Perinatal Nutrition, Appetite And Food Preferences
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Transcript of Perinatal Nutrition, Appetite And Food Preferences
Nutrigenomics and
Personalized Nutrit ion
Perinatal Nutrition, Appetite and Food
Preferences
Alejandra Ponce GarzaItxaso Vázquez Varona
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
2
Appetite: The natural instinctive desire for food. It should be distinguished from hunger (need for food)
Food Preferences : Prefer one food to another.
Perinatal nutrition : Nutrition that happens pertaining to the period immediately before and after birth
Starts: 20 th-28 th week of gestation Ends: 1-4 weeks after birth.
DEFINITIONS
3Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
1.Bell inger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.
2. Brion, M.-J. A., A. R. Ness, I. Rogers, P. Emmett, V. Cribb, G. Davey Smith, and D. A. Lawlor. "Maternal Macronutrient and Energy Intakes in Pregnancy and Offspring Intake at 10 Y: Exploring Parental Comparisons and Prenatal Effects." American Journal of Clinical Nutrit ion 91.3 (2010): 748-56. Print.
BACKGROUND
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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BACKGROUND (1)
Epidemiological observations of associations between early life nutrition and long-term disease risk have prompted detailed experimental investigation of the biological basis of programming.Animal experimentsHuman interventions:
Global food restriction Protein restriction Micronutrient restriction Excess fat feeding
determine a consistent cluster of disorders
in the resulting offspring
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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BACKGROUND (2)
Encouraging pregnant women to engage in healthy dietary behaviors may be of benefit to the development of the fetus and to later dietary habits of their children.
Maternal macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) and energy intakes potentially influence fetal growth and program future appetite
6Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
MECHANISMS
1. Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48
2. Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki, E. Hollenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Alters Methylation and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Persistent hyperphagic state in animals exposed to: Fetal undernutrition Early postnatal overfeeding
Non-optimal nutrition at critical phases of development may promote1. Adaptive responses 2. Modification of the structures of key
hypothalamic nuclei responsible for appetite control.
APPETITE: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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APPETITE: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)
Exposure of the rat fetus to a low protein diet modifies vascularization of the cerebral cortex. Bennis-Taleb et al (1999)
Rats fed low protein diets throughout gestation and lactation showed differences in whole brain volume and volume of the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Plagemann et al., (2000)
Offsrping of rats fed with low protein diet: Increased neural density in the PVN and VMN, with fewer NPY and CCK neurons. Langley-Evans et al (2005)
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Structural adaptations Permanently predispose
the animal to increased appetite
Gene microarray studies indicate that the expression of a relatively narrow profile of genes in the hypothalamus is programmed by fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet
APPETITE.: MOLECULAR BASIS (1)
Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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MECHANISMS AND DNA (2)
Human study: n=4000Hypothesis:
Molecules that participate in regulating consumption of palatable foods (dopamine and opioids) maybe altered in offspring from mothers fed a HF diet.
Mechanisms: Maternal consumption of HF diet would alter DNA methylation either globally or within the promoter regions of dopamine- and opioid-related genes.
The study examines the potential underlying mechanisms linking maternal consumption of HF diet to adverse offspring development.
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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HF diet during pregnancy and lactation associated with altered expression: Opioid receptor The opiate ligand preproenkephalin,
Genes specifically l inked to the intake of palatable foods.
Epigenetic modification (promoter region hypomethylation) as a potential mechanism for increased long-term expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes (DAT, MOR, and PENK)
MECHANISMS AND DNA (2)
Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki, E. Hollenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Alters Methylation and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Decreased methylation of the promoter region of GH secretagogue receptor. Effect persisting into at least the second generation
suggesting the possibility that our observed epigenetic effects on dopamine and opioid gene expression may extend beyond the F1 generation.
MECHANISMS AND DNA (2)
13Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
SALTY1. Prenatal imprinting of postnatal specific appetites and feeding behavior. Stylianos Nicolaïdis. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 57 (Suppl 2) (2008) S22–S262. Crystal SR, Bernstein IL. Morning sickness: impact on offspring salt preference. Appetite 1995;25:231-40.
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Sodium appetite increases in response to hypovolemic and hypoosmotic deficits.
When these deficits recur, hypernatriophilia develops.
Hypernatriophilia: Hypothesis that extracellular dehydration imposed
on a pregnant rat could bring about hypernatriophilia in its offspring when they reach adulthood.
APPETITE FOR SALTY (1,2)
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Hypothesis was successfully verified byCrystal and Bernstein
cohort of 169 students: reported higher salt use were precisely the ones whose mothers had experienced vomiting during pregnancy.
Kochli and coworkers.Curtis and associates have shown in the rat that
manipulations of dietary NaCl levels during gestation and the early postnatal period lead to persistent changes both in “need-free” and stimulated NaCl intake by adult rats.
APPETITE FOR SALTY (1,2)
16Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
1. Trout, K. K., and L. Wetzel-Eff inger. "Flavor Learning in Utero and Its Implications for Future Obesity and Diabetes." Current Diabetes Reports 12.1 (2012): 60+. Print.
2. Mennel la, J. A., C. P. Jagnow, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants." Pediatr ics 107.6 (2001): E88
3. Mannel la, J. A., C. E. Gri ff in, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Flavor Programming During Infancy." Pediatr ics 113.4 (2004): 840-45. Print.
FLAVORS
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Flavors in the mother diet Amniotic fluid.Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus.PREFERENCES.Persisten during infancy Childhood Adulthood
Early exposure to different flavors can lead to increased acceptance of and preferences for these flavors in later life.
