• Instead, forbids settlers from crossing the Appalachian Mountains

• Settlers blatantly ignored it

C. During and after the colonial war for independence, various tribes attempted to forge advantageous political alliances with one another and with European powers to protect their interests, limit migration of white settlers, and maintain their tribal lands.

• Iroquois Confederation • Western Confederation• Chief Little Turtle

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

A. Great Britain’s massive debt from the Seven Years’ War resulted in renewed efforts to consolidate imperial control over North American markets, taxes, and political institutions — actions that were supported by some colonists but resisted by others.

*Prime Minister William Pitt poured men and money into the French & Indian War. The result was a massive war debt.

The End of Salutary Neglect

• From 1607-1754, the King and Parliament paid little attention to the colonies

• They passed trade laws but didn’t strictly enforce them

• It allowed the colonists to establish their own institutions – they became self-reliant

• After 1754, the colonies were no longer neglected

• England tried to gain control over the colonies• Found that colonies were

more prosperous that the mother country

• Needed money to pay off the debt for the Colonial war

• Pre-1763 – Navigational Acts, including Molasses Act

• 1764 – Sugar Act, decreased the import tax on sugar; sent tax collectors to enforce it

• 1765 – Stamp Act, 1st non-trade law; sent more enforcement officers

• 1767 – Townshend Acts, tax on consumer goods

• 1773 – Tea Act, created a monopoly for the East India Tea Company; eliminated the tax on tea

• Trade Laws were province of Parliament; smuggling flourished

• Still a trade law but resented the enforcement; protests from colonists, rescinded by Parliament

• Wide-spread protests and boycotts, Stamp Act Congress; rescinded by Parliament

• Violent protests resulted in Boston Massacre; rescinded all but a small tax on tea

• Protests resulted in the Boston Tea Party

Other resentments:• Taxation without

actual representation

• Declaratory Act

• Quartering Acts

• Writs of Assistance

• Coercive Acts

• Quebec Act

Other Actions:

• Sons of Liberty

• Committees of Correspondence

• 1st Continental Congress• Declaration of Rights and

Grievances

• 2nd Continental Congress• Olive Branch Petition

B. The resulting independence movement was fueled by established colonial elites, as well as by grassroots movements that included newly mobilized laborers, artisans, and women, and rested on arguments over the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Required terms: Letters from A Pennsylvania Farmer, Mercy Otis Warren, Sons of Liberty

C. Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain’s apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the patriot cause succeeded because of the colonists’ greater familiarity with the land,

their resilient military and political leadership, their ideological commitment,

and their support from European allies.

III. In response to domestic and international tensions, the new United States debated and formulated foreign policy initiatives and asserted an international presence.

A.The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

B. The French Revolution’s spread throughout Europe and beyond helped fuel Americans’ debate not only about the nature of the United States’s domestic order, but also about its proper role in the world.

C. Although George Washington’s Farewell Address warned about the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances, European conflict and tensions with Britain and France fueled increasingly bitter partisan debates throughout the 1790s.

Key Concept 3.2: In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.

I. During the 18th century, new ideas about politics and society led to debates about religion and governance, and ultimately inspired experiments with new governmental structures.

• A. Protestant evangelical religious fervor strengthened many British colonists’ understandings of themselves as a chosen people blessed with liberty, while Enlightenment philosophers and ideas inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege.

• John Locke

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Adam Smith

B. The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican self-government based on the natural rights of the people found its clearest American expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and in the Declaration of Independence.

C. Many new state constitutions and the national Articles of Confederation, reflecting republican fears of both centralized power and excessive popular influence, placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.

• The USA started as 13 separate, independent states.

• Confederation = Association of independent states (nations)

• Written by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1776 but not ratified by the states until 1781

• Worked relatively well during the war while states depended on each other

Articles of Confederation

• 1 Branch – Congress• Each state received 1 vote• States could send as many delegates as they chose• Congress only met during the year as needed• The government could only do the things

specifically listed

• In order to pass new laws, 9 states had to agree

• In order to change the Articles, all 13 states had to agree

Articles of Confederation

1. Make peace and war

2. Send and receive ambassadors

3. Make treaties

4. Borrow money

5. Set up a monetary system

Articles of ConfederationContents

6. Build an army and navy

7. Fix standard weights and measures

8. Settle disputes among the states

• Need 9/13 states to pass any law

• Need unanimous vote to amend Articles

• 1 vote for each state, regardless of size or contributions to the treasury

• No power to collect taxes

• No way to enforce laws

• No way to regulate trade

• No national courts

Articles of ConfederationWeaknesses

• Massachusetts borrowed money during the war

• Raised taxes to try to get out of debt.

