Performance Evaluation of Routing Algorithms in Wireless

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Itrat Rasool Quadri

ST ID 220248

COE-543

Wireless and Mobile Networks

Table of Contents Introduction MANET Routing Protocols

– DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) – DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) – AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) – ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) – TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) – STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)

Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Real Environment Effect of Mobility and Workload Performance Comparisons Case Studies Related Work Future Work

Conclusion

DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol Each Routing Table List all

destinations and number of hops to each

Each Route is tagged with a sequence number originated by destination

Updates are transmitted periodically and when there is any significant topology change

Routing information is transmitted by broadcast

DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol

DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)

Features:- On Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocol- Source Routing

DSR is based on two mechanisms Route Discovery:

- Route Request- Route Reply

Route Maintenance: - Route Error

Each node maintains Route Cache

Route DiscoveryA sends E a message

Lookup Route Cache for route A - E

Route found

?

Start Route Discovery Protocol

Continue normal

processing

Route Discovery finished

Packet buffere

d?Send packet to first host in headerdone

Buffer packet

no

Write route in packet header

yes

yes

no

wait

When any host receives a route request

Accept route request packet

<init, id> in list of

recently seen requests?

Discard route

request

yes

no

Host’s address

already in route

record

Discard route

request

yes

Store <init,id> in list

Broadcast packet

Send route reply packet

done

myAddr=targe

t

noAppend myAddr to

route recordno

yes

AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)

Pure on-demand protocolNode does not need to maintain knowledge

of another node unless it communicates with it

Broadcast discovery packets only when necessary

Distinguish between local connectivity and general topology maintenance

To disseminate Information about changes in local connectivity to those neighboring nodes that are likely to need it

AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)

ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol)

Hybrid Protocol – combines advantages of Reactive & Proactive Protocols

Proactively maintains information within a local zone

Reactively routes to out-of-zone nodesAdjustable range of nodes

ZRP Example

A

B

C

DE

F

G H

1 Hop

2 Hops

Multi Hops

TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)

On demand, source initiated routing Distributed in that nodes only maintain

one hop knowledgeProvides multiple routes to alleviate

congestion Creates loop free routes Handles partitions by erasing invalid

routes.

TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)

Algorithm Overview– Route Creation: establish sequence of directed

links from source to destination. this is done by forming destination oriented DAG

– Route Maintenance: Reaction to topology changes in order to reestablish routes

– Route Erasure: When a partition is detected in the network, all invalid routes must be removed from the network. this is done by making directed routes undirected

STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)

Routers in star communicate their source routing trees to their neighbors either incrementally or in atomic updates

It performs efficient routing in packet radio networks using link-state information.

STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)

Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation

Environmental Factors Size or shape of simulation area: This factor, for its size, can be related to the

node density. If area shape is more rectangular, it leads to longer routes

Radio

Radio transmission range in meters

Bandwidth in kBytes/second

MAC Protocol

Data Flow Buffers in packets

Packet size in bytes

Traffic type

Mobility Model Mobility, effects almost all of the outcomes, especially the protocol accuracy

Effect of Mobility and Workload End-to-end Delay End-to-end Throughput Control Packets Overhead Successful Packet Delivery Path Optimality Energy Consumption Successful Packet Delivery End-to-end Delay End-to-end Throughput Control Packets Overhead Path Optimality

Power Consumption

DSDV Performance Comparison

DSR Performance

AODV Performance

ZRP Performance

Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

Case Studies

Related Work

PRNet (Packet Radio Network) ARP SSA (Signal Stability Based Adaptive)

ABR (Associativity Based Routing Routing)

Future Work

DSDVAODVZRPTORA

Conclusion

Quick route maintenancePower awareness (AODV)Processing (DSDV, TORA)Control Messages (TORA, DSR)Load Distribution (AODV)Choice for networks (AODV, DSDV)