FLAVORS (1,3)
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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FLAVORS (3)
Hydrolyzed protein formulas.
Mannella, J. A., C. E. Griffin, and G. K. Beauchamp. "Flavor Programming During Infancy." Pediatrics 113.4 (2004): 840-45. Print.
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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First experimental study that demonstrates that prenatal flavor experiences enhances the acceptances and enjoyment of similarly flavored foods during weaning.
Groups: 46 women. Drank 300ml
Babies: CW weaning period enjoyment of carrot-flavored cereal.
FLAVORS (2)
Pregnancy Lactation
1 - CW Carrot Juice Water
2 - WC Water Carrot Juice
3 - WW Water Water
20Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
1. Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Nei l C. St ickland. "A Maternal ‘ junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘ junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." Bri t ish Journal of Nutr i t ion 98.04 (2007). Print.
JUNK FOOD
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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JUNK FOOD (1)
Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Neil C. Stickland. "A Maternal ‘junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 98.04 (2007). Print
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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JUNK FOOD
(1)
A maternal junk food diet before weaning promotes an exacerbated preference for junk food and leads to a greater propensity for obesity in the offspring. Palatability Protection against hyperphagia when mother
was fed –at some point- with a control diet.
JJJ
JCJ
CCJ
JCCJJCCCC
Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Neil C. Stickland. "A Maternal ‘junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 98.04 (2007). Print
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Palatability Major role in
appetite regulation. Inhibit the satiety
signal while promoting hunger and stimulating the reward centres.
JUNK FOOD (1)
Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Neil C. Stickland. "A Maternal ‘junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 98.04 (2007). Print
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Lactation: important period for the programming of an exacerbated intake of junk food. Key role in influencing long-
term appetite. Milk intake and composition
might be key regulators of the development and maturation of the central and peripheral control of appetite.
JUNK FOOD (1)
Bayol, Stéphanie A., Samantha J. Farrington, and Neil C. Stickland. "A Maternal ‘junk Food’ Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for ‘junk Food’ and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 98.04 (2007). Print
25Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
1. Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bel l inger, and Sarah McMullen . "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Chi ld Nutri t ion 1 (2005): 142-48
2. Vucetic, Z., J. Kimmel, K. Totoki , E. Hol lenbeck, and T. M. Reyes. "Maternal High-Fat Diet Al ters Methylat ion and Gene Expression of Dopamine and Opioid-Related Genes." Endocrinology 151.10 (2010): 4756-764. Print
3. Teegarden, S. l . , A.n. Scott , and T. l . Bale. "Early Li fe Exposure to a High Fat Diet Promotes Long-term Changes in Dietary Preferences and Central Reward Signal ing." Neuroscience 162.4 (2009): 924-32. Print
PALATABILITY
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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First evidence of perturbation of the nutritional environment in utero: 12 week old female
offspring of rats fed with low-protein diet during gestation and lactation preferred a high-fat diet over a high-protein or a high-carbohydrate diet.
HIGH-FAT FOOD (1)
Langley-Evans, Simon C., Leanne Bellinger, and Sarah McMullen. "Animal Models of Programming: Early Life Influences on Appetite and Feeding Behaviour." Maternal and Child Nutrition 1 (2005): 142-48
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Effect of HF diet and/or maternal obesity on hypothalamic neuropeptides that affect food intake Increased expression of NPY, AgRP, NPY Y1 receptor, and
MC4Rand, more consistently, an increase in POMC. Increase neurogenesis, specifically neurons that express
galanin, enkephalin, dynorphin, orexin, and MCH Differential expression of dopamine- related genes in the
nucleus accumbens (NAc). Little examination of circuitry outside the hypothalamus
Animal studies have shown that maternal consumption of a palatable diet can increase the preference for fat and sugar in the offspring
HIGH-FAT AND HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE FOOD (2)
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Examination of the effects of early life exposure to a high fat diet on adult macronutrient preferences in mice:
HIGH-FAT AND HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE FOOD (3)
In a 10-day macronutr ient choice preference test, high fat diet early-exposed mice showed A signif icantly greater preference for a high fat diet as adults No differences in total dai ly caloric intake or weight gain during the
macronutr ient choice preference period
Mice were exposed to a high fat diet for one week, from postnatal days 21-28: The t ime during which they begin to consume sol id food and are no
longer dependent on the dam for nutr i t ion Hypothalamic development is complete,
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Possible mechanisms:Reduced dopamine signal transmission in the
ventral striatum in these mice may result in an increased preference for the high fat diet in an attempt to normalize dopamine levels.
Exposure to a palatable, high fat diet during early life may lead to long-term reprogramming of the reward system, Risk for maladaptive eating habits Risk for disorders of the reward system.
HIGH-FAT AND HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE FOOD (3)
30Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
1. Bellinger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.
CONTRADICTION
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Low protein diets: LP-Early: 0-7 day of gestation LP-Medium: 8-14 day gestation LP-Late: 15-22 day of gestation
At 4 weeks of age: offspring were weaned on to standard chow diet.
At 12 weeks of age, two male and two female offspring from each litter were self-selection diet protocol to assess appetite and food preferences.
LOW-PROTEIN HIGH-FAT FOOD (1)
Bellinger, Leanne, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Fetal Programming of Appetite by Exposure to Maternal Low-protein Diet in the Rat." Clinical Science 109 (2005): 413-20. Print.
Itxaso Vázquez Varona * Alejandra Ponce Garza MSc. Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition
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Guidelines for nutrition during pregnancy and lactation Flavors.
Infant formulas FlavorsInvestigate more about mechanisms.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES