Performance and Impact of Canadian Research in Astronomy ......in astronomy r of papers p.g.,...

Performance and Impact of Canadian Research in Astronomy & Astrophysics A Bibliometric Analysis [1998–2009]

Performance and Impact of Canadian Research in Astronomy & Astrophysics A Bibliometric Analysis [1998–2009] Date: November 30, 2010 Authors: Guillaume Roberge, M.Sc.

David Campbell, M.Sc.

Grégoire Coté, B.Sc.

Submitted to: Corporate Policy and Strategy NRC Strategy and Development Branch National Research Council Canada (NRC) By:

Science-Metrix Inc. 1335 Mont-Royal E. Montréal Québec Canada H2J 1Y6 1.514.495.6505 1.800.299.8061 [email protected] www.science-metrix.com

Cover image: istockphoto.com

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s ...............Introduction .Astronomy & 2.1 Global 2.2 Benchm

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11 1,7

9 1,7

12 1,5

13 1,0

15 1,0

14 8

33,8

3

of the 15 leads in terms od over the 1the US ranksbehind with, n (6th), Russia

6,708 paper(13th), Switz

er the 12–yeon to this tre China starte the most reing increased

ording to t9

tion in 2001% in 2009. C

ar. An indicathe fact that it

ore Rank

035 1

681 2

227 3

110 4

686 5

235 6

219 7

065 8

808 9

782 10

708 11

592 12

061 13

021 14

843 15

841

04-06

ading countrof scientific 12-year perios 1st in each respectively,

a (7th), Spain rs. The last zerland (14th

ear period, wend is China, ed in 12th placecent 3-year d its producti

their numb

1, going froCanada did tation of the stt ranks 5th be

Score Ra

17,667

6,467

6,310

5,064

4,143

2,835

2,522

2,663

2,654

2,270

1,814

1,738

1,205

1,214

1,205

37,409

07-09

A Bibliometric

ries in astronproduction,

od in astronof the four

21,153 and (8th) and Chitier of this

h) and Indiawith most co

which increace in the 199period. In te

ion from 298

ber of pap

om a yearly ake back a ptrength of Cehind China

nk Score

1 61,038

2 21,153

3 19,753

4 15,592

5 13,523

6 9,076

9 8,831

7 8,001

8 6,863

10 6,708

11 6,364

12 5,811

14 3,558

13 3,489

14 3,444

129,872

Tot

Analysis

4

nomy & having

nomy & r 3–year

19,753 ina (9th) top 15

a (15th). ountries ased its 8–2000

erms of 8 papers

pers in

output position anada’s (235%),

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

tal

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Chile (90% incountrcountr

2.2.2

Table capita.first pincreaspapersscores rankedpapers(9th). Opapers

Table

Source:

Countfor cocatego

Countr

Switzer

Netherla

United

Australi

France

German

Italy

Chile

Canada

United S

Spain

Japan

Russia

China

India

World



(220%), Switzn 2009 compries grew frories in the nea

Number o

II presents th. Switzerland

period and dsing from 25s/106 inh for

of 32.0 and d 9th. It has s/106 inh. in Overall, theres/106 inh.) an

II Rankin as

: Calcu

tries with veryuntries haviry, the only e

ry

rland

ands

Kingdom

ia

ny

a

States


zerland (161pared to 19m 1998 to 2ar future.

f papers pe

he performad ranked 1st idrastically im

5.3 papers/1r 1998–2009)

29.1. Canadgreatly impr1998–2000 (e is a separa

nd the US in 1

king of leadstronomy an

lated by Scienc

y large popuing such bigexception bei

Score Ran

25.3

27.0

22.7

20.9

15.9

15.1

14.4

10.1 1

13.7

15.1

12.1 1

5.1 1

4.2 1

0.2 1

0.2 1

1.5

98-00

n ics

%) and India98. In addit

2009, therefo

er capita

nce of the ton all periods

mproved its p106 inh. in 1). The Nethe

da achieved aroved its per9th) and endiation of less10th (17.2 pap

ding countriend astrophy

ce–Metrix using

ulations are gg populationing the US, w

nk Score

2 31.9

1 31.2

3 27.6

4 22.2

5 18.5

6 18.2

8 18.4

11 18.0

9 14.6

6 16.5

10 14.4

12 5.4

13 5.1

14 0.4

14 0.2

1.7

01-03

a (105%), wittion, the gapore reducing

op 15 countrs with respecperformance 1998–2000 toerlands and ta score of 17.rformance siing with an os than 3.3 ppers/106 inh.)

es accordinysics, 1998–

WoS

gathered at thns to producwhich ranked

Rank Sco

1 4

2 3

3 3

4 2

5 2

7 2

6 2

8 2

10 1

9 1

11 1

12

13

14

15

03

th its yearly p that separthe risk of b

ries based onct to this ind

over the yeo 53.4 paperthe UK rank.5 papers/106

ince 1998, stoutput of 22papers/106 in

for the last p

ng to their n–2009

he end of thice enough p

d 10th overall w

ore Rank

45.5 1

34.0 2

31.1 3

26.2 4

21.5 6

21.1 7

21.1 7

22.1 5

8.3 9

7.8 10

5.7 11

5.8 12

5.2 13

0.5 14

0.3 15

1.7

04-06

production hrates Canadabeing overtak

n their scientdicator with tears, with itsrs/106 inh. i

ked 2nd and 36 inh. for thetarting with .8 papers/10

nh. between period.

number of p

is ranking, aspapers to pewith a score

Score Ra

53.4

35.6

34.7

27.6

26.0

25.5

23.8

24.4

22.8

19.1

19.4

7.4

6.0

0.7

0.4

1.9

07-09

A Bibliometric

having increaa from the lken by one o

tific productthe exceptions output perin 2007–2003rd respectivee overall peri

an output 6 inh. in 200France in 5

papers per

s it is really derform well 17.2 papers/

ank Score

1 39.2

2 32.0

3 29.1

4 24.3

5 20.5

6 20.0

8 19.4

7 18.8

9 17.5

11 17.2

10 15.6

12 6.0

13 5.1

14 0.4

15 0.3

1.7

Tot

Analysis

5

ased by ast tier

of these

tion per n of the r capita 9 (39.2

ely with iod and of 13.7 7–2009

5th (20.5

capita

difficult in this

106 inh.

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

tal

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Count(14th) atriplin

2.2.3

Table relative2009. commGerma1.4. Ovabove than ex

Table

Note:

Source:

Countr

Switze

Chile

United

Germa

Nether

Canada

Spain

Austra

Russia

Italy

France

India

China

United

Japan



tries taking tand India (15

ng its number

Scientific

III presents e to the size Switzerland unity. Chile

any in 4th withverall, seven 1.0, Australiaxpected.

III Rankratio base

This infor prebetweindicaregresanalysThe p

: Calcu

ry

rland

Kingdom

ny

lands

a

lia

a

e

States


he last positi5th), with Chir of papers pe

output of c

the performof their scienranked 1st wranked 2nd wh a ratio of 1countries ama performed

king of leadof their obs

ed on their IA

ndicator could oevious years. Theen the numbertors (i.e., numb

ssion models. Tsis using reduceredicted (or explated by Scienc

IAU memb

5

5

2

2

3

2

3

5

6

2

4

2,5

5

n ics

ions for the ina greatly imer capita.

ountries re

mance of the ntific workfowith 3.2 timewith a ratio of

. The Nethermong the top

as expected

ding countrserved numAU membe

only be calculathe expected nur of papers and ber of papers anTherefore, the aed major axis (Rpected) values wce–Metrix using

bers Observe

76

87

523

529

205

245

304

259

367

568

696

220

459

576

597

1998–2009 pmproving its

lative to sc

top 15 cource as estima

es as many pf 2.6. The UKrlands and Cp 15 performwith a score

ies in astromber of paperships, 200

ted for 2009 sinumber of papers

the number of nd IAU memberpproach used c

RMA) to estimatwere obtained WoS

d no. of pape

4

4

2,2

2,2

64

7

9

6

8

1,4

1,7

4

9

6,1

9

period were Jperformance

cientific wo

untries basedated using thpapers as expK was 3rd withCanada are onmed better th

of 1.0 and s

onomy & aspers to their09

nce the numbers is obtained usIAU members.

rs) are log transconsisted in pete the constantusing this mode

ers Expected

51

25

99

33

44

98

88

31

50

38

94

12

98

63

90

Japan (12th), e from 1998

rkforce

d on their scheir number opected from h a ratio of 1n a par in 5th

han expected even countri

strophysics expected n

rs of IAU membsing the power Power law rela

sformed, can beerforming a log-ts (a and k) of thel (p-value < 0.

d no. of paper

140

165

1,459

1,479

468

58

755

62

949

1,612

2,063

510

1,245

10,103

1,713

A Bibliometric

Russia (13th)to 2009, mo

cientific prodof IAU membthe size of .6, slightly ahplace with a in 2009 with

ies performed

according number of p

bers were not alaw relationship

ationships, whee analysed usin-log linear regrehe regression m0001; R2 = 0.8

rs Ratio

0 3.2

5 2.6

9 1.6

9 1.5

8 1.4

1 1.4

5 1.3

1 1.0

9 0.9

2 0.9

3 0.9

0 0.8

5 0.8

3 0.6

3 0.6

Analysis

6

, China ore than

duction bers for its IAU head of ratio of h ratios d worse

to the papers

available p

en both ng linear ession model. 88).

Rk

1

2

3

4

5

5

7

8

9

9

9

12

12

14

14

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

2.2.4

The spresearc1, a cou

Table interesresearcin termastronobservSI of special2.74 bovertakNether

Table

Source:

Count

Chile

Italy

Russia

France

Nether

United

Spain

Germa

Austra

Switze

United

Canad

India

Japan

China

World



Specializa

pecialization ch area relativuntry is spec

IV provides sting to notech as they ocm of SI withomy & astro

vatories in Ch2.43 for thelized in astroetween the fking it in thrlands in 5th w

IV Rankastro

: Calcu

try S

a

e

rlands

d Kingdom

any

alia

erland

d States

da

d


ation index

index (SI) is ve to the inteialized in the

the SI for that Europecupied sevenh an overall

ophysics. Thihile. Italy wase 1998–2009 onomy & astfirst and last he last periodwith 1.95, an

king of leadonomy & as

lated by Scienc

Score Rank

7.03 1

2.25 2

1.89 4

1.66 6

1.91 3

1.57 7

1.87 5

1.54 8

1.53 9

1.09 11

1.36 10

1.03 13

1.09 11

0.76 14

0.75 15

1.00

98-00

n ics

an indicator ensity of resee particular fi

the top 15 ean countriesn out the top

score of 8.6s is in great s the second

period. It wtrophysics reperiods, wit

d. After a sid the UK and

ding countrstrophysics,

ce–Metrix using

Score Ra

9.25

2.39

2.28

1.81

1.97

1.79

1.86

1.68

1.46

1.27

1.39

1.00

0.99

0.73

0.73

1.00

01-03

of the intensearch within ield relative t

countries ins are leading eight positio69, meaningpart attributmost special

was followedesearch (SI=2th Russia tyinzeable gap, Fd Spain tied i

ries accord1998–2009

WoS

nk Score

1 9.75

2 2.49

3 2.49

6 2.10

4 1.99

7 1.99

5 1.84

8 1.91

9 1.60

11 1.64

10 1.48

12 1.13

13 0.93

14 0.80

14 0.58

1.00

04-0

sity of researthe same are

to the world;

n astronomyg in terms of ons. Howeve

g that the cotable to the lized country

d closely by 2.35). In factng Italy for France came in with.1.89.

ding to thei9

Rank Sco

1 8.

2 2.

2 2.

4 2.

5 1.

5 2.

8 1.

7 2.

10 1.

9 1.

11 1.

12 1.

13 0.

14 1.

15 0.

1.

06 0

rch of a counea in the worlif the SI is be

y & astrophySI in astrono

er, Chile was ountry is hepresence of y amongst thRussia, whic

t, Russia’s SIsecond place in 4th with

r specializa

ore Rank

38 1

54 3

74 2

44 4

94 8

16 6

96 7

22 5

47 11

77 9

60 10

30 12

98 14

10 13

60 15

00

07-09

A Bibliometric

ntry within a ld. If the SI ielow 1, it is n

ysics researchomy & astrothe leading c

eavily specialmajor intern

he 15 leaders,ch was also I went from e in 2004–20a score of 2.

ation index

Score Ran

8.69

2.43

2.35

2.02

1.95

1.89

1.89

1.86

1.51

1.47 1

1.47 1

1.13 1

0.99 1

0.85 1

0.63 1

1.00

Total

Analysis

7

specific is above

not.

h. It is physics country lized in national , with a heavily 1.89 to

006 and .02, the

(SI) in

nk

1

2

3

4

5

6

6

8

9

10

10

12

13

14

15

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Canadbut toCanad1.30 (1since m

There leadersits SI othe othFinallydecreaproduc

2.2.5

The ARthe scisubfielsubfielastropworld astrop

Canadsecondfirst twrangedrelative2007–2

The U1.29, acountr(13th, A



da was also spo a lesser extda greatly imp12th) in the lasmost of them

were only ths: India (SI=0over the 12-yeher hand, Iny, even if Chased from 0.ction is incre

Average o

RC is an indiientific literald of science lds. For thishysics researlevel. Table

hysics resear

da ranks highd only to Swiwo periods, dd from 4th (19ely stable ov2009 and a p

US ranks 3rd inand is followries scored loARC=0.69), In


pecialized in ent than theproved its SIst period. Ho

m have also in

ree countries0.99, 13th), Japear period an

ndia’s SI decrhina greatly i

75 (15th) to easing more r

of relative c

icator of scieature relative

to take intos report, a srch are cited m

V presents ch over the 1

h with respecttzerland, whi

during which998–2000) to

ver that timeeak performa

n this categowed by Chile ower than thendia (14th, AR

n ics

astronomy &e top countrI over the peowever, Canacreased their

s that were nopan (SI=0.85

nd was speciareased over tincreased its

0.60 (15th). rapidly than i

citations (AR

ntific impactto the world

o account difscore above more often, othe trends 998–2009 pe

t to scientificich has an AR

h it respectiveo 1st (2001–2, with a stillance of 1.57 i

ory with an o(5th with a sce world avera

RC=0.58) and

& astrophysiries mentioneeriod, going fda is still lag

r SI over the 1

ot specialized5, 14th) and Calized in the mthe 12-year p

production This is du

its productio

RC)

t, as it indicad’s average. Tfferences in t

1 indicates on average, tin the ARC

eriod.

c impact. WitRC score of 1ely ranked 5th

003) over thl-noticeable iin 2001–2003

overall ARC core of 1.27) age for the 12

d Russia (15th,

ics research,ed above. It from 1.03 (1

gging behind 12-year perio

d in astronomChina (SI=0.6most recent tperiod, going

between 19ue to the facon in astrono

ates how ofteThis indicatothe citation p

that a couthan astronom of the top

th a score of 1.47 in the fieh and 6th. Cane 12-year perincrease from3.

of 1.31. Germ and the UK2–year period, ARC=0.57).

with an overis also inter

13th) in the 19leading coun

od.

my & astroph3, 15th). Japan

three-year perg from 1.09 98–2000 andct that Chin

omy & astrop

en a country’sor of citednepractices of suntry’s papermy & astrop

15 countrie

f 1.41 for the eld and ranksnada’s rankinriod. Canada

m 1.29 in 19

many ranks K (6th with a sd: Spain (12th

A Bibliometric

rall SI of 1.13resting to no998–2000 pentries in term

hysics amongn actually inriod (SI of 1.(11th) to 0.98d 2007–2009na’s total schysics resear

s papers are cess is normalscholars in drs in astronhysics paperes in astron

12-year perios first for all ng for this ina’s performan998–2000 to

4th, with an Ascore of 1.25h, ARC=0.96)

Analysis

8

3 (12th), ote that eriod to

ms of SI,

g the 15 ncreased

10). On 8 (14th). 9, its SI cientific ch.

cited in lized by ifferent omy & s at the

nomy &

od, it is but the

ndicator nce was 1.41 in

ARC of 5). Four , China

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Table

Source:

It is inand amsomewtaking

2.2.6

The ARwhich editorsabove ARIF f

Canadastropevery 3Austrastable with S

Count

Switze

Canad

United

Germa

Chile

United

Austra

Nether

France

Italy

Japan

Spain

China

India

Russia

World



V Rank(ARC

: Calcu

teresting to nmong these, what stable. Ig back 2nd plac

Average o

RIF indicatesits papers a

s can be and1 means a c

for the top 15

da leads for thhysics, with t

3-year periodalia and the Uacross the di

Switzerland, J

try S

erland

da

d States

any

d Kingdom

alia

rlands

e

a

d


king of leadC) in astrono

lated by Scienc

note that somGermany con fact, Germce in the last

of relative im

s the quality are published, therefore, t

country’s sco5 countries in

he quality of the highest As. With an ov

US, with respifferent perioJapan and Au

Score Rank

1.25 5

1.29 4

1.33 3

1.18 7

1.65 1

1.21 6

1.42 2

1.15 8

1.08 10

1.10 9

0.89 11

0.89 11

0.57 13

0.49 15

0.54 14

1.00

98-00

n ics

ding countromy & astro

ce–Metrix using

me countries ould overtake

many manageperiod.

mpact facto

of a countryd: the greaterhe greater thre is higher

n astronomy

the journalsARIF amongsverall ARIF o

pective scoresods, ranging fustralia for t

Score Ra

1.26

1.57

1.35

1.24

1.36

1.23

1.29

1.28

1.11

1.08

1.11

0.89

0.60

0.54

0.52

1.00

01-03

ies accordiophysics, 19

WoS

have increase Canada in d to overtake

ors (ARIF)

y’s research br the impact

he quality of than the wo& astrophysi

in which it pst the 15 lead

of 1.11, Canas of 1.09 (2nd)from 1.09 to he last perio

nk Score

6 1.62

1 1.36

3 1.27

7 1.37

2 1.09

8 1.27

4 1.08

5 1.24

9 1.18

11 1.11

9 1.08

12 1.03

13 0.78

14 0.67

15 0.61

1.00

04-0

ng to their 998–2009

ed greatly ththe coming e Canada for

based on the t factor of a the publishe

orld average.ics research o

publishes its ding countrie

ada achieves a) and 1.08 (31.14. Howev

od and Japan

Rank Sco

1 1.

3 1.

4 1.

2 1.

9 1.

4 1.

10 1.

6 1.

7 1.

8 1.

10 1.

12 1.

13 0.

14 0.

15 0.

1.

06 0

average of

heir ARC overyears if Can

r the 2004–2

impact factojournal, the

ed papers. InTable VI pre

over the 1998

research papes for the 12-a score slight3rd). Canada’s ver, Canada hn and Switzer

ore Rank

70 1

41 2

27 6

38 3

15 11

32 4

22 8

26 7

30 5

17 9

17 9

07 12

81 13

58 15

65 14

00

07-09

A Bibliometric

f relative cit

r the 12–year nada’s ARC r006 period, C

or of the joure more selectn both cases, esents the tre8–2009 period

pers in astron-year period tly higher tha

score was rehad to share 1rland rankin

Score Ran

1.47

1.41

1.31

1.29

1.27

1.25

1.24

1.24

1.15

1.11 1

1.05 1

0.96 1

0.69 1

0.58 1

0.57 1

1.00

Total

Analysis

9

tations

period, remains Canada

rnals in tive the a score

ends in d.

nomy & and for an both elatively 1st place gs have

nk

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

movedunchan

Overalfor thethe woperformscore o

Table

Source:

2.2.7

This sastronindicatcountrproducare thperform

Count

Canad

Austra

United

Switze

Chile

Japan

United

Nether

France

Italy

Germa

Spain

China

India

Russia

World



d upwards singed.

ll, four counte 1998–2009 orld average iming worse tof 0.89. Russi

VI Rankfacto

: Calcu

Multicrite

section preseomy & astrotors presenteries is obtainction, papers

hen ranked amances of th

try S

da

alia

d States

erland

d Kingdom

rlands

e

any

a

d


nce 1998 an

tries amongsperiod—nam

in terms of Athan the woria ranks last,

king of leadors (ARIF) in

lated by Scienc

ria analysis

ents a multiophysics. Tabed previouslyned by coms per capita, Saccording to

he countries b

Score Rank

1.12 1

1.09 3

1.08 4

1.00 9

1.11 2

1.01 7

1.05 5

1.01 7

1.03 6

1.00 10

0.99 11

0.97 12

0.84 14

0.91 13

0.73 15

1.00

98-00

n ics

nd could pos

t the 15 leadmely Spain, CARC. Spain isrld, with an Awith an ARIF

ding countrn astronomy

ce–Metrix using

s

icriteria analble XI (see Ay for the 12-yputing theirSI, ARC and o this averagbased on the

Score Ra

1.14

1.08

1.08

1.03

1.08

1.04

1.06

1.03

1.01

1.01

0.99

0.97

0.89

0.85

0.74

1.00

01-03

ssibly pull ah

ding countrieChina, India as near the woARIF of 0.92F of 0.74.

ries accordy & astrophy

WoS

lysis of the ppendix A) s

year period onr average ranARIF), each ige score. Th

e volume (abs

nk Score

1 1.11

2 1.08

2 1.10

7 1.08

2 1.05

6 1.04

5 1.03

7 1.07

9 1.02

9 1.00

11 1.00

12 0.98

13 0.92

14 0.89

15 0.71

1.00

04-0

head of Cana

s have an ARand Russia. Torld level wit (13th), and I

ding to theirysics, 1998

performancsynthesizes tnly. In the mnk across alindicator hav

his analysis solute and re

Rank Sco

1 1.

3 1.

2 1.

3 1.

6 1.

7 1.

8 1.

5 1.

9 1.

10 1.

10 1.

12 1.

13 0.

14 0.

15 0.

1.

06 0

ada in the fu

RIF lower thaThese countrth a score of ndia follows

r average o–2009

ces of the tothe findings

multicriteria all five indicaving the samgives a glob

elative to a co

ore Rank

09 1

09 1

07 5

09 1

04 6

09 1

02 8

01 10

03 7

01 10

02 8

00 12

98 13

89 14

77 15

00

07-09

A Bibliometric

future if tren

an the world ries were also0.98 (12th). C in 14th place

of relative i

op 15 countfor each of t

analysis, the sators (i.e., sc

me weight. Cobal portrait ountry’s pop

Score Ran

1.11

1.09

1.08

1.06

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.00 1

1.00 1

0.98 1

0.92 1

0.89 1

0.74 1

1.00

Total

Analysis

10

nds stay

average o below China is e with a

impact

tries in the five score of cientific ountries

of the ulation

nk

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

size), sparam

Table Vfor theperform2nd for ranks 5China Althouexceptperiodhand eachievi2009 pincreassepara

Table

Note:

Source:

Canadoverallplace Nether

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15



specializationmeters.

VII presents e 12-year permance is on the overall p

5th for the 19and India. T

ugh most couions. Switzer

d. Germany aexperienced ing a respectperiod. Chinsed its overa

ates it from so

VII Mult1998

It shourankin

: Calcu

da consistentll for the 12–for the 199rlands, Italy

98-00

United Kingdom

United States

Netherlands

Australia

Chile

France

Italy

Germany

Canada

Switzerland

Spain

Japan

Russia

India

China


n, quality and

the trends inriod and ties a downward

period on a p998–2009 perThese latter cuntries did nrland started

also improvedan importanable 2nd place

na, despite iall ranking fome of the ot

icriteria ran8–2009

uld be noted thngs are not worllated by Scienc

ly ranks amo–year period. 98–2000 peri

and Austral

m United

United

Chile

Nether

Austra

France

Italy (6

Canad

Germa

Switze

Spain

Japan

Russia

China

India

n ics

d quantity o

n the multicrfor 1st place trend and thar with Chile

riod, ahead ofcountries occnot experiencd in 10th for d its performnt drop, goine overall, wents general im

from 15th to ther leading c

nking of 15

at these rankinld rankings as tce–Metrix using

ng the top nCanada gre

iod and reaia. Given tha

01-03

d Kingdom (1)

d States (1)

rlands

alia

e (6)

6)

da

any

erland

(11)

(11)

a

of their scient

iteria rankinwith the UK

he country one and Switzerf Italy (6th). Acupy the last ce major flucthe 1998-200

mance, going ng from 4th

nt from 5th fomprovement14th. Howev

countries.

5 leading c

gs are only validthey did not tak WoS

ine in astronatly improve

aching the 6at Canada ra

04-06

United Kingdo

United States

Switzerland (2

Netherlands (

Germany (4)

France

Italy

Chile

Canada

Australia

Japan

Spain

Russia

China

India

tific product

ng of the top K in the 2001nly ranks 5th rland, but 1st

At the end of five position

ctuations in 00 period anfrom 8th to 2to 9th over t

or the 1998–2t regarding aver, China ha

ountries in

d within the selke into account

nomy & astroed its rankin6th position anks high fo

om Unite

s (2) Switz

2) Germ

4) Franc

Unite

Cana

Italy

Austr

Nethe

Chile

Japan

Spain

Russ

China

India

tion, all of w

15 countries1–2003 perioin the last pein all the oth

f the list are Jans for all the

their rankinnd reached 22nd place. Authe 12-year p2000 period tall indicatoras begun to

astronomy

lected set of cothe remaining

ophysics reseang over the y

in 2007–20or its scientif

07-09

ed Kingdom

zerland (2)

many (2)

ce (2)

ed States

ada

ralia

erlands

n

n

sia

a

A Bibliometric

which are imp

s. The US ranod. However, eriod. The UKher periods. Capan, Spain, periods cons

ng, there wer2nd place for tustralia on thperiod. Chileto 10th for thers but the S

close the ga

y & astroph

ountries (i.e., thecountries).

arch, with a 5years, startin009, overtakific impact (2

Tota

United State

United Kingd

Switzerland

Chile (2)

Canada

Italy

Germany

France

Australia

Netherlands

Japan

Spain

Russia

China

India

Analysis

11

portant

nks first the US

K ranks Canada Russia,

sidered. re some the last

he other e, while e 2007–SI, only ap that

hysics,

ese

5th place g in 9th ing the 2nd) and

al

es

dom (2)

(2)

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qualityamongCanadand itsits SI ito thisrank 3This mshare producto incr

To nuamulticoutput2009 pmanpoconditFrance

2.2.8

A posithe topand SIa two–than thThe leacountrimportpositioscientianothegraph



y (1st) with agst a select g

da back in thes score on pais lower than s indicator. In3th overall andmeans that C

of astronomction in all firease specializ

ance the anacriteria analyt of countriesperiod using ower for 200tions, Canadae (4th), a gain

Scientome

itional analysp 15 countrieI indicators, v–dimensionalhe world aveaders are in tries that are tant to takeons of differific productioer country wis proportion


n appreciablgroup of leade multicriteripers per capithat of the o

n fact, if the d the top twanada could

my & astrophields) relativezation while

lysis of the psis was perfos relative to tdata on the

09 (the only a ranks 5th beof one rank o

etric positio

sis, as presenes in astronovalues centerl space. For terage, while athe top right

lagging are account of

rent countrieon, in which

with a similarnal to the scie

n ics

le volume of ders in astronia ranking arita. While Caother top con

SI was remowo positions w

improve its hysics researce to the worldmaintaining

performancesormed by repthe size of the scientific ouyear for whiehind Germaover Canada’

onal analys

nted in Figurmy & astrop

red on zero athe two indica value belowquadrant (hiin the lowethe number

es. A countryh case its over positioningentific outpu

f papers in thnomy & astrre its SI, and nada is specintenders, sucoved from thwould be occstanding in ch within itd. However, itg a high scien

s of countriesplacing the neir scientific utput of couch data on Iany and the s ranking usi

sis

re 2, presentshysics researre obtained, cators, a valu

w zero meansigh level of sp

er left quadrr of papers y in the toperall produc

g but greaterut.

he field, it carophysics resto a lesser ex

ialized in astrch that it ocche multicritercupied by thastronomy &

ts total scient should be n

ntific impact a

s in astronomnumber of pa

workforce. Tuntries relatiIAU memberUK (Tied ining papers pe

s another warch. Using log

allowing forue above zeros that the scopecialization

rant (not spepublished w

p right quadtion might n

r production.

an be concluearch. The oxtent, its totaronomy & ascupies the 12ria analysis, C

he US (1st) an& astrophysintific producnoted that it and/or scient

my & astrophapers per capThis was doneive to the sizrships is avai

n 1st place), Swer capita.

ay to look at g-transformer the positiono means thatore is lower thn and high levecialized and

when interprerant might hnot be as in. The size of

A Bibliometric

uded that Caonly factors hal number ofstrophysics re

th place with Canada wou

nd Switzerlancs by increasction (i.e., scis often challtific quality.

hysics, an addpita by the sce only for the

ze of their scilable). Undewitzerland (3

the performed forms of thning of countt the score ishan the worlvel of impactd low impaceting the reshave a low l

nfluential as f the bubbles

Analysis

12

anada is holding f papers esearch, respect

uld then nd (2nd). sing the cientific lenging

ditional cientific e 2007–cientific er these 3rd) and

mance of he ARC tries on s higher ld level. t), while t). It is spective level of that of

s in the

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Figure

Source:

At firsthat arHowevoutputin the to inclare so Nether

Sci

entif

ic I

mpa

ct



e 2 Scieastro

: Calcu

t glimpse, it re not. Switzever, this resut among coupositional an

lude Canada,similar with rlands, Franc

Ch

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-0.6


entometric ophysics, 1lated by Scienc

is possible toerland comes

ult has to beuntries in thenalysis and g, Germany, threspect to th

ce, Australia,

hina

Jap

-0.4 -0.2

n ics

positional 1998–2009ce–Metrix using

o quickly ides out really se put into pe top right qugiving slightlyhe UK and thhese three inItaly and Ch

Cana

India

pan

0

S

World Level

analysis of9 WoS

entify those ctrong on thierspective, si

uadrant. Whey more weighhe US (in no dicators that

hile are also p

Aust

ada

Netherlands

Switze

US

0.2 0

Specialization I

l

f the top 15

countries thais radar, rankince Switzerlen combininht to the ARC

specific ordet their bubblerforming ve

ralia

France

Ger

s

Ru

Spain

erland

.4 0.6

Index

5 countries

at are performking highest land has the

ng the three iC than the SIer). The UK ales almost peery well. Over

C

e

rmany

Italy

ussia

UK

0.8

A Bibliometric

s in astrono

ming well anin scientific ie smallest scndicators preI, the leadersand Germanyerfectly overlarall, all of the

Chile

1 1.2

Analysis

13

omy &

d those impact. cientific esented appear y scores ap. The e top 10

World Level

PerformResearc

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countranalysi

Of theastropworld, astron

2.3 S

This seastropTable countrresearccollaboSwitzefrom 8Italy (1the 12–

On a betweerespectwith awere qto thistheir nsince 1in Figuinterna



ries from this.

e remaininghysics resear

it has the omy & astrop

Scientific c

ection providhysics researXII (see Ann

ries. The intech are geneorates the moerland (86.1%81% to 72%: G10th). All of th–year period.

national scalen at least ttively 51.8%

a national couite stable ov

s rule are Japanational colla1998, oscillature 3 for anational collab


e multicriter

g countries, rch. While it lowest scienphysics.

collaborat

des an overvierch over thenex A) presenernational corally much ost internatio

%) and a grouGermany (4th)hese countrie. The same is

le, the US ratwo Americaand 51.7% o

ollaboration rver the years,an, Spain, Geaboration ratting between overall rate boration rate

n ics

ria ranking

Russia has has a high

ntific impact

ion of lead

ew on the lev 12–year per

nts the natioollaboration

higher thanonally, with aup of seven c), Spain (5th),

es have gradutrue for Japa

anks 1st, withan organizati

f their paperrate of 47.7% with small inermany, Russtes. Canada’s

18.9% (2001of 23.7% (1

es of Canada.

appear in th

one of the intensity of

t among the

ding countr

vel of scientifiriod and of

onal and interates of lead

n their respa rate of 95.0countries wit Australia (6t

ually increasean (11th), the U

h 52.1% of iions. Japan ars involving n%. Overall, thncreases for tsia, the US an yearly natio

1) and 27.4%3th place). Fi

he upper rig

least enviabresearch act

e top 15 pro

ries

fic collaboratibilateral col

ernational coding countriepective natio0%. It is followth internatioth), France (7t

d their internUS (12th) and

its papers beand Italy fonational collhe national cthe majority nd India, all nal collabora(2009) over

igure 3 prese

ght quadran

ble positiontivity in this oducers of s

ion of countllaborations ollaboration es in astrono

onal collabowed by the N

onal collaborth), Canada (8national collad China (14th)

eing the resuollow in 2nd laboration, acollaborationof leading coof which sig

ation rate hathe 12–year

ents trends i

A Bibliometric

nt of the pos

ns in astronoarea relative

scientific out

ries in astronbetween courates of the

omy & astroration rates

Netherlands (ration rates r8th), the UK (9aboration rat).

ult of a partnand 3rd plac

and China ran rates of coountries. Excgnificantly inas been ratheperiod as prein the nation

Analysis

14

sitional

omy & e to the tput in

nomy & untries. top 15 physics . Chile (87.9%), ranging 9th) and tes over

nership ce, with anks 4th, ountries eptions

ncreased r stable esented nal and

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Figure

Source:

Of theinterna31.3%1

are thinternaOn theRussiadeterm

1 Data accomp

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Collaboration rate



e 3 Trenastro

: Calcu

e 6,708 Canadational partn1 of Canada’se UK (11.9%ational collabe opposite sid

a (1.9%). Givmined by its A

a on Canada’spanying datab

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

00%

1998 199


nds in the nonomy & alated by Scienc

dian papers pner. Canada’s bilateral col%), Germanyborators in ade, Canada h

ven the high ARC and ARI

s internationaook.

99 2000

National collab

n ics

national anastrophysicce–Metrix using

published fro’s main intellaborations.

y (8.0%), Franastronomy & has fewer coll

impact andF scores, Can

al collaborator

2001 2002

boration rate

d internatiocs, 1998–2

WoS

om 1998 to 2rnational coOther collab

nce (7.5%) aastrophysics

laborations wd quality of nada should c

rs are not pr

2003 20

Year

Inter

onal collab009

009, 5,249 (7ollaborator isborators, in dand Australias research arewith India (0the researchcontinue to c

resented in th

004 2005

rnational collab

boration rat

78.2%) were cs the US, whdescending oa (4.4%). The among the .8%) and Swi

h performed collaborate w

his report but

2006 2007

oration rate

A Bibliometric

tes of Cana

co–authored which accoun

order of impohus, Canada’

leaders in thitzerland (1.6

by Switzerlwith this coun

t are available

7 2008 2

Analysis

15

ada in

with an nted for ortance, ’s main

his field. 6%) and and, as ntry.

e in the

2009

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Figurefigure astronthe netintegrahaving

Figureare disthe US



e 4 depicts theshows that thomy & astroptwork, since tated within tg links with 7

e 5 presents asplayed (i.e., aS, which is fol


e collaboratiohe US is the mphysics reseathey are belohe internatio

70 countries i

n internationan egocentricllowed mostl

n ics

on network omain hub wi

arch, having lw the thresh

onal collaborin the networ

nal collaborac network). Thly by Europea

of countries ithin the intelinks with 11old of a thouation networrk.

ation networkhis network can countries.

in astronomyrnational sci1 countries (

usand collabork, being an i

k on which onclearly shows.

y & astrophysientific comm(some links aorations). Caimportant pa

nly Canada’ss that Canad

A Bibliometric

sics research.munity in are not displaanada is also wartner of the U

s collaborativa’s main part

Analysis

16

. This

ayed in well US and

ve links tner is

PeRe

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FigNo

So

rformance and Impesearch in Astronom

ovember 2010 Science-Metrix Inc.

gure 4 Collote: The s

of thethous

ource: Calcu

pact of Canadian my & Astrophysics

laboration netsize of country nodee links is proportionasand papers betweeulated by Science–M

twork of countes is proportional to al to the number of en 1998 and 2009.Metrix using Wos

tries in astronthe total number ofcollaborations betw

nomy & astropf papers authored in

ween country pairs. L

physics researn international collabLinks are only displa

rch, 1998–200boration by the couayed when country

A Biblio

09 ntry over the periodpairs co–authored

ometric Analysis

17

d, and the width at least a

PeRe

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gure 5 Inteote: The s

of thepaper

ource: Calcu


rnational collasize of country nodee links is proportionars between 1998 anulated by Science–M

aboration netwes is proportional to al to the number of nd 2009. Metrix using Wos.

work of Canadthe total number ofcollaborations betw

da in astronomf papers authored in

ween country pairs. L

my & astrophyn international collabLinks are only displa

18

ysics researchboration by the couayed when country

A Biblio

h, 1998–2009ntry over the periodpairs co–authored

ometric Analysis

d, and the width at least two 90

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

3

Canadcompawhethedifferewhich

Table

Note: Source:

First owith oastrononly thgeneraastropastropcase of



Scientom

da’s standingarable (in terer astronomy

ent indicatoris based on t

VIII Num1998

The sc: Calcu

of all, these rnly one fieldomy & astrohe fields of g

al physics is hysics field. hysics field, f astronomy &


metric pos

in astronomrms of size) y & astrophys for the 21

the number o

mber of pap8–2009

cale is not the slated by Scienc

esults show d, materials sc

physics fieldgeneral & inparticularly Papers fromthough not & astrophysi

n ics

sitioning o

my & astrophand/or relate

ysics research subfields in

of papers, the

pers, SI, AR

same across coce–Metrix using

that Canadacience, havin

d ranks 3rd in nternal medic

interesting m the general

by a wide mcs, Canada is

of Canada

hysics was ced disciplineis an area of

n Canada, ane SI and the A

RC and AR

ountries. WoS

a in general png a smaller s

terms of ARcine and genhere, since il physics fiel

margin (ARC s not specializ

a in 21 sc

ompared to es as definedf strength fornd Figure 6 pARC.

IF of Canad

produces papscientific imp

RC for the whneral physics.it is somewhld are more of 1.47 versuzed in genera

cientific s

its standingd by the NSFr Canada. Tabpresents the

da in 21 sc

pers with higpact than thehole period (1. The Canadhat linked tocited than in

us 1.41). Howal physics.

A Bibliometric

subfields

g in a samplF to help detble VIII presepositional a

cientific sub

gh scientific ie world avera1998–2009),

dian performo the astronn the astronwever, unlike

Analysis

19

e of 20 termine ents the analysis,

bfields,

impact, age. The trailing ance in

nomy & nomy & e in the

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Figure

Source:

When astropCanadscientilimnolbut smits ARCsame cslightlyFinallythose special

-0

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looking at hysics field (

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lized and low

Organi

Solid State P

0.2

0.1

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0.2

0.3

0.4

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entometric mpared to 2

lated by Scienc

the fields thi.e., related dance is stronFigure 6). Inth & planetafic impact. Inonomy & astor the Fluidsld average, yepoorest perfoastronomy &

w scientific im

Fluids & Plas

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Mat

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-0.6

n ics

positional 20 NSF subce–Metrix using

hat were seldisciplines), angest, with

n comparisonary sciences hn the case of trophysics fie & Plasmas f

et it is far froormance is in& astrophysimpact).

