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Perforating
Geir Melhus
Perforatin domain cham ion Indonesia
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Perforating Seminar
Welcome
Perforating safety
Conveyance
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Perforating principal and gun selection TCP accessories
API RP 19 B section 1 Gun system performance
Research
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Wellsite Perforating Safety
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Must be Followed!
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Why Care About SOP?
WARNINGIf precautions are not taken, the danger of
premature detonation may occur!
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Hazards from Potential Differences
(PDs) Involved While Perforating:• Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation
• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
Perforating Safety - Detonators
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• Electric Welding
• High Tension Power Lines
• Inductive Coupling From Large Induction
Motors (Rig Top-Drive Motors)
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Reservoir
r e d u c e d p e r
M u d f i l t r a t e
2. Run casing
Well
Construction 3. Cement casing and change fluid
4. Establish underbalance and perforate
1. Drill well to total depth
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m
e a b i l i t y
i n v a s i o n
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History of Perforating Techniques
Mechanical, prior to 1932
Bullet Gun, 1932 to present
Hydraulic, 1958 to present
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– ras ve e ng Shaped Charge, 1946 to present
– Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology
– >99% of all perforating
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Perforated Completion Damage
Drilling Damaged zone,Kd
Non damagedformation, K
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Crushed rock debris
Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc
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Perforation conveyance
• Wireline - electric activation from surface
• Perforating interval?
• Pressure control?
• Well restrictions?
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• Radio silence?
• TCP - Drill pipe, Completion, Coil Tubing, Slickline,
• Pressure or mechanical activation
• Correlation?
• Might have to kill the well again
• No Radio silence needed9
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Perforating Gun Components
(Explosives)Detonator – initiates detonation train
Primary High Explosive
(except SECURE)
Primacord – transmits detonation to shaped charges
Secondary High Explosive
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Shaped Charge – creates perforation tunnel
Secondary High Explosive
Capsule Gun Carrier 1010Gun
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Shaped Charge Magic
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Perforation Process
High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec
High Impact pressure - millions psi
Short duration – microseconds
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Moderate temperature – does not melt Particulated jet does the work
About 25% of liner mass in jet
About 25 – 30% energy efficient
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Perforating Gun Systems
Carrier guns
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Classifications of
Perforating Gun Systems
Capsule Guns (WL Only)
Enerjet 1 11/16, 2 1/8” Pivot Gun 1 11/16”
PowerSpirol 1 11/16, 2 1/8, 2 ½”
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Carrier Guns (TCP and WL) HSD & PURE 1.56 to 7”
Special Purpose
Tubing punchers, squeeze guns,custom……
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Enerjet Guns
Big gun performance in a small OD
packageGuns shown are
Zero Degree Enerjet
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-
PowerSpiral
– Pendulum phased
– High Shot Density
Historically, they were mostly uni-directional, strip carrier systems.
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Standard Enerjet Phasings
Zero or +/- 45 deg
i
6 61 0 ps i
i tone
0
0
3
3
6
6
9
9
12
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sp or es per ormance
Less than optimal productivity
Lower Shot Density
Limited Phasing
5 20 0 ps i
i
15
20 0 ps i
50 0 ps i
61 0 ps i
i tone
0
0
3
3
6
6
9
9
12
12
15
16
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Carrier Gun Make-up
System can be combined in length as required
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Carrier Guns
Varied Applications
– TCP and Wireline – PURE
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tubes and sealed
Robust system
– >10000’ shot at one timeIllustrations of 2”, 4 ½” and 7”
High Shot Density Gun Systems
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Shaped Charge Perforator
Three principal explosive types
RDX HMX
HNS
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All secondary high explosive – Different Temperature Ratings
Case materials can vary
– Steel, zinc, ceramics….
Liner does the work
– Powdered metal preferred
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Shaped Charge Materials
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Shaped Charge Liners
Solid copper (1946)
– Adapted from military – Used today in some “big hole” charges
– Leaves large copper slug
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me a c s ee me a – Hard to fabricate & Poor performance
Powder metal (1960’s) – Slug disintegrates
– Better debris control
– Preferred liner for most charges today
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Detonators for Perforating Guns
Detonator Required to
initiate detonation trainthrough guns
Primary High Explosive27 ohms Safety Resistors
Conventional DetonatorConventional DetonatorConventional DetonatorConventional Detonator
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SECURE DetonatorSECURE DetonatorSECURE DetonatorSECURE Detonator
Radio Safe SystemRadio Safe SystemRadio Safe SystemRadio Safe System
PercussionPercussionPercussionPercussionDetonatorDetonatorDetonatorDetonator
for TCPfor TCPfor TCPfor TCP
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Temperature
Selection of explosives:
T (within rating) --> no performance loss
Effect is cumulative
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Ratings per type of explosive
Temperature: RDX < HMX < HNS
Performance: HNS < RDX < HMX
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Time vs Temperature Curves for Carrier Guns
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Shaped Charge Penetration Evolution
4 ½ in. 4-5 spf Schlumberger Guns
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PowerJet Omega
Mid '90's
API 1 Penetration - inches
API RP 19BAPI RP 19BAPI RP 19BAPI RP 19B
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PowerJet 4505
1990 51J Ultrajet
1980's 50B Hyperjet
Old System
API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43
API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43
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Guns Review
Carrier Guns
– Big guns, high shot density, multi phased, extreme conditions – All Conveyance options
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– Small OD guns for through tubing applications
• Best performance for small OD guns
– Consider Debris, running lengths and conveyance options
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What is Tubing Conveyed Perforating ?
TCP has evolved from “running guns on tubing” to:
A variety of optimized Perforation Delivery systems designed toenhance the completion process.Including but not limited to-
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–
– Deployment on Coiled Tubing – Deployment on E-Line or Slickline
– Deployment before, with or after the completion
– Deployment in Sections and for Selective Zones Best Available Charge Performance Where and When needed
API Performance is not the whole picture….
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TCP System
Packer & completion/testing accessories
Nipples, sleeves, gauges etc.
TCP Accessories
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Debris & drop off subs, valvesTCP Firing Head
Drop bar, pressure, electric, mechanical, timer
TCP Gun with safety spacer
Various lengths & combinations
gauges 28
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Why TCP??
Productivity and Convenience
Shoot big guns, high shot densities underbalanced Shoot large intervals underbalanced
Shoot deviated & horizontal wells
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Oriented perforating
Disassociate perforating from wireline
– Drill Stem Testing
– Completions
Hostile environment….H2S etc.
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OrientXact Perforating System
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7-in. Casing - 5 deg/100ft Dogleg
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0
10350
• Orientation Confirmation Device (OCD)
with 1° accuracy
Confirmation of Gun Orientation
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OrientXact
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Completion Insertion and Retrieval
(of Gun Strings) under Pressure
• CIRP allows the insertion and
CIRP
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pressure
• After insertion into the well the
guns are run on Wireline, CoiledTubing or a Snubbing Unit
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CIRP Connector
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Completion Disassembly and Assembly (of GunStrings) Downhole
• Underbalanced perforating of long intervals forincreased production with no rathole requirement
GunStack
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• Rigless deployment of long gun strings to reduceoperating cost
• Anchored guns withstand high underbalance for
optimum perforation clean up
• Guns can be removed from well without killing
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D th C t l
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Depth Control
Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs
Gamma Ray pips can help
Tag plug or packer
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re ne se pac er gun com na ons
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Fi i H d D b
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Firing Head – Drop bar
Run in Hole Actuate Head Fire Guns
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D B Fi i H d BHF
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Drop Bar Firing Head BHF
Wells with Deviation < 50 degrees
Ideal for shallow straight wells Can be used with Dry Hole pin where limited hydrostatic pressure is
available
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Bar deployed via slick line after guns are on depth Compatible with all other firing systems for redundancy
Wells where partial fluid column is used to achieve underbalance
Expendable System
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eFire General Specifications
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eFire - General Specifications
1.707-in. tool OD
320 °F temperature rating 15 kpsi pressure rating
Pressure
Transducer
Battery
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Battery life up to 1000 hrs
Includes memory pressure gauge
– Job record
– High speed at time of shot
ControllerCircuits
InitiatorCircuits
EFIDetonator
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eFire with Liquid Cushion
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eFire with Liquid Cushion
Unique Timed Sequence of Pressure Pulses
RIH arming command Safe Insensitive to pressure testing
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Programmable delay underbalance
Ability to abort at any time
No moving parts
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eFire SL Pulse Command
• Example Pulse generated by
pulling up 2 - 3 ft at 7,500 ft
3.183103
.
.092"LINE-TOOL AT 7500'
3 seconds/division
PressureTransducer
Battery
StrainSensor
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To Pressure
Sensor3.06910
3.
bbotcork 1,
796.173795.29 bbotcork 0,
60.
7 95 .3 7 95 .3 5 7 95 .4 7 95 .4 5 7 95 .5 7 95 .5 5 7 95 .6 7 95 .6 5 7 95 .7 7 95 .7 5 7 95 .8 7 95 .8 5 7 95 .9 7 95 .9 5 7 96 7 96 .0 5 7 96 .1 7 96 .1 5
3070
3080
3090
3100
3110
3120
3130
3140
3150
3160
3170
3180
Time (min)
P r e s s u r e
( p s i g )
10psi/
divisionControllerModule
InitiatorModule
EFIDetonator
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Fi SL C d S
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eFire SL Command Sequence
eFire SL turned on by preset hydrostatic pressure
1 min 2 min1.5 min Programmed delayArmed
1.
2.
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3
740640 b j 0,
60.
640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 7400
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1min 1.5 min1min 1min 1.5 min
et on ept
5 min 2 min3.
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Hydraulic Delay Firing Head HDF
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Hydraulic Delay Firing Head - HDF
Used as a means to perforate multiple zones
Insensitive to debris
Not limited by well deviations Can be deployed via slick line/CT after guns
are on depth
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Compatible with all other firing systemsproviding redundancy
Delay time can be set from minutes to hours(N2 applications)
Timer Application
– Remove shear pins for no time delay
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Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF
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Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF
Pump down ball to activate
Work over and rigless completions inconjunction with CT
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Perforate while well is flowing
One trip abandonment
1 11/16” and 2 1/8” OD sizes
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TCP Accessories
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TCP Accessories
Accessories designed and manufactured by Schlumberger
– Production Valves – Drop off Subs
– Debris barriers
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Other systems available – Cost
– reliability
45
Debris Circulating Sub
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Debris Circulating Sub
Application
Debris protection of firing head – Run with drop bar, trigger charge, firing system
Circulation or production port
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Operation Positioned between packer and guns
– Typically 30 ft above guns
Cone broken by drop bar, gamma ray duringcorrelation etc
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Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve
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Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve
(DTRV)
Application
Used with TCP to isolate rathole from tubinguntil needed
– Establish underbalance with open perforations
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– rotect cas ng rom extreme over a ance
pressure
Operation
Drop bar ruptures break plug releasing oil
Tubing pressure or rathole pressure, whichever
is greater, shifts sleeve
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Pressure-Operated Production Valve (POUV)
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Pressure Operated Production Valve (POUV)
Application
Allows pressuring tubing to set packers, liner hangers, test tubing etc
– Run between packer and guns
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Allows tubing to be run with desired
underbalance
Operation
Valve remains closed during run in
Pressure applied at surface shears pins and
valve opens. Valve is locked in open position
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E j t D b i
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Enerjet Debris
Shaped Charge:
Charge case breaks up into smallpieces
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r p:
Retrievable strip remains intact
1 11/16” 2 1/8” 2 ½”
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Shaped Charge Case Debris
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Shaped Charge Case Debris
Two strategies:
Zinc case
Reduces size of debris
Different debris type
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* Mark of Schlumberger
Steel case
Change steel spec
Pack charges in such a way that thecase breaks into large pieces
– Case debris stays in gun – Debris is too big to exit gun
* Mark of Schlumberger
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Controlling the Debris with a Zinc Case
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Co t o g t e eb s t a c Case
Change charge case from steel to zinc
Zinc case charges produces fine zinc powder – MORE debris exits gun
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–
This is a system in use industry wide to “control” perforating
debris
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Issues With Zinc
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Zinc cases break up into very fine particles which are ejected from the
gun during the detonation process
– Reports of up to 6 kg/m of Zinc ejected
Zinc is only partially acid soluble
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– e r s rema ns n t e we ormat on a ter ac z ng
Remaining Zinc deposits on hardware
– Downhole & Surface
Zinc debris is fine enough to pass through filters
Zinc debris will plug pore throats (SPE 58758)
– Do not use for injector wells
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More Zinc Issues
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Zinc reacts with brines
Precipitation can form hard cement in wellbore & formation
– Gas wells
Possibility that precipitation causes formation damage
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Adding inhibitors can reduce chance of precipitation
Charge performance reduced by ~15%
Guns suffer more shock—Zinc reacts during detonation
Possible EAC (Environmentally Assisted Cracking) issues for guns and
hardware under high tension loads - In Hydrogen rich environments
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TCP Depth Control
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p
Measure reference point in string to Top Shot
– Usually a radioactive marker sub Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs
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–
Tag plug or packer
Wireline set packer/gun combinations
– Gun Anchor (MAXR)
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Factors Affecting Productivity
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Factors Affecting Productivity
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Downhole Parameters That Affect Performance
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Major effects
Gun clearance
Formation strength
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Effective formation stress Casing Properties
Wellbore Fluid
Temperature (selection of explosive)
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19B 1st Edition—Section 1 - Principal Reference
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System test into a concrete target
Gun position important SPF & Phasing important
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19B 1st Edition—Section 3
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Temperature test
Gun system (minimum 6 shots) Steel targets
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Referenced to ambient
temperature
Penetration & EH
Separate test for gunpressure/temperature/time rating
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19B 1st Edition—Section 1
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Gun ready to shoot in target
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Gun Shot in target
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Cutting target for measurements
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API-19B Section 1 - Test Target
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63
Productivity Index
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Productivity Index is a measure of the well's ability to produce
fluids under an imposed reservoir pressure drop.( )sc t q
J =
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J Productivity Index, STB/d/psi
Average pressure in drainage area, psia
Bottomhole flowing pressure, psia
Production rate, STB/day
wf p p −
( )t p
( )t pwf
( )t q
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Perforations
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Perforation ObjectivesClean Conduit from Well to Reservoir
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Bypassing Near Wellbore Damage
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66
Well conditions
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Overbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic higher than reservoir
pressure Underbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic lower than Pr
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,
to create a rapid large underbalance just after perforationtunnel is created.
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OB vs UB vs DUB
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68
Overbalance
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DUB
Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)
Overbalance
DUB
Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)