March 11 2001March 11, 2001 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Performance of StructuresGilberto MosquedaAssociate Professor

D t f Ci il St t l d E i t l E i iDept. of Civil, Structural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo

SCJ, JAEE & CUEE invite PEER/EERI/GEER/Tsunami Team

US TeamSt t l F

Japanese Field Team• Structural Focus:

– Stephen Mahin (Berkeley) – Team Leader

– Gregory Deierlein (Stanford),

Kazuhiko Kasai, CUEE (Tokyo Tech)

Kimiro Meguro (IIS, Tokyo) ‐ Co‐leader

Saburoh Midorikawa, CUEE (Tokyo Tech)

Omer Aydan (Tokai University)g y ( )– Gilberto Mosqueda (Buffalo)

• Lifeline/Fire Focus: Charles Scawthorn (PEER, Wasada University)

• Geotech Focus:

Omer Aydan (Tokai University)

Anil C. Wijeyewickrema (CUEE, Tokyo Tech)

Shoichi Kishiki (CUEE, Tokyo Tech)

Troy Morgan (CUEE, Tokyo Tech)• Geotech Focus:

– Youssef Hashash (UIUC)– Steven Kramer (Washington)– Kyle Rollins (BYU)

Masato Motosaka (Tohoku University)

Akenori Shibata (emeritus, Tohoku University)

Japanese Organizationsy ( )

• Tsunami Focus: – Philip Liu (Cornell) – Harry Yeh (OSU)

Center for Urban Earthquake Engineering

Architectural Institute of Japan 

Japan Society of Civil Engineers

Ports and Airports Research Institute Ports and Airports Research Institute

Images presented here from G. Deierlein, S. Mahin and C. Cabrera

2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Date: March 11, 2011Magnitude (Mw): 9.0Depth: 32 km (20 mi)Di t f Sh 70 kDistance from Shore: 70 kmRupture zone: 500x200 kmPGA: 2.9g measuredPGA: 2.9g measuredTsunami: >35 m Casualties: ~ 25,000Refugees: 151,000 Economic Loss: >$309 BCost of Recovery: >$615 BCost of Recovery: >$615 B

Considering M9.0 EarthquakeRelatively limited damage to structuresRelatively limited damage to structures

Downtown Sendai

Ground shaking geffects on structures

- intensityf t t

SendaiSendai- frequency content- duration

Se daSe da

FukushimaFukushimaFukushima Fukushima NPP NPP

Tokyo Tokyo

Japan K-Net StationMany motion records available for analysis

Comparison of ground motions from significant earthquakes affecting Sendai areaearthquakes affecting Sendai area

March 11, 2011 M9.0,

April 7, 2011 M7.1

Miyagi-Oki, June 12, 1978 M7.4

Aug. 16, 2005 M7.2

Recorded strong motions from 2011 events compared to 1978 and g p2005 Miyagi-ken Oki earthquakes at Sumitomo Building (near Sendai Station)

Courtesy: Prof. Motosaka, Tohoku Univ.

Comparison of Ground MotionsComparison of Ground MotionsDate Earthquake Station Mag. Fault Dist.

(km)PGA(g)

1/17/1994 1994 Northridge Sylmar 6.7 5.35 0.61

1/16/1995 1995 Kobe Takatori 6.9 1.47 0.62

3/11/2011 2011 Tohoku Tsukidate - MYG004 9.0 75.1 2.76

3/11/2011 2011 Tohoku Sendai - MYG013 9.0 71.8 1.55

Comparison of Ground MotionsComparison of Ground MotionsMaximum response of 3-story steel moment frame buildings to ground motions

Housing near K-NET Site: PGA = 2.7g

Ref: Midorikaway, Tokyo Tech

Damaged Buildings in Sendai

Buildings at Tohoku Univ., Sendai

Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

Drop of exterior wall of steel structure (Oroshimachi)

Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

Sendai Library

TohokuUniv.

“Non-Structural” Damage - Tokyo

Concert Hall – Kawasaki (near Tokyo)

Moderate Shaking PGA

Ref: http://sankei.jp.msn.com

Moderate Shaking PGA ~ 0.15g unoccupied at time of earthquake

Ceiling Damage - Tokyo

Bowling Alley Yokohama

Book Store Tokyo(The Atlantic)

Hotel Hall Tokyo

Instrumented Buildings

Instrumented BuildingsInstrumented Buildings• Building Research Institute (BRI) records from 50

i t t d b ildi il bl t bliinstrumented buildings available to public– Some buildings include ground motions from nearby

free field sites and down hole arraysfree field sites and down hole arrays.– At least ten building sites with PGA greater than 0.15g

• Many other instrumented buildings fromMany other instrumented buildings from university owned or private networks– Tokyo Tech currently examining records of at least 10

buildings with seismic isolation or supplemental energy dissipation

Shinkansen Railway Viaducts

March 26, 2011

March 11 damage

March 19, 2011

March 11 damage

Shinkansen Viaducts (1970’s vintage)

Ref: Takahashi, JSCE

Shinkansen Railway – Previously Retrofit

Ref: Takahashi,

Tsunami Inundation - Arahama (coast near Sendai, 4 km penetration)p )

Aero Ashai Corporation

Arahama: 4-story School Building, Vertical Evacuation Facility

Innundation into 2nd

floor

Concrete and steel buildings typically survived, 1 m inundation levels swept wood homes awayp y

Rikuzen Takata – buildings that survived

~11 m

Oganawa - Tsunami overturned concrete buildings

Rikuzen Takata – Damage to Bridges

Highway bridge in 

Collapsed highway bridge (B)

Collapsed rail bridge 

(F)

service(E)

CollapsedCollapsed highway bridge (A)

Single  span  in service (D)

Partial Collapsed highway bridge 

(C)

Rikuzen Takata – bridge damage (Route 45)

B

A

Route 45, Rikuzen-Koizumi (3 span bridge, washed away)

Rikuzen Takata – surviving bridge spans

C

D

Several fires resulted from shaking and tsunami

Office Building in Tokyo(The Atlantic)

T i i d t d i S d iTsunami inundated area in Sendai(The Atlantic)

Concluding Remarksg• Low probability high consequence event

– Multiple cascading hazards including ground shaking, tsunami, fire and nuclear disastere a d uc ea d saste

• Buildings, bridges and other facilities generally performed well under strong ground shaking– Widespread damage to nonstructural components and contentsWidespread damage to nonstructural components and contents– Structural damage mainly to older (deficient) structures– Data on ground motions and instrumented buildings (w/isolation,

dampers, etc.) provide valuable source for simulation validationdampers, etc.) provide valuable source for simulation validation

• Tsunami inundation was major source of damage to structures

I d ti d th 1 t 2 t– Inundation depths > 1 to 2 meters:• Timber and light frame buildings totally destroyed• Engineered RC and steel buildings generally survived

Inundated bridges often failed- Inundated bridges often failed- Implications on planning/land use, role of buildings for vertical evacuation and bridges for response/recovery