• Farmers were borrowing money to pay their taxes and were unable to pay their loans.

• Veterans owed money from Rev. War but were not being paid

• Many states were run by bankers that were owed money by both the state and the farmers

• Used foreclosures to accumulate large tracts of valuable land

• No federal oversight and no federal funds to pay veterans

Shay’s Rebellion

• Daniel Shay and 1200 followers blocked the courthouse to prevent foreclosures from being processed

• State troops ended the uprising.

• Were eventually captured and arrested

• Were released with “time served” and a fine

Shay’s RebellionJanuary 25, 1787

• ‘Nationalists’ were convinced that the Articles needed to be strengthened.

• George Washington asked representatives to meet at Mt. Vernon, and then at Annapolis

• Poor turnout

• After Shay’s Rebellion, 12 of the 13 states sent representatives to Philadelphia

Shay’s Rebellion

Achievements of theArticles of Confederation

• Successfully ran the war and negotiated the peace

• Held a brand new country together for over 10 years without a hostile takeover• Wrote the Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 Established organized, uniform requirements for entering the

union Established the principle that the new states would be equal to all

other states System is still used today, with slight modifications

Northwest Ordinance - 1785

• Policy for incorporating new territories into the union• The federal government had the land surveyed and divided

into territories and townships

• Each township was 6 square miles and was required to set aside land for public schools

Northwest Ordinance - 1787

• territory would be administered by the federal government until they had 5,000 free male inhabitants of voting age

• inhabitants would then elect a territorial legislature

• could then send representatives to Congress but couldn’t vote

• when they reached 60,000 inhabitants, they could write their own state constitution

• if Congress approved the constitution, they became a state

II. After experiencing the limitations of the Articles of Confederation, American political leaders wrote a new Constitution based on the principles of federalism and separation of powers, crafted a Bill of Rights, and continued their debates about the proper balance between liberty and order.

A. Difficulties over trade, finances, and interstate and foreign relations, as well as internal unrest, led to calls for significant revisions to the Articles of Confederation and a stronger central government

• Tariff and currency disputes

• Spanish restrictions on navigation of the Mississippi River

B. Delegates from the states worked through a series of compromises to form a Constitution for a new national government, while providing limits on federal power.

C. Calls during the ratification process for greater guarantees of rights resulted in the addition of a Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted.

Constitutional Convention

Virginia Plan

Bi-Cameral Legislature

Representation by population and wealth in lower house; lower house would choose upper house

3 separate branches of government

Power to veto state legislation

Power to enforce laws in the states

Power to tax

Constitutional Convention

New Jersey Plan

Unicameral Legislature

Equal representation for states

Power to tax

Power to regulate interstate trade

Executive & Judicial Branches appointed by the legislature

Constitutional Convention

• Connecticut (Great) Compromise

Bicameral legislature

Lower house based on population and elected by popular vote

Upper house would have equal representation, appointed by state legislatures

Constitutional ConventionThree/Fifths Compromise

Southern states wanted to include the number of slaves in their population

Northern states said you could not have it both ways - people or property

Compromise counted every 5 slaves as 3 people, or every slave as 3/5’s of a person

Not repealed until 1865

Constitutional ConventionFinal Agreement

Federalism – Authority is shared between the national and state governments

The national government would have the power to tax and enforce laws

3 separate, distinct branches of government

U.S. ConstitutionFinal Notes

A system of checks and balances would be included to keep any one branch from becoming too powerful

National powers are enumerated, to keep them limited

U.S. Constitution Final Notes

The president would be elected indirectly by the people (electoral College)

A federal court system was created, with a Supreme Court and lesser courts

Ratification would take 9 of the 13 states

Ratifying the Constitution

Federalists Anti-FederalistsIn favor of the Constitution Against the Constitution

Favored a strong national government

Favored strong state governments

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry,Sam Adams

The Federalist Papers The Anti-Federalist Papers

• DE, PA, NE States approved it 1st

• Federalist papers and promise of Bill of Rights resulted in approval by VA & NY (1788)

• North Carolina delayed but gave in, November 1789

• Rhode Island was ‘convinced’ to approve it in May, 1790

Ratifying the Constitution

The Bill of Rights

1st Amendment

• Freedom of religion

• Freedom of speech

• Freedom to petition the government

• Freedom of assembly

• Freedom of the press

2nd Amendment

• A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

• Note: A militia is a local, volunteer army.

Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, Inc.

3rd Amendment

• Except in time of war, troops will not be quartered in civilian homes without the owners consent

4th Amendment

• Protects people from unreasonable search and seizure

• Search warrant needed – specific

• Exceptions

5th Amendment

• Prohibits double jeopardy

• Indictment necessary before trial

• Innocent until proven guilty

• Protection against self-incrimination

• Due process clause - People cannot be denied life, liberty, or property without the due process of law

• Limits the government’s right to take your property (due process clause)

6th Amendment

• Entitled to a trial by jury

• Entitled to call witnesses in your defense

• Entitled to confront your accusers

• Entitled to a lawyer

• Entitled to a speedy, public trial

Accused criminals are:

7th Amendment

• People have the right to a jury trial in civil cases when the amount of damages exceeds $20.

8th Amendment

• Forbids excessive bail to accused criminals

• Forbids cruel and unusual punishments for convicted criminals

Critical Thinking

• One of the reasons the Federalists opposed a bill of rights was because it was impossible to make the list all-inclusive. If a right wasn’t included in the list, did that mean you didn’t have it?

9th Amendment

• Makes clear that rights not specifically included in the Constitution were not sacrificed

10th Amendment

• The powers of the national government are enumerated

• Those powers not specifically given to the national government are reserved for the states

D. As the first national administrations began to govern under the Constitution, continued debates about such issues as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, and the conduct of foreign affairs led to the creation of political parties.

1st Administration - Agenda

1. Work with Congress to structure the national government

2. Protect the new nation from internal threats

3. Protect the new nation from external threats

4. Rebuild the economy

1st AdministrationEstablishing the Framework

•Congress• Set up a system of federal

courts, with the most authority given to the Supreme Court

• Created the departments of War, Treasury, and State

1st AdministrationEstablishing the Framework

• President Washington • appointed advisors to lead newly created

departments in the executive branch• Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson

(Diplomacy)

• Secretary of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton (Money)

• Secretary of War – Henry Knox (Defense)

• appointed Supreme Court Justices

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Assume states’ debts

• Create Bank of USA

• Tariffs

• Excise tax

• Debate creates split into political parties

1st Political Parties

• Federalists• Strong national government

• Loose construction of the Constitution

• Adams, Hamilton, Jay

• Opposed French Revolution – Rabble, or mob rule

• Supported Great Britain in general

• Democratic-Republicans• Weak national government

• Strict construction of the Constitution

• Jefferson, Madison, Henry

• Supported French Revolution – Noble cause

• Supported France

French RevolutionTimeline/Summary

• French Revolution – 1789

• Reign of Terror – 1790/1791

• Great Britain declared war on France

• Citizen Genet

• Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

French Revolution

• Great Britain declared war on France • Attempted to take advantage of unstable

government

• Beginning of long ‘general’ war in Europe

• Even with Austria and Spain as allies, did not win

• Young officer was able to make a name for himself – Napoleon

French Revolution

• Citizen Genet• Genet was a diplomat from France

• Tried to get support from the US government

• When that didn’t work he tried to get private citizens to help them

• He was to be deported but convinced the president that he would be beheaded

• He was allowed to stay

• He went to western PA and was involved in the Whiskey Rebellion

French Revolution

• Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)• The USA was asked to honor our treaty with

France and help them in the general war against Great Britain

• Washington declared that the government that signed that treaty no longer existed

• Declared that the USA would not become involved in foreign wars

Jay’s Treaty

• British navy was stopping American ships and impressing American sailors

• British soldiers remained in Northwest forts

• John Jay was sent to GB to negotiate a treaty

Jay’s Treaty

• Washington and the Federalists wanted to avoid war with both Great Britain and France

• Washington and the Federalists also wanted to continue trading with both countries

Jay’s Treaty

• Agreement between USA & Great Britain:• Evacuation of NW Forts • Payment of war debts • No concessions for impressment• Neither side kept the bargain but it averted

war temporarily• Opposed by D-R because it failed to address

main issue – shipping/impressment

Pinkney’s Treaty

• Settled border disputes with the Spanish• Allowed Americans use of the Mississippi

