PERIOD 2 1607 - 1763
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Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America,
and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged
PERIOD 21607 - 1763
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KC 2.1Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the
North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop
diverse patterns to colonization• Spain
• France
• The Netherlands
• Great Britain
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Explain the diverse patterns of European colonization in the New World by Spain,
France, and England.
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• Convert & Exploit• Gold, SilverSpanish
• Trade alliances, intermarriage• Furs, products for export
French/Dutch
• Colonies based on AG• Large #s of people to populate
settlements• Hostile towards NAs
British
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SPANISH COLONIES
• Spanish arrive take over preexisting tribute/labor systems overthrow native rulers implementation of Spanish institutions (legal code, Catholic Church)
• Encomiendas, mita system
• Gold, silver
• Society
• 2/3 male
• Racial mixture: mestizo (NA +SP), mulatto (AF + SP), Zambo (NA + AF)
• sistema de castas
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• Control of empire to protect crown’s holdings
• Spaniards out of cities large estates (haciendas)
• NAs left in communities = authority of native rulers, speaking native language
• Priests transform religion to fit NA culture
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CULT OF SAINTS: LATIN AMERICA
• Illiterate use of iconography to tell stories, often replaced reading from Bible
• Veneration of Saints from Old World transfers to New
• Inspiration from Creoles, mulattos, etc.
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• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Woman appeared to poor Indian man outside of Mexico City (1531)
• Place previously dedicated to Aztec goddess (was still worshipped there)
• Image seen was brown-skinned Mary, shown as pre-Columbian woman- spoke native language
• Priest told he needed sign that it was Mary
• Juan Diego- 3 miracles
• Adopted as symbol of Mexican nationalism represents faith, hope, compassion. Embraces cause of the poor, ignored, voiceless, oppressed
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RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND- PROTESTANT CHALLENGE TO SPANISH EMPIRE• 1492- Euro = Catholic power
• 1517- Luther & Protestant Reformation = end of unity through church, start of civil wars, social change desire to seize property from Catholic Church
• Protestant groups
• John Calvin (The Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536)
• Puritans, Huguenots
• All damned by Adam’s original sin
• Christ sacrifice redemption
• BUT. . . Only for “elected” (predetermined to be saved)
• Meaning? STRICT MORALITY, hard work
• Values appeal to growing middle class
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• England- Cath v. Prot.
• QE1- Anglican = Protestant
• English Book of Common Prayer, marriage for clergy, leeway for doctrine
• Calvinist groups want more separation from Catholic Church
• Desire to “purify” church from influence of CC, religious revival = Puritans
• Those who broke w/ CofE = Separatists
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THREAT TO SPANISH MONOPOLY ON NEW WORLD
• Holdings hard to defend in Caribbean, rivalries revived, economy falls
• Expensive wars, abundance of gold/silver, high tax on AG, high need of military service ( migration to America)
• France
• Jacques Cartier (1530s- St. Lawrence, NY, Canada)
• Break until Samuel de Champlain after 1600
• Dutch
• Provinces pass through inheritance to Spanish king
• Were Protestant rebellion vs. Spain (1648 = Dutch republic)
• Dutch “Sea Beggars” plunder Spanish ships, illegal trade w/ Sp. colonies,
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• English
• QE1: “Sea Dogges” = John Hawkins, Francis Drake
• Smuggling, piracy
• Drake- raid Spanish towns, treasure ships (1570s)
• 1588- Defeat of Spanish Armada = Protestant victory, God’s will for Protestantism, no fear of Spanish interference for American bound ships from England
• Several exploration attempts, but. . .
• QE1 death in 1603- NO British
colonists in New World
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• Population increase during 16th c. economic stimulation, expansion of commerce, manufacturing
• Textile industry = beginning of capitalism, industrialism
• Cottage industry (wood: estates merchants peasant workers weave into cloth merchants foreign markets
• Mercantilism – goal to REDUCE IMPORTS, INCREASE EXPORTS
• balance of trade, flow of gold/silver into England economic expansion
• large merchant fleet, much wealth, trade w/ Turkey, India = foundation for colonization
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ENGLISH EXPLORATION
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh
• Royal patent to possess “heathen and barbarous landes countries and territories not actually possessed of any Christian prince or people.”
• Settlers & descendents have rights/privileges of Englishmen “in suche like ample manner and fourme as if they were borne and personally residaunte within our sed Realme of England.”
• Laws had to be “agreable to the forme of the lawes and pollicies of England.”
• Gilbert- 1583, Newfoundland (Canada)- vanished during return home
• Raleigh- 1587, OBX (NC)- 100 colonists under Gov. John White
• White return to England for supplies
• Return 1590- Roanoke abandoned, pillaged
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ENGLAND’S TOBACCO COLONIES: JAMESTOWN
• Plantation colonies develop
• Brazil, Jamestown, Maryland, Caribbean
• Demand for sugar, tobacco + influx of colonists
• 1606- K. James I land grant to VA Co.
• All land from NC – southern NY = Virginia
• 1607- all-male VA Co. group to America
• No women, no farmers, no ministers
• Who were they?
• “unruly Sparks, packed off by their Friends to escape worse destinies at home.”
• Survival based on extracting tribute from NA, search out commodities (pearls, gold)
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JAMESTOWN PROBLEMS
• Goal?
• “dig gold, refine gold, load gold”
• Problem?
• No gold
• Settle in swampy area of peninsula- Jamestown (KJ1)
• Little fresh water, refusal to plant crops DEATH (68%)
• 1611- 1,200 colonists sent . . . Death persists (50%+)
"he who works not, eats not.” –John Smith
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• Native American Interaction
• Powhatan sees as potential allies
• BUT tribute must go both ways
• Corn for “hatchets . . . Bells, beads, and copper. . . And two great guns”
• Viewed Jamestown as dependent community w/in chiefdom
• 10 years of uneasy relations war
• Who pays whom?
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• Tobacco
• Native to Americas as medicine, stimulant
• Rolfe cultivate crop for VA soil high $$ in GB, migration of settlers
• GB demand increase for “vile Weed” (KJ1)
• Taxes increase royal treasury
• Powhatan view English as enemies- “not to trade but to invade my people and possess my country.”
• 1618- VA Co. grant 100 acres to every resident
• = Headright system
• 50 acres of land/new immigrant passage
paid
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THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES
• VA Co. create system of rep. gov. = VA House of Burgesses (1619)
• Make laws, levy taxes
• Gov. of VA and/or company council in GB had veto power
• 1622 in VA- land-ownership, self-government, judicial system
• All based on “lawes of the realme of England”
• 4,500 more colonists
• VA transition to SETTLER colony
• VA Co. also recruit “Maides young and uncorrupt to make wifes to the Inhabitants”
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How did the proximity of the Powhatan Chiefdom
affect developments in early Virginia?
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THE INDIAN WAR OF 1622• Increase in colonists conflict w/ NAs
• Led by Opechancanough- successor to Powhatan
• 1607- attack on first “invaders”
• Later, resistance to proposals from English for NA kids into English schools, conversion to Xnty
• 1621 = Paramount Chief
• “Before the end of two moons, there should not be an Englishman in all their Countries.” to Potomack NA group
• 1622- surprise attack
• 12 chiefdoms
• 137 English settlers killed (1/3)
• English seize fields, foods of the “naked, tanned, deformed Savages”
• Enslave captured NAs , take control of land
• “perpetual war without peace or truce” through 1632
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• Result of fighting?
• KJ1 revoke VA Co. charter
• VA Royal colony = king, ministers appoint gov., advisory council (king’s Privy Council)
• HofB remains, BUT legislation must be ratified by PC
• Church of England into colony
• Colonists pay taxes to support clergy
• = model for royal colonies
• Appointed gov., elected assembly, formal legal system, Anglican Church
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What factors impacted the political, social, and economic development of the colonial regions (New England, Middle, and
Southern/Chesapeake colonies)?
How did this create regional identities?
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MIDDLE/CHESAPEAKE COLONIES
• NY, PA, NJ, RI/VA, MD
• Diverse
• Religion, ethnicity, demography
• Export economy
• Middle = cereal crops (wheat), animal husbandry (leather, dairy, candles, meat, butter, cheese)
• Chesapeake = tobacco
• Labor intensive
• White indentured servants, African slaves
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MARYLAND
• King James King Charles I
• Secretly sympathetic to Catholics
• 1632- land on Chesapeake granted to Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert)
• MD = refuge for Catholics
• 1634- 20 gentlemen (Cath) + 200 craftsmen/artisans/laborers (Prots) est. St. Mary’s City (Potomac)
• Conflict resolution = “no scandall nor offence to be given to any of the Protestants” and to “cause All Acts of Romane Catholicque Religion to be done as privately as may be.”
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• MD = high growth
• Land to wealthy
• Opportunity for artisans
• Political conflict
• Against LB, settlers elect representative body
• Desire to initiate legislation
• LB gives OK
• Anti-Catholic agitation increased LB influence on assembly for Toleration Act (1649)
• = all Xns have right to follow own beliefs, hold church services
• Tobacco = $$
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NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
• MA, NH, RI, CT
• Founded by Puritans
• Desire community of like-minded believers
• Close-knit, homogenous
• AG + Commerce
• Limited AG- poor soil
• Local Ag for local consumption
• Focus on commercial/market activity growing cities
• Natural resources = commodities
• Lumber (naval stores), fish/whale, furs,
• Financial, entrepreneurial activity
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NEW ENGLAND
• 1620- 102 Pilgrims arrive @ Plymouth Colony
• 50% death rate
• Strong work ethic, little danger from Wampanoags, religious toleration
• 1630- Massachusetts Bay Colony chartered as joint-stock co.
• Puritan exodus led by John Winthrop (1st Gov. of MBC)
• “We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill…The eyes of all people are upon us.”
• Boston
• joint-stock representative political system (gov., council, assembly)
• Rule by godly
• Must be church member to vote, hold office
• NO religious toleration! Puritanism = state=sponsored religion, Bible is legal guide
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• Who?
• Family groups to form communities based on Protestant principles
• Land distribution, balanced sex ratio, organized community society of independent farmers
• MBC = “moral commonwealth”
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PURITANS 101• Pilgrims = separatists
• KJ1 threatened to drive “out of the land, or else do worse” America
• William Bradford, Mayflower Compact, MBC
• No royal charter to bind together
• MC = alliance “together into a civill body politick”
• Based on Puritan idea of self-governing religious congregations
• Puritans = those wanting to “purify” COE of ceremony, hierarchy (Cath)
• KC1 vs. idea of grace in salvation = “popery” to Prots
• Purge of ministers who went against KC1 outflow of Puritans
• In MBC- want reformed Xn society, “authority in magistrates, liberty in people, purity in the church.” – John Cotton
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• NE Puritans look for simplicity
• Power lie w/ congregation
• (Congregationalist churches)
• John Calvin = inspiration
• Idea of predestination
• Only a few are saved
• Life of anxiety- fear that person was not part of “elect”
• Hope for conversion experience
• Reliance on “preparation” & confidence in salvation (spiritual guidance from minsters)
• Saved if obey laws
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DISSIDENTS IN MBC
• Roger Williams
• Target during purge of religious dissidents
• RW = minister in Salem: religious toleration, separation of church & state, wrong to take NA land banishment in 1636
• Settled in Providence, others into Portsmouth, Newport
• 1644- corporate charter granted by Parliament Rhode Island
• Rule selves
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• Anne Hutchinson
• Preach “covenant of grace” vs. “works,” too much emphasis on “good behavior,” God revealed directly to individuals (heretical)
• Puritans- little gender equality. Women = inferior
• “Thy desires shall bee subject ot they husband, and he shall rule over thee.”
• 1637 banishment on basis of heretical views RI
• Others:
• 1630s- outward movement of “dissidents”
• CT, New Haven, Saybrook combine into CT- 1665
• 1639- Hartford, Fundamental Orders of CT
• = 1st constitution (rep. assembly, vote in Gov)
• Legally established church, elected gov., assembly
• Voting rights to property-owning men
• Vs. church members like in MBC
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THE YEOMAN SOCIETY: 1630-1700• NE Puritans from middle class England
• No desire to be tenants of wealthy or be taxed by distant gov.
• desire for close knit, self-governing communities
• MBC & CT give land to groups of settlers, then distributed to male heads of family
• Most own land, BUT no equality of wealth/status
• “God had ordained different degrees and orders of men, some to be Masters and Commanders, others to be Subjects, and to be commanded.” – John Saffin, Boston merchant
• Most land granted by proprietors to high social class
• All receive some land
• Most adult men have vote in TOWN MEETING (institution for local gov.)
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• Society in NE- independent households, self-governing communities
• farmers having political power
• Town meetings taxes, ordinances for fencing, road building, use of common fields, chose men to manage town affairs & reps for General Court (center of political authority in colony)
• Chesapeake yeomen/Euro. Peasants have less power
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NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION
• 1640s- fear of attacks from NA, Dutch, French military alliance
• Help from England not likely
• Civil war, distance
• Confederation directed by board- 2 reps/colony
• Limited powers on boundary disputes, return of runaway servants, dealings w/ NA tribes
• 1684- end of NEC
• Colonial rivalry, renewed control by King
• Why important?
• Example of ability to unify, take action toward common purpose
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PURITANISM AND WITCHCRAFT
• Puritans see signs in natural world
• Good & evil
• Cotton Mather
• Lightning = supernatural sign
• Believe people tried to manipulate forces in nature (wizards, witches)
• 1647 – 1662: 14 hung for witchcraft (older women)
• Salem, 1692:
• Girls w/ strange seizures accusations of witchcraft
• Judge OKs use of “spectral” evidence
• MBC tries 175 people- 19 executed
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• Why the mass hysteria?
• Group rivalry
• Accuser often young girls from poor farming families
• Accused often older women who were wealthy, prominent church members
• Puritan effort to subordinate women
• 18/19 executed were women
• Political Instability in MBC
• And fears from NA attacks in Maine
• Some accusers parents killed
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• = turning point for MBC, Puritans
• Salem = high number of deaths
• gov. officials limiting legal prosecutions for witchcraft
• Beginning of Enlightenment thought (1675)
• Rational, scientific view of world
• Strange happenings have “natural causes”
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NEW YORK• KCII attempt to consolidate holdings along Atlantic
• Close gap b/t NE & Chesapeake colonies
• Issue? DUTCH
• New Amsterdam on Manhattan Is./Hudson R.
• 1664- land b/t CT and DE Bay granted to Duke of York (KCII brother James)
• navy sent across Atlantic, takes control of colony from Gov. Peter Stuyvesant
• Renamed New York
• Orders to treat Dutch well, give freedom of worship, speak own language
• Also- new taxes, duties, rents.
• No representative assembly opposition of Puritans from NE in NY
• 1683- James OKs NY Gov. to start rep. assembly
• d
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NEW JERSEY
• 1664- NY too large to administer James divide it
• NJ area to Lord Berkely & Sir Carteret
• 1674- split into W. NJ, E. NJ
• Both give land offers to new settlers, religious freedom, representative assembly
• Later, sold proprietary interest to groups of Quakers
• Issues? Land titles change hands often bad property lines, confusion
• 1702- combination of two Jerseys = New Jersey
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WILLIAM PENN & PENNSYLVANIA
• 1681- KCII grant PA (incl. today’s DE) to Penn
• = payment on debt to Penn’s father
• WP a Quaker- simple Xnty (gender equality, nonviolence, resistance to military service)
• Grew up wealthy, then join Religious Society of Friends
• Religious authority in own self, not Bible or preacher persecution, jail
• “The Holy Experiment”
• PA = religious refuge
• Frame of Gov. (1682-1683)- rep. assembly elected by landowners, written constitution, Charter of Liberties (1701- freedom of worship, unrestricted immigration)
• WP govern from Philadelphia, PA, not England
• Treated NA fairly, purchased land fairly from them
• 1702- WP give lower 3 counties of PA own assembly = DE
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SOUTHERN COLONIES
• SC, NC, GA
• AG economy
• Staple crops, long growing season, slave labor
• Tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar (W. Indies)
• High investment (land, slaves, equipment) high return
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• Carolinas- KCII give land to 8 nobles (= proprietors in 1663)
• 1729- SC & NC formed from land grant by KCII
• 1670- colonists from England, planters from Barbados Charlestown
• Econ- fur/trade to West Indies (food) RICE ($$$)
• NC- farmers from VA, New England
• Small, self-sufficient tobacco farms
• Few plantations (why? Few harbors, poor transportation)
• Georgia = Last Colony
• 1732- defensive buffer from Sp. FL & relief for overcrowded debtor jails
• James Oglethorpe (Gov.)- Savannah (1733)
• No rum, no slaves, but. . . Little prosperity
• 1752- GB takes over, restrictions lifted, plantation system adopted
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COLONIAL BREAKDOWN
• New England
• Middle
• Chesapeake/Southern
• Restoration Colonies
• Late 17th c.
• Restoration of power to monarch, KCII, after Puritan rule (Oliver Cromwell)
• Want to tighten control, gain back power from “big men” (Puritan magistrates, tobacco planters) who came to power during “lax” rule
• Carolinas, Pennsylvania (DE), NY (NJ)