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terials Science

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-0.4

analysis ofbfields for C WoS

lected based astronomy &

a combinatin, the fields have higher Sf solid state peld, but Canafield, in whicom Canada’s n materials scs to be loc

C

l Mathematics

mmunology

cs

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-0.2Specialization

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f astronomCanada, 1

d on naturalastrophysics

ion of a strof environmSI than the a

physics, the Aada is not spech Canada is

ARC in the science, whiccated in the

Agricult &Sci

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orld Level

my & astrop998–2009

l linkages tos stands out arong speciali

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ch is the onle lower left

& Food i

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eteorol & Atmos S

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physics

o the astronas the area inization and es, oceanogra

& astrophysicada is pretty cthe former arzed and has a& astrophysicly discipline quadrant (i

arth & Plantry Sci

nvironmental Sci

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hy & Limno

0.4

Analysis

20

omy & n which

a high aphy & cs field, close to rea. The an ARC cs field. among .e., not

gy

0.6

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Level

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It is acompaas theastropIn termwithinCanadthe caCanadeven w



also interestinarable size toir bubble sizhysics ranks ms of SI, ast

n 20% of theda’s output in

se for many da is strong iwhen compare


ng to take a the astronoze is compar3rd in terms o

tronomy & ae size of the n astronomy

of the 20 oin astronomyed to other d

n ics

a quick lookmy & astroprable to thatof ARC in thiastrophysics

astronomy & astrophys

other subfieldy & astrophy

disciplines of

k at the othphysics field. t of the astris category, branks 2nd wh& astrophys

sics has beends (Table VIIysics researchcomparable

her fields thaThese fields

ronomy & asbehind the sahen taking isics field size

n increasing sII). Overall,

h when compsize to the as

at were selecare easily idestrophysics f

ame two fieldinto accounte, behind gesteadily sinceit can safelypared to relastronomy & a

A Bibliometric

cted based oentified in Fifield. Astron

ds mentionedt the fields teology. In ade 1998, whichy be concludated disciplinastrophysics

Analysis

21

on their igure 6,

nomy & d earlier. that are ddition, h is not ed that nes and field.

PerformResearc

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4 a

This seastronare womost (

4.1 T

This sresearcorganiauthor

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Benchmaastrophys

ection presenomy & astro

orking the moranked on nu

Top collab

section provich in regard tizations withred papers, ar

ntioned earliorations areminant partizations thateen out of Caific productioCanadian orization. Hows, is the Centrwith 664 co-ard-Smithsoni

high scientific20 organizatiworld based anizations in


arking of lsics

nts Canada’s physics reseaost internatioumber of co-

borators of

ides informato their prod

h which Canre presented

ier, Canada he with the tners of Cat collaborate anada’s 20 toon, the Univrganizations,

wever, Canadare National dauthored papian Center foc impact, witions are amoon scientific

n the world ca

n ics

leading o

top collaborarch. In orderonally, a list oauthored pap

Canada

ation on Cauction, scienada collaborin Table IX.

has a high inUS. Conse

anadian orgathe most w

op partners versity of Wa with 15%

a’s main collde la Rechercpers, followeor Astrophysh ARC and A

ong the top 2c production an also be co

organizati

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nada’s top cntific impact rates the mo

nternational quently, USanizations. T

with Canada are American

ashington anof their paaborator, ba

che Scientifiqd by the Cali

sics and JohnARIF scores b20 organizati

(See Table Xnsulted in An

ions in as

on 4.1) and towith whom Ctitutions withoduced (Secti

collaboratorsand internat

ost internatio

collaborationS organizatiTable IX liin the field

n organizationd Durham Uapers being ased on the aque (CNRS) (ifornia Instit

ns Hopkins Uboth above thions in astro

XIII in Annexnnex A (Figu

stronomy

op organizatiCanadian asth which Canaion 4.1).

s in astronotional collaboonally, based

n rate, and aions should ists the top

d of astronoons. In perceUniversity coco-authored

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x A: a networkure 8)).

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ions (Sectiontronomy reseada collabora

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a large part onormally

p 20 internmy & astrop

entage of theollaborate th

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ored papers)nology (CALTll five organiel. Overall, 14strophysics rk between th

Analysis

22

n 4.2) in earchers ates the

physics e top 20 r of co-

of these be the

national physics. eir total he most anadian uthored . NASA TECH), izations 4 out of research hese top

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R



able IX Scie

ote: Rankource: Calcu

Rank Orga

1 Unive

2 Durha

3 Unive

4 Unive

5 Princ

6 Johns

7 Unive

8 Unive

9 Natio

10 US D

11 NASA

12 Unive

13 Unive

14 CALT

15 Unive

16 ESO-

17 Harva

18 CNRS

19 Obse

20 NASA

21 Istitut


entific performa

s are based on the ulated by Science–M

anization

ersity of Washington

am University

ersity of Chicago

ersity of California, Santa

ceton University

s Hopkins University

ersity of Oxford

ersity of California, Los A

onal Science Foundation

Department of Energy

A, Space Telescope Scie

ersity of Arizona

ersity of California, Berke

TECH-California Institute

ersity of Cambridge

-European Southern Obs

ard-Smithsonian Cfa

S-Centre National de la R

ervatoire de Paris

A

to Nazionale di Astrofisic

ance of foreign

percentage of papeMetrix using WoS

a Cruz

Angeles

ence Institute

eley

of Technology

servatory

Recherche Scientifique

ca

organizations w

ers with a Canadian

TotalCo-authowith Can

1,338

1,358

1,777

1,938

2,006

3,197

2,052

2,077

2,557

3,520

3,276

3,987

4,063

7,631

4,232

3,781

6,185

10,360

4,424

10,782

8,478

with which Can

contribution.

ored nada

% of papeCanadian con

202

200

200

212

216

343

215

213

251

302

280

336

335

608

312

269

422

682

275

664

311

Pa

nada collabora

rs with atribution

Co-authforeign o

15%

15%

11%

11%

11%

11%

10%

10%

10%

9%

9%

8%

8%

8%

7%

7%

7%

7%

6%

6%

4%

apers

ates the most, 1

ored with a rganization

Incollab

844

1,152

1,039

1,190

1,170

2,096

1,630

1,225

1,747

2,062

2,325

2,295

2,476

4,610

3,172

3,572

4,016

8,112

3,681

6,104

6,560

A Biblio

1998–2009

nternational boration rate

63.1%

84.8%

58.5%

61.4%

58.3%

65.6%

79.4%

59.0%

68.3%

58.6%

71.0%

57.6%

60.9%

60.4%

75.0%

94.5%

64.9%

78.3%

83.2%

56.6%

77.4%

Scienti

ometric Analysis

23

ARC ARIF

2.18 1.17

2.40 1.09

2.37 1.14

2.06 1.13

2.65 1.17

1.99 1.13

1.71 1.15

1.85 1.13

1.32 1.16

1.66 1.08

1.88 1.20

1.87 1.17

1.92 1.08

1.79 1.16

1.68 1.08

1.47 1.00

1.60 1.10

1.20 1.03

1.09 0.95

1.44 1.08

1.17 1.00

fic impact/quality

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Some still amDurhaUniverinstitu

Princeby Dur2.37. OObservInstituand than ARIwith a

4.2 C

This seresearcpresen

The UpapersUniverthe CaBritish

The leexpectInstituInstituscore oimprovToron(both aterms

2 The Astrophindivid



organizationmong Canad

am Universityrsity, the Unutions publish

ton Universitrham Univer

Overall, all of vatoire de Paute is 1st withhe University IF above or oscore of 0.95

Canadian o

ection providch in regard

nts the top 20

University of s for the 199rsity of Victoanadian Instih Columbia (5

eading organed scientific

ute for Theorute for Theorof 1.91 and tved by the Cato. Out of that the Univerof ARIF for

University ofhysics. Howev

dual organizati


ns are not amda’s top 20 y, the Univer

niversity of Ohed more tha

ty is Canada’sity, with a sc

f Canada’s topris ranking la

h a score of 1of Arizona t

on world leve5.

organizatio

des informatto their prod

0 Canadian or

Toronto2 is 98–2009 periria produceditute for The5th, 564 paper

nization for timpact mo

retical Physicsretical Astropthe Universitanadian Instihe top five orrsity of Toronr the whole p

f Toronto scover, since this ion to provide

n ics

mong the topcollaborator

rsity of ChicaOxford and tan 2,000 pap

’s top collabocore of 2.40. p 20 collaborast with a sco1.20, followedied in 2nd, wiel with the ex

ons

ion on Canaduction, scierganizations

the leading iod. It is foll

d 616 papers deoretical Astrrs).

the ARC indore than twos ranks 2nd, wphysics (1.97ty of Torontoitute for Therganizations, nto). Naturalperiod, with

ore includes institute is a a better descr

p 20 in the wrs. This is thago, the Univthe Universiters and have

orator with thThe Universi

rators have anore of 1.09. Ind by the Unith a score of xception of t

adian leadingentific impac.

Canadian olowed by theduring the sarophysics (C

dicator is theo times abovwith an ARC o7). The Univo rounds ouoretical Astrotwo are loca

l Resources Ca score of 1

papers produmajor player

ription of the m

world based ohe case for

versity of Calty of CalifornARC and AR

he highest ARity of Chicagn ARC well an terms of ARiversity of Wf 1.17. All of the Observat

g organizatiot and intern

organization e NRC, whicame period aITA) (4th, 59

e University ve the worldof 2.19, follo

versity of Vict the top 5 wophysics whi

ated in BritishCanada ranke1.52. York U

uced by the Cin the field in

main Canadian

on scientific the Universifornia at Sania at Los A

RIF scores abo

RC with a scogo rounds outabove the worRIF, the Spac

Washington, PCanada’s top

toire de Paris

ns in astronoational colla

in terms of ch published

and ranks 3rd 8 papers) an

of British Cd average (2.wed in 3rd pla

ctoria comes with 1.69, a sich is locatedh Columbia

ed 1st among University an

Canadian Insn Canada, it w

an players in th

production ity of Washnta Cruz, Pri

Angeles. All oove the world

ore of 2.65, fot the top threrld average, wce Telescope Princeton Unp collaboratos, again ranki

omy & astroaborations. T

f papers, withd 1,119 papein Canada, a

nd the Unive

Columbia. It .45). The Peace by the Cain 4th place,

score that is d at the Unive

and two in OCanadian lead the Unive

stitute of Thewas also rankehe field.

