Performance analysis support on the Operating...
Transcript of Performance analysis support on the Operating...
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Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors
UPC
Performance analysis support on the Operating Environment
Marisa Gil, Xavier Martorell {marisa, xavim}@ac.upc.es
Curs de doctorat 2002/2003
Departament d’Arquitectura de Computadors
UPC
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 2
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Motivation
n Complexity grows in all the areasl Processorsl Computersl Operating Systeml Run-time librariesl Applications
n We have a problem...
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UPC
Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 4
UPC
Motivation
n Why such a loop is performing so bad???
l Is it a matter of TLB misses?l Primary data cache misses?l External interventions???l False sharing?
!$OMP PARALLEL DOdo i = 1, N
do j = 1, NA(i,j) = 0.0
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 5
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Motivation
n Can we obtain statistics about performance?l Resource utilizationüCachesüMemoryü FP instructions
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Introduction
n Tracing is necessary to figure out about performance
n Need for low interference
n Two viewsl Internal to the applicationl External from the operating systemü Several applications executed at a time
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 7
UPC
Architectural support
n Performance event countersl Userl Kernell Exception
n Limitationsl Small number of registers to count onüMultiplex
l Small register size (R10K)üOverhead
l Hardware dependentü Processors from the same family have different counters
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OS support
n None (...)l Currently, Linux
n Reading/writing global countersl Some support libraries
n Performance counters on thread/process contextl IRIX
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 9
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OS support
n Process/thread informationl /procl system calls
n Memory/swap usage
n [Processor information]l [Which process is it executing?]l How many time is spent in OS/exception code
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OS support
n Availability of information related to processorsl Time spent in... [sysmp (MP_SAGET, SINFO_CPU, &data)]üUser levelü System levelüWaiting (IO, SWAP, PhysIO, Graphics...) [SGI]üMemory managementü Interruptü Idle
l [Process currently executed]üNot usually available :-(
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 11
UPC
RTL support
n Countingl User-defined event-setsüGroups of counters got as a unit of informationüMove counters as a bulk across the OS interfaceü Specialize use of counters and relate different ones
l Multiplexl Overflow detectionüUser-programmed routines
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UPC
RTL support
n Multiplexl Limited number of events counted at a timel Software can switch events countedüResolution depends on interval timers
l Overhead in the implementation
l Inaccuracyü Short high performance routines hidden
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 13
UPC
RTL support
n User-defined handlersl Activated on an event exceeding a specific thresholdl Usually through OS supportüOtherwise an alarm handler can help
l Implemented through signals... efficient???
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UPC
RTL support
n Getting/extracting the information l From the kernelü Specific system call neededüReading /proc
l Directly from the processorü Such machine language instructions are usually privilegedü Pentium architecture allows them to be read from user-level
– Setting a bit in the processor (CR0?)
ü Always will read own counters
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 15
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Support to the end-users
n Profiling toolsl Traces are analyzed/visualized by end-user utilitiesl Prof generates histogramsüNumber of events per subroutine/program line
l PARAVER shows the exact behaviour of the applicationl Vampir
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 16
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Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 17
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PAPI
n Goall Specify a standard API for accessing hardware performance
counters
n Definesl Standard set of hardware eventsl Library interface
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PAPI
n Architecture
Performance Counter Hardware
Operating System
Kernel extension
PAPI machine dependentsubstrate
PAPI low levelMultiplex countersOverflow managementTimer interrupt
PAPI high level
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 19
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PAPI
n How to use
PAPI low levelMultiplex countersOverflow managementTimer interrupt
PAPI high level
Performance Analysis ToolsFeedback-Directed CompilersAdaptive Run-Time LibrariesApplication measurement and timing
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PAPI
n Processor / OS supportedl POWER3, AIX4.3l POWER4, AIX5l CRAY T3E, Unicosl AMD Athlon, Pentium III, Linux [patched]l Pentium III, Windowsl Itanium I & II, Linux [patched]l UltraSparc I, II & III, Solaris 2.8l MIPS R10K, R12K, IRIXl Alpha, Tru64 UNIXl Alpha, Linux [patched?]
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 21
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PAPI
n Overview of the interfacel Set of hardware independent eventsüNot available in all hardwareüCheck list!
l Low level APIüCounter management and acquisition
l High level APIü Easier counter acquisition
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Low-level PAPI
PAPI_create_eventset (eventSet)q Creates an eventSet. Not thread-safe
PAPI_destroy_event_set (eventSet)
PAPI_add_event (eventSet, event)
PAPI_add_events (eventSet, events, number)
PAPI_cleanup_eventset (eventSet)
PAPI_rem_event (eventset, event)
PAPI_rem_events (eventSet, events, number)q EventSet management
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 23
UPC
Low-level PAPI
PAPI_get_hardware_info (hw_info)
PAPI_get_executable_info (exe_info)
PAPI_get_opt (option, value)q Access to the environment
PAPI_query_event (eventCode)q Checks whether the hardware support such event
PAPI_set_domain (domain)q Execution domain to countqUser, kernel...
PAPI_set_granularity (granularity)q thread/process/process group/current cpu/all cpus
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UPC
Low-level PAPI
PAPI_get_overflow_address (context)q Gets overflow PC
PAPI_overflow (eventSet, eventCode, threshold,flags, handler)
q Sets the overflow handler for the indicated event in eventSet
PAPI_set_multiplex (eventSet)q Allows multiplexion
PAPI_get_real_cyc (long long)
PAPI_get_real_usec (long long)q Time control
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UPC
Low-level PAPI
PAPI_start (eventSet)q Starts counting...not if in conflict with another eventSet
PAPI_stop (eventSet, values)q Stops the eventSet and reads values
PAPI_accum (eventSet, values)q Accumulates current counters in eventSet to values
PAPI_read (eventSet, values)q Copies current counters in eventSet to values
PAPI_write (eventSet, values)q Copies the values to the current counters in eventSet
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High-level PAPI
n PAPI_start_counters (events, number)
n PAPI_read_counters (values, number)
n PAPI_accum_counters (values, number)
n PAPI_stop_counters (values, number)
n PAPI_flops (...)
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UPC
Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 28
UPC
Rabbit
n Thesisl “All programs should be designed to measure their own
performance”
n Preconditionl “Performance measurement software should be completely
portable”
n Preclusionsl “Performance measurement hardware and operating system
interfaces are completely non-portable”
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 29
UPC
Rabbit
n Supports Pentium/AMDl Different hardwareü Pentium has two 40-bit countersü AMD has two 48-bit counters
l Different event setsl Single register counting cycles (64 bits)
n Supports Linuxl No patchl On dual/quad -processor systemsü counters are lost on process migrations
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 30
UPC
Rabbit
n Simple interfacel pmc_open/pmc_closel pmc_startl pmc_selectl pmc_readl pmc_counter_initl pmc_accumulate
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 31
UPC
Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 32
UPC
libFASTparparaver
n Mergesl tracing applicationsl hardware event counters
n Visualization in Paraver
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 33
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libFASTparparaver
n Interfacel Compiler orientedü pushstate(newstate)ü popstate()ü changestate(newstate)ü changeandevent(newstate, event, value)ü pushandevent(newstate, event, value)ü popandevent(event, value)ü userevent(event, value)ü eventcount(userevent)ü endeventcount(userevent)
l Internal (user oriented?)
n Counters sampled implicitlyl Using IRIX/AIX system interfaces
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libFASTparparaver
n What can we get?l thread statusl Counter valuesl Source code line
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 35
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Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
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UPC
Intone OMPI
n Application/counting events related to source codel Automatically
n OMPI interfacel OpenMP constructsl Functionsl Event countersl Handles and tagsl Source code locations
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 37
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Intone OMPI
n OpenMP constructsl ompi_enter_parallel (parHandle, regionTag, numThreads,
sclHandle)l ompi_leave_handle (sclHandle)l ompi_enter_openmp (eventHandle, tag, sclHandle)l ompi_leave_openmp (sclHandle)üDO, SECTION, BARRIER, SINGLE, MASTER, CRITICAL...
l ompi_define_parallel (regionName, parHandle)
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Intone OMPI
n Functionsl ompi_enter_function (fHandle, sclHandle)l ompi_leave_function (sclHandle)
l ompi_define_function (functionName, classHandle, fHandle)
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UPC
Intone OMPI
n Event countersl ompi_log_counter (noCounters, counterHandles, values,
sclHandle)
l ompi_define_counter (counterName, type, unit, bounds, counterHandle)
l ompi_set_counter_callback (fCallback, custom, nCounters)
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Intone OMPI
n Handles and tagsl ompi_define_tag (tagString, tagHandle)
n Source code locationsl ompi_define_scl (fileName, lineNumber, sclHandle)
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 41
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Intone OMPI
n Visualization
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Intone OMPI
n Counting iterations (or “find the 8 differences” - I)
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Dept. d’Arquitectura de Computadors Entornos Operativos para la Gestión de Recursos... 43
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Intone OMPI
n Counting iterations (or “find the 8 differences” - II)
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Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
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Scpus
n Allows tracing of OS view l Externally to applications
n Searches /proc for any useful informationl Mapping of processes/threads to processors
n Gets other information from the systeml Processor states
n Would be useful to have the process running in each processor as a OS primitive!!!
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Scpus
n Visualization
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Scpus
n Poor coordinationn High number of
movementsn Higher execution
time in kernel moden Worse execution
times and throughput
ft.Amg.Acg.A
Kernel modeKernel idle
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Scpus
n Better coordinationn Better processor to
cpu mappingn Consistent
execution timesn Improved memory
behaviourü Local accessesü Lower kernel mode
execution time
ft.Amg.Acg.A
Kernel modeKernel idle
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Outline
n Motivation
n Introduction
n Support to performance analysisl Architectural, OS, RTL
n Examplesl PAPIl Rabbitl libFASTparparaver / Ompitracel Intone OMPI tracingl Scpus
n Conclusions
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Conclusions
n Complexity grows in all areasl Processorsl Computersl Operating Systeml Run-time librariesl Applications
n Have we solved that problem???l Or at least, do we have now some clues on how to deal with it?
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Conclusions
n Multiple tools support performance analysisl Librariesü PAPIüRabbitü libFASTparparaver
l End-user toolsü Visualization
n Internal and external viewsl Application orientedl Workload oriented
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Support libraries
n List...l Papi http://icl.cs.utk.edu/projects/papiü Innovative Computing Lab (Computer Science, University of
Tennessee)– Jack Dongarra,
l Rabbit http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/Projects/Rabbitü Scalable Computing Lab (Ames Lab, US DOE, Iowa State
University)– Don Heller
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Support libraries
n List...l Vtune
http://developer.intel.com/software/products/vtune/index.htmü Intel
l DCPI http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/dcpiüCompaq (Digital)
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Other
n Parallel Tools (www.ptools.org)
n Solaris hardware statistics tool