PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEEM BIO DIESEL (B20)

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),

ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 51-60 © IAEME

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PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEEM BIO DIESEL (B20)

K. TARUN1

, G. SAI GNANARKA2

, S. ABHINAV3

, K. SAI SATVIK4

1, 2, 3, 4(Dept. of MECHANICAL, Vasavi College of Engg., Hyderabad, India)

ABSTRACT

Today energy crisis is worldwide because conventional forms os energy supply and

consumption are causing serious economical and environmental problems. Biodiesel is a

domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from new and used vegetable oils,

animal fats and recycled restaurant grease. Neem Biodiesel B20(20% neem oil+80% diesel) can be

used as a substitute for the fossil fuel(diesel). In this paper, the experimental methodology of

preparing the biodiesel by transesterification process, properties of the fuel and the behaviour of the

diesel engine running on this fuel is discussed.

Keywords: Neem Biodiesel B20, Transesterification.

INTRODUCTION

Biodiesel is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and

recycled cooking oils. Chemically it is defined as the "mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids"

derived from renewable liquid sources. Bio diesel is typically produced by reacting vegetable

oil or animal fat with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield glycerin and bio diesel. It is a

substitute for an additive to diesel fuel that is derived from the oils and fats of plants. It is an

alternative fuel that requires no engine modifications and provide power similar to conventional

diesel fuel and it contributes no net CO2 or sulphur to the atmosphere and is low in particulate

emissions. Due to high Bio-diesel costs, engine compatibility issues, and cold weather operating

concerns, Bio-diesel is often blended with conventional diesel fuel. Common Bio-diesel blends are

B20 (20% Bio-diesel and 80% petroleum diesel). The environmental benefits associated with using

Bio-diesel scale with the percentage of Bio-diesel contained in the fuel blend. B-20 i.e.,

blend -20 has been prepared by adding 200 ml of neem oil to 800ml of diesel (20%neem oil,

80% diesel) in a bottle and is stirred vigorously for obtaining homogeneous blend.

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PROPERTY

DIESEL

BIO-DIESEL

Appearance

Light Yellow

Pale Yellow

Odor

Aroma

Pleasant Aroma

Bio-Degradability

Relatively Slow

Four times faster than

Diesel

Flammability

Flammable

Non Flammable

TABLE: Comparision of physical properties between diesel and biodiesel

PROPERTY DIESEL BIO-DIESEL

Density 430-450kg/m

3 875-900kg/m

3

Boiling Point 250-350

0C 200

0C

Specific Gravity 0.81-0.96 0.84

Cetane Number >51 >49

Flash Point 52-96

0C 130-150

0C

Fire Point 210

0C 160

0C

Kinematic Viscocity 2-5 3.5-5 mm

2 /s at 40

0C

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

Transesterification Process: Biodiesel fuel blend can be conventionally prepared by using alkali or

acid as catalyst. 100gm of refined neem oil is mixed with 12gm of alcohol and 1gm of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) which acts as catalyst. The experiments were conducted in a manner similar to

Soxhlet extraction apparatus. This mixture is taken in a 500ml round bottomed flask. The amount of

catalyst that should be added to the reactor varies from 0.5% to 1% w/w. Using magnetic stirrer and

heater equipment the above mixture is thoroughly mixed and maintained at a temperature of 50-55

0C for two hours. The mixture is now allowed to settle for 24 hours at which two separate layers are

obtained. The top layer will be methyl ester of neem oil (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)

i.e,. biodiesel) and the bottom one glycerin. Using a conical separating funnel the glycerin is

separated at the bottom. To separate the FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) from glycerol, catalyst

(NaOH) and methanol, washing was carried out with warm water. Further water and methanol will

be removed by distillation. Then the NaOH, Glycerol, methanol and water was treated with

phosphoric acid for neutralizing the catalyst. Finally glycerin is obtained as a byproduct in case of

alkali transesterification process. Fig.1. shows the experimental set up of the process.



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TESTING OF IC ENGINES WITH BIO DIESEL

The following equipment has been used for the experimental work(Fig.2.) carried out in

applied thermo dynamics laboratory. This setup has the provision for to do work on measurement of

different parameters and performances .Separate fuel tank is arranged to supply different proportions

of diesel and oil.

Procedure:

1. The engine was started at no load condition and allowed to work for at least 10 minutes to

stabilize.

2. The readings such as time for 10cc fuel consumption, speed, manometer reading, exhaust

temperature etc., were taken as per the observation table.

3. The load on the engine was increased by 20% of FULL Load using the engine controls and

the readings were taken as shown in the tables.

4. Step 3 was repeated for different loads from no load to full load.

5. After completion of test, the load on the engine was completely relieved and then the engine

was stopped and the results are calculated.

Fig.2. Experimental Setup



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Viscocity Test The viscometer (Fig.4.) consists of a metal cup with an axially placed orifice in the base.

The hole can be closed by a metal ball or a rod. The metal cup can be heated and the oil is stirred to

ensure uniform temperature conditions. When the ball is removed, a thin stream of oil runs in to a

small graduated glass flask kept underneath and the time to fill the flask is recorded which represents

the viscosity of oil at that temperature.

Kinematic viscosity=At-B/t

Where A=0.26, B=1790

Fig.3. Experimental setup of IC Engine Test Rig Fig.4. Redwood Viscometer

Smoke Test Hartridge smoke meter is used for the smoke test. By pressing power switch on the front

panel and checking that the measuring equipment is switched on and after waiting for 20 seconds,

the system will itself go to CAL mode and by pressing test, current value of capacity is displayed.

Fig.5. Hartridge Smokemeter



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OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS PURE DIESEL

Table 3.1: Pure Diesel

15%NEEM OIL, 85%DIESEL

Table 4.1: 15%Neem Oil, 85%Diesel




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Table 3.2: Pure Diesel

20% NEEM OIL, 80%DIESEL


25% NEEM OIL, 75% DIESEL

Table 4.4: 25% Neem oil, 75% Diesel



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SMOKE TEST


Table 4.4: 25% Neem oil, 75% Diesel

VISCOCITY TEST



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GRAPHS



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RESULTS

Brake thermal Efficiency: 1 it is observed that break thermal efficiency for blends of neem oil and

diesel oil is higher than that of pure diesel during engine operation.

Air-Fuel ratio: Air fuel ratio for various loads of an engine operation with blend of fuel is noted. It

is seen that 20% neem oil and 80% diesel has more air fuel ratio when compared with diesel.

Brake specific Fuel Consumption: Specific fuel consumption for various loads of an engine is

noted. It is found that for almost all loads, the specific fuel consumption slightly decreased with

increase in blend number.

Mechanical Efficiency: Mechanical efficiency for various loads of an engine operation with blend

of fuel is noted. It is seen that 20% neem oil and 80% diesel has more mechanical efficiency when

compared with diesel and with other blends.

Volumetric Efficiency: It is observed that volumetric efficiency is high for B20 when compared

with diesel at no load and at maximum condition.

Exhaust Temperature: Exhaust temperature for various loads of an engine operation with blend of

fuel is noted. It is found that, B20 (20% neem oil and 80% diesel) has less exhaust temperature at

maximum load when compared with diesel.

Indicated thermal efficiency: It is found that indicated thermal efficiency is more for B20

(20% neem oil and 80% diesel) when compared with diesel at maximum load.

Percentage of smoke vs Load: Percentage of smoke is more for diesel than compare to neem at no

load condition.

CONCLUSIONS

It is possible to replace fossil fuel (diesel) with all its economic and ecological disadvantages,

with Neem Bio Diesel which is renewable and easily available

The above test leads to an inference that, B20 (20%neem oil + 80%diesel) has the Best

performance characteristics which are explained below.

• Brake thermal and Mechanical efficiencies for B20 is about 30.29% and 92.34% which are

higher when compared with pure diesel and this characteristics implies that maximum

thermal input from fuel is converted into mechanical work (wheel power) thus making

this blend more efficient.

• Indicated thermal efficiency of B20 is high when compared to diesel and thus maximum

potential heat would be delivered as work.

• Exhaust temperature of B20 has least value, thus life of engine components can be improved.

• Volumetric efficiency of B20 is more when compared to pure diesel, engine output can be

increased.

• Air fuel ratio for B20 is higher i.e., more air is drawn into it which results in high

efficient combustion and greater cooling effect.

• Additionally, the smoke test conducted shows that B20 blend has the least NOx emissions

I.e., 24.6% when compared to the pure diesel which has 30.6% NOx emissions.

• Thus it can be concluded that, as B20 has the most suitable characteristics, it is preferable

and suggestible to employ in vechicles.



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REFERENCES

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[3] B.K. Barnwal and M.D. Sharma “Prospects of Bio-diesel production from vegetable oils in

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[4] A.S. Ramadhas and C. Muraleedharan, “Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel

engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil”. Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1789-1800.

[5] J. Porteiro and J.C. Moran “performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in

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PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEEM BIO DIESEL (B20)

Engineering

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