24

but are hington, inceton

of these d level.

ollowed ee, with

with the Science

niversity ors have ing last

physics Table X

h 1,371 ers. The head of

ersity of

has an rimeter

anadian with a greatly

ersity of Ontario aders in rsity of

eoretical ed as an

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Britishof Tor

Table

Note: Source:

When organicollaboan intepublishpapers

Figure& astrois strothat CHowevtie andare therole wiNRC a

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13 Y

14

15

16

17

18

19

20



h Columbia ronto ranked

X Papeorga

Ranks: Calcu

looking at tization. The oration rate oernational pahed with an

s (79%).

e 7 presents thophysics resengly tied to

CITA is part ver, the Unived the same cae main compithin the netw

as a collabora

Organization

University of Toront

National Research

University of Victor

Canadian Institute

University of British

Université de Mont

University of Calga

University of Weste

McMaster Universi

McGill University

University of Water

University of Albert

York University

Queens University

St Mary's Universit

Observatoire du Mo

Université Laval

Perimeter Institute

University of Saska

Natural Resources


ranked 2nd, tie5th, tying Mc

ers, ARC, anizations in

s are based on lated by Scienc

the internatileader amo

of 88%. Howartnership, thinternationa

he collaboratearch. The mthe Canadiaof the Univeersité de Monan be said of ponents of thwork of worl

ator with oth

to

Council Canada

ria

for Theoretical Ast

h Columbia

réal

ry

ern Ontario

ty

rloo

ta

ty

ont Megantic

for Theoretical Phy

atchewan

Canada

n ics

ed with a scocMaster Univ

ARIF an Canada, 1

the total numbece–Metrix using

onal collaboong this toever, in termhe University

al collaborato

tion networkain hub in th

an Institute fersity of Torntréal and thNRC and th

he Canadian ld-leading iner Canadian

Tot

1,3

1,1

6

rophysics 5

5

5

4

3

3

34

3

3

2

2

2

2

14

ysics 1

1

re of 1.21, foversity and Qu

nd internat998–2009

er of published WoS

oration rates,op 20 is St

ms of the absoy of Torontoor for a rate o

k among the the Canadian for Theoreticronto). Therehe Observatoie University network, whstitutions. Itorganization

talCo-author

foreign org

71

19

16

98

64

06

02

71

52

41

14

03

20

08

05

04

42

30

18

91

ollowed by thueen’s Unive

tional colla

papers in astro

, the scores dMary’s Un

olute numbero is the leaderof 81%. The N

top 20 Canadnetwork is t

cal Astrophyse are no cleaire du Mont of Toronto. A

hereas governt is interestinns.

red with a ganization co

1,107

887

519

482

474

429

306

278

275

288

213

206

184

164

181

159

103

88

97

69

Papers

e NRC (4th, 1rsity with a s

aborations

onomy & astrop

differ greatlyniversity withr of papers cor, with 1,107

NRC is 2nd, wi

dian organizathe Universitysics (this is nar clusters wMégantic arAlso, it appe

nment institung to note the

International ollaboration rate

81%

79%

84%

81%

84%

85%

76%

75%

78%

84%

68%

68%

84%

79%

88%

78%

73%

68%

82%

76%

1.20). The Unscore of 1.12.

for 20 le

physics.

y depending h an interno-authored th

7 of its paperith 887 co-au

ations in astry of Toronto

not surprisinwithin this nre linked by aears that univutions play a e smaller role

ARC

1.69

1.33

1.91

1.97

2.45

0.88

0.74

0.89

1.60

1.17

1.20

1.33

1.59

1.32

0.87

0.98

1.16

2.19

0.79

1.46

Scientific impa

25

niversity

eading

on the national hrough

rs being uthored

ronomy o, which ng given

etwork. a strong versities

greater e of the

ARIF

1.12

1.20

1.11

1.08

1.21

1.04

1.06

1.03

1.12

1.03

1.08

1.04

1.21

1.12

0.99

1.10

1.08

1.03

1.03

1.52

act/quality

PeRe

No© S

Fig

No

So



gure 7 Natrese

ote: The scollab

ource: Calcu


ional collaboraearch, 1998–2size of nodes is propborations between iulated by Science–M

ation network2009 portional to the totanstitution pairs.

Metrix using WoS

k of the 20 lea

l number of papers

ding Canadia

by the institution ov

n organization

ver the period, and t

26

ns in astronom

the width of the link

A Biblio

my & astrophy

ks is proportional to

ometric Analysis

ysics

the number of

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

5

The Non thebibliomperiodon cou

th

th

th

th

th

th

th

In partquestio

1) Wteinim

2) Was

3) Isco

4) Wth

Questi

Canadperiodthat ofbibliommulticthe USbibliomresearcthe AR12–yeaCanad



Conclusi

RC sought de astronomymetric analys

d (1998–2009unts of scient

he number of

he number of

he specializat

he average of

he average of

he internation

he national co

ticular, the dons:

What is Canaderms of quantndex) and sciempact factors

What is Canadstrophysics? research in a

omparable (inWith whom arhese collabora

on 1

da contributed analyzed in f the top 15 pmetric indiccriteria rankinS, the UK, Swmetric indicach quality, esRC indicator.ar period exada’s ARC rem


ion

data that wouy & astrophsis of astrono

9). This analytific papers an

f papers;

f papers per c

ion index (SI

relative citat

relative impa

nal collabora

ollaboration

data produced

da’s ranking atity (e.g., numentific impacs)? da’s positioni

astronomy &n terms of sizre Canadian aators among

d to approxithis report. C

producers of ators (i.e., nng uniting al

witzerland anators pertainistimated usin It should be

amined—amoains stable, a

n ics

uld lead to a ghysics disciplomy & astropysis relied onnd citations t

capita

I);

ions (ARC);

act factors (A

ation rate; and

rate.

d by Science-

among leadinmber of papect/quality (e.g

ing within th

& astrophysicsze) and/or relastronomy rethe world lea

mately 4.7% Canada’s perscientific pap

number of pll five indicat

nd Chile. It ising to scienting the ARIF e noted that song these, Gas is suggested

greater undeline. To fulfphysics resea a set of biblto papers. Th

ARIF);

d

-Metrix will s

ng countries rs, papers perg., indicators

he internation

s a strength flated discipliesearchers woaders in the f

of world astrrformance inpers in the aspapers, papetors, Canada s noteworthy fic quality anindicator, ansome countr

Germany, coud in this stud

erstanding offill this neearch in Canaliometric indhese indicato

support the N

in astronomr capita), spebased on cit

nal collabora

for Canada wines? orking the mfield?

ronomy & asn astronomy &stronomy & aers per capi

a ranked 5th fothat Canada

nd impact. Fond 2nd in scieries have greauld overtake dy. If the SI, t

f the impact od, Science-M

ada and the wdicators that rs are:

NRC in answ

my & astrophyecialization (etation counts

ation network

when compare

most internati

strophysics p& astrophysiastrophysics ita, SI, ARCor the 1998–a performed or instance, Centific impacatly increased

Canada in tthe indicator

A Bibliometric

of Canadian Metrix conduworld over a

are primarily

wering the fol

ysics researche.g., specializas and journal

k in astronom

ed to a set of

onally, and a

papers in the ics was compdiscipline us

C and ARIF–2009 period

best with resCanada ranket, as measure

d their ARC othe coming yr for which C

Analysis

27

science ucted a 12-year y based

llowing

h in ation

my &

f

are

12-year pared to

ing five ). In a behind

spect to ed 1st in ed with over the years if anada’s

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

performbehindin astryears. Cleaderstakingper caanalysiastronall fielspecialreplacitheir smulticfor oth

Questi

Amongare co-Canadcollabowhich the sizcommintegrahaving23.7%

Questi

CanadcompawhetheCanadinformwere sdisciplstrongrelatedastropspecialscience



mance is thed the US andronomy & asCanada ranks, it has had t

g population pita, and this, Canada coomy & astrods) relative tlization whiling the numbscientific worcriteria rankinher periods).

on 2

g the world l-authored wit

da’s main coorations. Othare in the to

ze of its scieunity in astated within tg links with (13th) for the

on 3

da’s standingarable (in terer astronomy

da in each omation providselected baselines), astron

gest, with a cd area in whihysics, Canalized in the fies than in as


e weakest, wd Switzerlandstrophysics rked 10th for ththe fifth highinto accountis ranking would improvephysics resea

to the world.le maintaininber of papersrkforce, as eng moving fr

leading counth at least onollaborator her importanop 15 producentific produronomy & ahe internatio70 countries12–year peri

in astronomrms of size) y & astrophyf these areas

ded by the nued on natu

nomy & astrcombinationch Canada’s

ada is not spfields of envirtronomy & a

n ics

was removed d. Although C

elative to thhe volume ofhest increase t, Canada ran

was quite stae its standingarch within it However, it ng a high scs per capita bstimated usirom 6th to 5th

ntries, Canadane internation

was the Unt collaboratcers of scientuction, the Uastrophysics,onal collabors in the netwiod.

my & astrophand/or relateysics researchs was assessumber of papral linkages ophysics sta

n of a strongimpact is str

pecialized inronmental scastrophysics,

from the mCanada rankee world and f its scientificin scientific

nked 9th for table over theg in astronomts total scient

should be ncientific impby the scientiing IAU memh place for th

a ranked 8th inal partner (aS, which a

tors were thetific papers inUS is the m

having linkation networwork. Canad

hysics was ced disciplineh is an area oed through

pers, the SI ato the ast

nds out as tg specializatirongest is in

n general phyiences, oceanbut it has a

ulticriteria aed 12th with r

its SI has bc productionproduction o

the 1998–200e 12-year permy & astrophtific product

noted that it pact and/or sific output ofmberships, C

he 2007–2009

in terms of tan internatio

accounts fore UK, German the A&A d

main hub witks with 111rk, being an i

da also had a

ompared to es as definedof strength fa positional

and the ARC. ronomy & the area in wion and a hgeneral phys

ysics. On thnography & lsmaller scien

analysis, Canrespect to the

been increasinn (6,708 papeover the peri09 in terms oriod. Based ohysics by inction (i.e., scien

is often chascientific quf countries re

Canada gaine9 period (dat

the proportioonal collaborar 31.3% of any, France adiscipline. As thin the inte

countries. Cimportant paa national co

its standingd by the NSFfor Canada. Tl analysis, w When lookiastrophysicswhich Canadigh scientificsics. Yet, unl

he other hanlimnology anntific impact

A Bibliometric

nada would re SI, it is specng over the pers) and, amood examined

of number ofon the multireasing the sntific produc

allenging to iuality. Finallyelative to theed one placea were not av

on of its papeation rate of Canada’s b

and Australiawas expecte

ernational scCanada is alartner of the ollaboration

g in a samplF to help detThe perform

which combinng at the fiel

s field (i.e., da’s performc impact. Thlike in astron

nd, Canada ind earth & plt in these disc

Analysis

28

rank 3rd cialized past 12 ong the

d. When f papers icriteria share of ction in increase y, when e size of e in the vailable

ers that f 78.2%). bilateral a, all of d given

cientific lso well US and rate of

e of 20 termine ance of nes the lds that related

mance is he only nomy & is more anetary ciplines

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

as wellsize topapersranks internaastronother d

Questi

CanadRecherSmithsof thesscientiastropcollabopapersmost amany have Aquality



l. Finally, am astronomy &

s, 8th for spec3rd in terms al medicine omy & astrodisciplines of

on 4

da’s main intrche Scientifisonian Centese organizatioific impact. Thysics and aoration netws). In additioare among thAmerican un

ARC and ARy research.


mong all of th& astrophysicialization anof ARC for and general

ophysics resef comparable

ernational coique (CNRS)er for Astropons have per

They are alsoare (especiallyworks of then, fourteen o

he top 20 organiversities. Fi

RIF above the

n ics

he subfields ucs research),

nd 3th for sciethe whole pphysics. Tharch when c

e size to astro

ollaborator f. NASA, the Chysics and Joformed well

o among the y NASA ande 20 leadingout of the toanizations, aginally, all of e world level

used in this astronomy &entific impac

period (1998–hus, it can sa

ompared to onomy & astr

for the 1998-California Inohns Hopkinin astronomtop 10 instit

d the CNRS) internatio

op 20 organizgain based onCanada’s 20

l, which indi

comparison & astrophysicct. Also, the –2009), trailiafely be conc

related discirophysics.

-2009 periodnstitute of Tens follow as C

my & astrophytutions prod

important pnal organizazations withn scientific ptop collabor

icates that C

(including tcs ranks 13th astronomy &

ing only the cluded that Ciplines, even

d was the Ceechnology (CACanada’s maiysics research

ducing the mplayers withiations (in te

h which Canaproduction, arators, with

Canada’s part

A Bibliometric

hose of comfor total num

& astrophysifields of gen

Canada is strwhen comp

entre NationaALTECH), Hin collaborat

h and have haost in astronin the internerms of numada collaboraand among thonly one exctners perform

Analysis

29

parable mber of ics field neral & rong in ared to

al de la Harvard-tors. All ad high

nomy & national mber of ates the hese are ception, m good

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Appe

Table

Note: Source:



endix A –

XI Scieastro

The sc: Calcu


Supplem

ntific perfoophysics, 19

cale is not the slated by Scienc

n ics

mentary Ta

rmance of 998–2009

same across coce–Metrix using

ables and

the world

ountries. WoS

d Figures

d’s top 15

s

countries

A Bibliometric

in astrono

Analysis

30

omy &

PeRe

No© S

Ta

So

Co

Ch

Ne

Sw

Ge

Sp

Au

Fra

Ca

Un

Ita

Ja

Un

Ru

Ch

Ind



able XII Nati

ource: Calcu

ountry N

hile 13

etherlands 28

witzerland 17

ermany 19

pain 27

ustralia 24

ance 31

anada 23

nited Kingdom 23

aly 49

pan 47

nited States 47

ussia 17

hina 49

dia 21

pact of Canadian my & astrophysics

onal and intern

ulated by Science–M

Natl. Rank Int.

3.9% 15 90.3%

8.2% 6 86.1%

7.9% 13 80.0%

9.9% 12 77.8%

7.4% 7 73.4%

4.4% 8 77.5%

.9% 5 72.4%

3.1% 9 72.8%

3.1% 9 70.2%

9.1% 2 68.6%

7.8% 3 48.4%

7.5% 4 51.4%

7.7% 14 57.1%

9.5% 1 41.8%

.0% 11 44.1%

98-00

national collabo

Metrix using WoS

Rank Natl. Ra

1 13.0%

2 28.4%

3 13.6%

4 21.6%

6 30.2%

5 26.7%

8 34.3%

7 22.0%

9 24.5%

10 48.2%

13 49.2%

12 51.0%

11 24.1%

15 48.4%

14 27.5%

oration rates of

ank Int. Rank

15 94.6% 1

7 87.5% 2

14 81.1% 3

13 78.1% 5

6 80.2% 4

9 78.1% 5

5 75.4% 8

12 77.0% 7

10 74.0% 9

4 70.5% 10

2 57.6% 11

1 54.3% 13

11 55.8% 12

3 44.6% 14

8 43.4% 15

01-03

15 leading cou

Natl. Rank

13.3% 15 95

26.2% 10 87

16.0% 14 88

24.1% 12 83

31.4% 7 83

27.6% 9 77

37.4% 5 80

23.0% 13 78

26.2% 10 75

53.0% 1 72

52.1% 3 59

52.3% 2 57

27.9% 8 56

44.8% 4 52

32.0% 6 49

04-06

untries in astro

Int. Rank Natl

5.3% 1 19.5%

7.4% 3 27.8%

8.5% 2 16.8%

3.0% 5 27.4%

3.1% 4 33.9%

7.6% 8 25.0%

0.5% 6 42.7%

8.2% 7 25.5%

5.6% 9 28.5%

2.6% 10 54.9%

9.9% 11 56.2%

7.2% 12 56.1%

6.7% 13 27.5%

2.3% 14 48.6%

9.1% 15 35.7%

onomy & astrop

l. Rank Int. Ra

% 14 96.7%

% 9 90.1%

% 15 89.8%

% 11 84.1%

% 7 83.8%

% 13 84.6%

% 5 82.9%

% 12 82.1%

% 8 79.7%

% 3 77.8%

% 1 65.6%

% 2 61.6%

% 10 54.6%

% 4 55.9%

% 6 48.9%

07-09

A Biblio

physics, 1998–

ank Natl. Rank

1 15.4% 15

2 27.6% 8

3 16.1% 14

5 23.8% 12

6 31.2% 6

4 26.0% 9

7 37.4% 5

8 23.7% 13

9 25.9% 10

10 51.7% 3

11 51.8% 2

12 52.1% 1

14 24.7% 11

13 47.7% 4

15 30.2% 7

T

ometric Analysis

31

2009

k Int. Rank

95.0% 1

87.9% 2

86.1% 3

81.2% 4

80.9% 5

79.8% 6

78.6% 7

78.2% 8

75.4% 9

72.9% 10

58.7% 11

56.6% 12

55.9% 13

50.6% 14

46.9% 15

Total

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Table

Note: Source:

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20



XIII Papeinter

Ranks: Calcu

Organization

NASA

CNRS-Centre Nat

Istituto Nazionale

CALTECH-Califor

Harvard-Smithson

Russian Academ

Observatoire de P

Chinese Academ

University of Cam

University of Calif

University of Arizo

ESO-European S

US Department o

Los Alamos Nat

Lawrence Liverm

Fermilab

Lawrence Berke

SLAC

Argonne Nationa

Oak Ridge Natio

NASA, Space Te

Johns Hopkins Un

CSIC

Max Planck Instit

National Science

European Norther

National Astronom


ers, ARC, national org

s are based on lated by Scienc

tional de la Reche

e di Astrofisica

rnia Institute of Tec

nian Cfa

y of Sciences

Paris

y of Sciences

mbridge

fornia, Berkeley

ona

Southern Observato

of Energy

tional Laboratory

more National Lab

eley National Labo

al Laboratory

onal Laboratory

lescope Science

niversity

tute for Extraterres

Foundation

rn Observatory

mical Observatory

n ics

ARIF and ganizations

the total numbece–Metrix using

erche Scientifique

chnology

ory

oratory

oratory

Institute

strial Physics

of Japan

internationin astronom

er of published WoS

nal collabomy & astrop

papers in astro

Papers ARC

Score Score

10,782 1.44

10,360 1.20

8,478 1.17

7,631 1.79

6,185 1.60

5,406 0.61

4,424 1.09

4,238 0.62

4,232 1.68

4,063 1.92

3,987 1.87

3,781 1.47

3,520 1.66

1,391 1.49

928 1.31

462 3.88

423 3.09

240 1.63

89 1.00

67 1.32

3,276 1.88

3,197 1.99

2,672 1.12

2,600 1.50

2,557 1.32

2,556 1.01

2,550 1.11

oration ratehysics, 199

onomy & astrop

ARIF

e Score

4 1.08

0 1.03

7 1.00

9 1.16

0 1.10

1 0.74

9 0.95

2 0.89

8 1.08

2 1.08

7 1.17

7 1.00

6 1.08

9 1.00

1 1.15

8 1.21

9 1.13

3 1.01

0 1.11

2 1.18

8 1.20

9 1.13

2 1.01

0 1.00

2 1.16

1 0.99

1 1.05

Inte

A Bibliometric

e for 20 le98–2009

physics.

