PERIOD 1 Ancient Period 8000 BCE to 600 CE. Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of...
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Transcript of PERIOD 1 Ancient Period 8000 BCE to 600 CE. Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of...
Self-actualization(self-knowledge,
fulfillment of personal potential)
Esteem(autonomy, achievement, recognition)
Social(belonging, affection)
Safety(security, protection from harm)
Physiological(Hunger, thirst, shelter)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Paleolithic to NeolithicPaleolithic to Neolithic
Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age Humans had spread around globeHumans had spread around globe Humans were hunter-gatherersHumans were hunter-gatherers Life style could not support large numbersLife style could not support large numbers Man makes tools of stone, boneMan makes tools of stone, bone
Began around 9,000 BCEBegan around 9,000 BCE Rise of agricultureRise of agriculture Culture becomes increasingly complexCulture becomes increasingly complex
RISE OF NEOLITHICRISE OF NEOLITHIC
Areas where Neolithic cultures aroseAreas where Neolithic cultures arose Harsh environmentsHarsh environments Water shortagesWater shortages Few reliable sources of foodstuffsFew reliable sources of foodstuffs
Causes of the Neolithic RevolutionCauses of the Neolithic Revolution Development, spread of agricultureDevelopment, spread of agriculture Domestication of animalsDomestication of animals Improvement of technologyImprovement of technology
We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
NEW STONE AGE
ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGEASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGE
Effects of Neolithic AgeEffects of Neolithic Age Sedentary culture developsSedentary culture develops Surplus of food leads to increased Surplus of food leads to increased
populationspopulations Rise of differentiated occupations Rise of differentiated occupations Complex culturesComplex cultures Gender relations change Gender relations change Humans begin to change environmentHumans begin to change environment Communicable diseases become commonCommunicable diseases become common
PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHICPALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC
Many resist sedentarismMany resist sedentarism PastoralistsPastoralists Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20thth century century
Development uneven across regionsDevelopment uneven across regions Change often slowChange often slow Indigenous development vs. diffusionIndigenous development vs. diffusion
INVENTION OF AGRICULTUREINVENTION OF AGRICULTURE
Mesopotamians first to engage in Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture agriculture Around 8000 BCAround 8000 BC Cereal cropsCereal crops
WheatWheat Barley Barley
Herd animalsHerd animals SheepSheep GoatsGoats
Human/Environmental interactionHuman/Environmental interaction
Tools and weaponsTools and weapons Social and political Social and political
organization organization HomesHomes
Lake houses in SwitzerlandLake houses in Switzerland Long houses along DanubeLong houses along Danube Stone huts in BritainStone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in EgyptReed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle EastClay brick huts in Middle East
Broad language Broad language groups appearedgroups appeared
POSSESSIONSPOSSESSIONS
Needs of Needs of agriculture and agriculture and stabilitystability Clay potteryClay pottery Woven basketsWoven baskets Woolen and linen Woolen and linen
clothingclothing Sophisticated tools Sophisticated tools
and weaponsand weapons PlowPlow
RESULTS OF AGRICULTURERESULTS OF AGRICULTURE
Required Required intensification of intensification of group organizationgroup organization Neolithic farmers Neolithic farmers
lived in settlementslived in settlements Ranged from 150 Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)(Jericho)
OUTSIDE CONTACTSOUTSIDE CONTACTS
Neolithic communities had linksNeolithic communities had links Walls indicate some fearfulWalls indicate some fearful Others were more peacefulOthers were more peaceful
Jericho
What does it mean to be civilized?What does it mean to be civilized? 18th Century European18th Century European
Civilized vs. primitiveCivilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone elseWhite vs. everyone else
Historians have determined Historians have determined 6 6 characteristics of civilization:characteristics of civilization:
CitiesCities Organized central governmentsOrganized central governments Complex religionsComplex religions Social classesSocial classes Job specialization and the artsJob specialization and the arts WritingWriting
CIVILIZATION’S 1CIVILIZATION’S 1STST PHASE PHASE Civilizations arose in few areas, spread outCivilizations arose in few areas, spread out
Often arose around control of waterOften arose around control of water Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizationsCalled “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations Irrigation, flood control at center of power, Irrigation, flood control at center of power,
changeschanges
Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCEAncient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE
UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATIONUNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next Civilization was not simply next
inevitable step from Neolithic Ageinevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-Many peoples remained at simple food-
raising stage for thousands of years—raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilizationwithout developing any sort of civilization
Only four locations developed Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their owncivilizations entirely on their own ChinaChina Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Mesopotamia/EgyptMesopotamia/Egypt Central America and PeruCentral America and Peru
Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations
• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable• No natural barriers• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
EnvironmentEnvironment
MesopotamiaMesopotamia
EgyptEgypt
Indus River Indus River ValleyValley
ChinaChina
• Flooding of the Nile predictable• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages• Deserts were natural barriers• Indus flooding unpredictable• Monsoon winds• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers• Huang He flooding unpredictable• Mountains, deserts natural barriers• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations• Mountains and ocean natural barriers• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
Mesoamerica Mesoamerica & Andes& Andes
THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATIONTHE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION
Permanent InstitutionsPermanent Institutions Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheismReligious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militariesPolitical: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries Social: Rise of classesSocial: Rise of classes Gender: Patriarchy Gender: Patriarchy
Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce Systems of Record KeepingSystems of Record Keeping Intellectual TraditionsIntellectual Traditions
Arts, ArchitectureArts, Architecture LiteraturesLiteratures
WIDER CONTACTSWIDER CONTACTS
Each civilization had particular patternsEach civilization had particular patterns Effects of GeographyEffects of Geography
Either facilitated, hindered communicationEither facilitated, hindered communication Strengthened, weakened local cultureStrengthened, weakened local culture
ContactsContacts War, Trade, DiseasesWar, Trade, Diseases NomadsNomads MigrationMigration
Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent
Sumer – The Sumer – The Earliest of the River Earliest of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations
Sumerian Sumerian Civilization grew up Civilization grew up along the Tigris and along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Euphrates Rivers in what is now what is now Kuwait.Kuwait.
Sumerians Sumerians invented:invented:
Cuneiform Cuneiform WheelWheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees
Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minuteminute
12 month lunar calendar12 month lunar calendar Brick technologyBrick technology
archarch rampramp zigguratziggurat
BabylonBabylon
First know written law code First know written law code ““Rule of Law”Rule of Law”
Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BCHammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.to death.25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire.same fire.129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied 129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves.king his slaves.137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: 137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart.her heart.
EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”
Nile River
Sahara Desert
HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics PyramidsPyramids GeometryGeometry Advances in medicine and Advances in medicine and
surgerysurgery
Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC
Harappan culture Harappan culture Well planned citiesWell planned cities
Grid patternGrid pattern
Modern plumbingModern plumbing Built on mud brick platformsBuilt on mud brick platforms
Protected against seasonal floodsProtected against seasonal floods
Larger citiesLarger cities Houses built of baked brickHouses built of baked brick
Smaller townsSmaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brickHouses built of sun-dried mud brick
Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1027 BC1600 BC – 1027 BC
Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley Advanced cultureAdvanced culture
ReligionReligion AstronomyAstronomy CalendarCalendar MedicineMedicine Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts
Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Strong sense of identityStrong sense of identity SuperioritySuperiority Center of earthCenter of earth Sole source of civilizationSole source of civilization
Zhou ChinaZhou China1122 BC – 256 BC1122 BC – 256 BC
Bronze, jade, silver, goldBronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven
Power to rule came from heavenPower to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler Power could be removed if ruler
not just not just Veneration of ancestorsVeneration of ancestors
All must honor family responsibilitiesAll must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Period ended with
Era of Warring StatesEra of Warring States
Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America
2900 BC – 1400 BC2900 BC – 1400 BC MesoamericaMesoamerica
Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beansMaize, chili peppers, avocados, beans PotteryPottery Stone bowlsStone bowls BeadsBeads Waddle and daub structuresWaddle and daub structures No draft animals No draft animals
Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America
3500 BC – 1400 BC3500 BC – 1400 BC AndesAndes
Textiles technology Textiles technology Sophisticated governmentSophisticated government ReligionReligion Lacked ceramicsLacked ceramics Largely without artLargely without art Most impressive achievement was Most impressive achievement was
monumental architecturemonumental architecture Large platform mounds Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazasSunken circular plazas