River• Allowed Americans to use New Orleans port

without fees

Election of 1796

• Washington declined to run

• Adams, representing the Federalists, won the electoral college vote

• Jefferson, representing the Democratic-Republicans, took 2nd place and became vice-president

Adams’ Administration

Section 2

Adams’ Administration

• XYZ Affair (1797)• France began seizing United States cargo ships as

the USA tried to remain neutral

• Adams sent diplomats to France to negotiate peace

• French ministers refused to meet the Americans unless they were paid a tribute of $10,000,000

Quasi War

• An undeclared war between the USA and France began in the Atlantic

• Both sides fired on and seized each other’s ships

• Continued until Napoleon came into power and negotiations were reopened

Ironically…

• While President Adams refused to pay tribute to the French, we continued to pay tribute to the Barbary Pirates

1.Naturalization Act – Foreigners wanted to become citizens had to wait 14 years instead of 5

2.Alien Act – Allowed president to deport aliens that were a danger to our country

3. Alien Enemies Act – allowed president to deport any foreigners during times of war

Alien Acts were not enforced and had little opposition.

Adams’ Administration

4. Sedition Act – Illegal to speak out against the government

*Used to prosecute journalists that disagreed with the Federalists

*Sedition Acts probably cost Adams the 1800 election.

Adams’ Administration

• Prosser’s Rebellion• Summer, 1800

• Rebellion in the Richmond, VA area

• Slaves were seeking the same liberty that other people were guaranteed

• Rebellion is put down by owners and the law

• Gabriel Prosser and 30 other slaves were executed

• Many states tightened slave laws

Adams’ Administration

• Adams’ popularity wanes• Sent second mission to France in 1799 to

negotiate for peace

• Alien & Sedition Acts offended many people – he was accused of acting like a monarch

• Alexander Hamilton supported Charles Pinckney

• Aaron Burr printed a private memo written by Hamilton that questioned Adams’ leadership ability

Transfer of Power

• Federalists peacefully left office after being defeated in the election

• Jefferson’s inauguration occurred in Washington, DC on March 4, 1801

Required terms:

• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Proclamation of Neutrality

III. While the new governments continued to limit rights to some groups, ideas promoting self-government and personal liberty reverberated around the world.A. During and after the American Revolution, an

increased awareness of the inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.

Required terms: Abigail Adams, Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law

B. The constitutional framers postponed a solution to the problems of slavery and the slave trade, setting the stage for recurring conflicts over these issues in later years.

C. The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independencehad reverberations in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future rebellions.

Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.

I. As migrants streamed westward from the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, interactions among different groups that would continue under an independent United States resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending

A.The French withdrawal from North America and the subsequent attempt of various native groups to reassert their power over the interior of the continent resulted in new white–Indian conflicts along the western borders of British and, later, the U.S. colonial settlement and among settlers looking to assert more power in interior regions.

Conflicts with Native Americans

Paxton Boys Battle of Timber Falls

B. Migrants from within North America and around the world continued to launch new settlements in the West, creating new distinctive backcountry cultures and fueling social and ethnic tensions.

Required terms: Scots-Irish

Shays’ Rebellion

frontier vs. tidewater Virginia

C. The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California, providing opportunities for social mobility among enterprising soldiers and settlers that led to new cultural blending.

Required terms: corridos

architecture of Spanish missions

vaqueros

II.The policies of the United States that encouraged western migration and the orderly incorporation of new territories into the nation both extended republican institutions and intensified conflicts among American Indians and Europeans in the trans-Appalachian West.

A. As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states and sought to promote public education, the protection of private property, and the restriction of slavery in the Northwest Territory.

B. The Constitution’s failure to precisely define the relationship between American Indian tribes and the national government led to problems regarding treaties and Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of Indian lands.

C. As western settlers sought free navigation of the Mississippi River, the United States forged diplomatic initiatives to manage the conflict with Spain and to deal with the continued British presence on the American continent.

Required terms: Jay’s Treaty, Pinkney’s Treaty

*See Washington’s Administration

III.New voices for national identity challenged tendencies to cling to regional identities, contributing to the emergence of distinctly American cultural expressions.

A.As national political institutions developed in the new United States, varying regionally based positions on economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues promoted the development of political parties.

B.The expansion of slavery in the lower South and adjacent western lands, and its gradual disappearance elsewhere, began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution.

C. Enlightenment ideas and women’s experiences in the movement for independence promoted an ideal of “republican motherhood,” which called on white women to maintain and teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture

Abigail Adams “Remember the ladies”

The End!