Papers

6,104

8,112

6,560

4,610

4,016

3,178

3,681

1,995

3,172

2,476

2,295

3,572

2,062

743

517

329

295

158

69

36

2,325

2,096

2,238

2,244

1,747

2,136

1,660

ernational collab

Analysis

32

eading

Rate

57%

78%

77%

60%

65%

59%

83%

47%

75%

61%

58%

94%

59%

53%

56%

71%

70%

66%

78%

54%

71%

66%

84%

86%

68%

84%

65%

borations

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Figure

Note:

Source



e 8 CollaastroThe sithe wiCalcu


aboration nonomy & aze of nodes is pdth of the links lated by Scienc

n ics

network of astrophysicproportional to is proportional

ce–Metrix using

the 30 leacs research

the total numbto the number WoS

ading organh, 1998–20ber of papers byr of collaboratio

nizations in009 y the institution ons between ins

A Bibliometric

n the world

over the periodstitution pairs.

Analysis

33

in

d, and

PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

Appe

Constit

ThomsExpandIndex astropdocumscientiinstituand in

To perwithindatabaprovidsuggescategoFoundjournaNaturemateri

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son Reuter'sded [SCI Exp[A&HCI]) inhysics. The W

ment it coversific impact bautional affiliastitutions) to

rform this stn all papers iase that wereded an initialsted that addry of two c

dation [NSF]als to the inite and Sciencials in a great

onal datasetmance in as

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s published bomy of scientthan one subtronomy &

ology subfielcant overlap

der to produs—as both arapers being

des research an

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be producedastrophysic

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epresent orig

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which includs Citation Indrnals, was uher databasescoverage monpact factor. Iollaboration

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f journals, seethis report s

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nes) or were oy & astrophyal exclusivity—al that would uld be remothe potentialtrophysics di

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plines for com

des three datdex [SSCI] anused to prods because it initoring of tIt also includrates betwee

astronomy used consistenals in astronconsultation sing the astr

(i.e., the W by the NRCe Appendix Cince they are

omparative ao other relevhad natural

of comparablysics. The pri—an individuoverlap betw

oved from thl list of comiscipline.4

ument typesurnals. The pbutions to s

upport of astro

mparison wit

tabases (the Snd the Arts &duce statisticincludes citedthe database des data on aen various ent

& astrophysed of retrievinnomy & astr with the clironomy & a

WoS and theC, this proceC). High impe generalist j

analysis of vant discipli

linkages tole size in termimary benefi

ual paper willween a selectehe NSF subfmparable dis

s were be retpeer review pscientific kn

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th Astronomy

A Bibliometric

Science Citatio& Humanities cs on astrond references and the ana

all authors antities (e.g., co

sics3 were ideng papers frrophysics. Thient, Science

astrophysics je National ess only addact journals journals pub

Canada’s scnes. Science

o the astronms of the numit of using thl not be classed NSF subfifield. The aersciplines, as

tained—articlprocess ensurnowledge and

ch.

y & Astrophys

Analysis

34

on Index Citation

nomy & of each

alysis of nd their ountries

entified om the

he NRC -Metrix journal Science

ded two such as

blishing

cientific -Metrix omy & mber of he NSF sified in eld and rospace it had

les and res that d meet

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PerformResearc

Novemb© Scien

requirepapers.

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where,

XS =

XT =

NS =

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An indan ind

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ed standards

metric indicat

tics were prod

er of papers: ountries, bas

s per capita: Tics producedcountry and 06 and had aated as follow

lization indexizational entity of the refows:

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Papers from

Papers fromastrophysic

Papers from

dex value aboex value belo

ge of relative entity (e.g., a

published. Thumber of citahed in the p

al in 2007 is d by the num


s of quality.

tors

duced based o

Number of sed on author

The number od by the US Care estimateda populationws: 3,345/298

x (SI): This iity (e.g., a co

ference entity

m entity X in

m entity X in

m the referecs);

m the referen

ove 1 means tow 1 means th

impact factorcountry, a sp

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mber of artic

n ics

In this stud

on the follow

scientific papr addresses),

of papers at tCensus Bured at mid-year

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S

a given resea

a reference s

ence entity N

ce entity N in

that a given he reverse.

rs (ARIF): Thpecific set of ters calculateeived in the years. Thus, number of c

cles published

dy, articles an

wing indicato

pers written bsectors or org

the country leau. These str. For examplion inhabitars per million

tor of the intgiven resear

orld) in the sa

T

S

T

S

NN

XX

SI

arch area (e.g.

et of papers (

N in a given

n a reference

entity is spec

his is an indipapers, a res

es an annual previous twoeach journalcitations to ad in 2006 (15

nd reviews w

ors:

by authors aganizations.

level is weightatistics are aple, if the US ants at that n inhabitants

tensity of resrch area (e.game research

., Canada in a

(e.g., Canada

research ar

set of papers

cialized relat

icator of the searcher) baseimpact factoo years, relatl’s IF will vararticles publi5) and 2005

will be collect

associated wi

hted per capitavailable on

published 3time, then p

s.

search of a gg., domain, fih area. The SI

astronomy &

a in SCI Expa

ea (e.g., wor

s (e.g., world

tive to the ref

quality of paed on the jouor (IF) for eactive to the nry from year ished in 200(23) (i.e., IF

A Bibliometric

tively referre

th geograph

ta using popan annual b,345 biology

papers per ca

given geografield) relativeI can be form

& astrophysic

anded);

rld in astron

in SCI Expan

ference entity

apers producurnals in which journal ba

number of pato year. The 6 (8) and 20= numerato

Analysis

35

ed to as

ic areas

ulation asis for

y papers apita is

aphic or e to the mulated

cs);

nomy &

nded).

y, while

ced by a ich they ased on apers it IF of a

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Scientifastronfor 20numbeSussexwhere

5 Data(http://regressi

6 Katz, J



minator [38] rs’ IF is flawed

SI classifies docypes of documormal articles, equently in a

ounts in the IFhese document

s study, we thdatabase.

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fields and smatics), each

bfield to obtai.e., if an insti

ge of relative cn entity (e.g.,ounted. For ar the Nation

papers in this(RC). The A

s belonging tbetter than

hes papers th

ific productioomy & astro09).5 There aer of IAU mx and researcha power law

a on IAU m/www.iau.org/ion model.

J. S. (2000). Sc


= 0.605). Hd in that its n

cuments into ments, while as

notes and revnumber of jo

F’s numeratorts are “for free”

herefore used

calculated bhich they are subfields of h paper’s IF wain the Relativitution has 2

citations (AR a country, a

a paper in a gnal Science Fos subfield wit

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members of ch associate atrelationship

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pointed out nd denomina

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nd colleaguesymmetric:

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ewed scientifi

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ts citations tos a standard oes are cited rathte to the citati, the citations

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36

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Research e count citation e RC of earcher) n entity age.

ntry in vailable and the rsity of in cases

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Power log-tracompunumbeorder t

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37

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country raphical ntation

RC).

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network of le with a size

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network of with a size pg institutionrepresent co

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ween the twnt at least 0.of the distrib

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of the relativumber of paa country ot

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he width of tns. Links wellaborations

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ountries wasuntries in th

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produce a renomy & astroof the institut

of an institullaboration wrepresent colf collaboratioork to increas

f an institutioaboration wi

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tional collabo, institution) by the entity

nce of internentity (e.g., ce entity’s cou

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38

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y’s total

national country, untry in

the top for the

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ndicators are o in social sci9998; Hicks, 2ocuments (e.gooks are not. ocial sciences udy, this lim

elected subfieissemination

re, V., Archambauand engineering w

el, W. & Schoepfliagement, 35: 31-44

D., Tomizawa, H.tates. Research Eva

d, H. F., Luwel, M.,

Raan, A. F. J. (200gy research: The urs.


d the bulk of tting in a bett

ometrics

bliometrics iAs bibliomenot uncommd countries aensive cover

espect, it is wweaknesses:

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han biomedicounts betweential coveragquite reliableences and hu20049; Moed,g., articles, reTherefore, itand humani

mitation has lields for comp. Errors in co

ult, É., Gingras, Ywith social science

in,U. (1999). A bib4

., Saitoh, Y., & Koaluation, 13(2), 78-

, & Nederhof, A.J.

04). Measuring sciuse of publication

n ics

the distributer readability

is the most etrics is often

mon to find thare favouredage of the s

worth mention

ntries that puend to publistext of internublication co

nary fields. Focal researcheren fields. ge of sources ie for natural umanities fiel, Luwel and Neviews) publist is not surprities are smalittle effect beparison all haounting the n

Y. & Vignola-Gagnes and humanitie

bliometric study o

obayashi, S. (2004-86.

(2002). Toward r

ience. In H. F. Mon and patent statis

ions, which cy of the netw

widely accepn used in thhat comparatd. The key tscientific litening that the

ublish in Englsh more in otnational compunts is the di

or instance, itrs. Hence, on

in Thomson sciences, englds (ArchambNederhof, 20shed in refere

rising to see tller than thosecause astronave journals anumber of pa

né, É. (2006). Thees. Journal of the Am

of reference litera

). Bibliometric tec

esearch performa

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consist mainwork graphs.

pted methodhe context otive approachto comparaberature overe WoS, which

lish-languagether languageparisons. ifference in pt is well know

ne should not

Reuters’ sciegineering, andbault et al., 20210; van Raaeed journals that publicatise from the n

nomy and astras their core mapers or citati

e place of serials imerican Society for I

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untry) couldfrom differen,) or to historx analysts spestitutions, an

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