PÉREZ 2012-Roster and Genealogy..China

Chinese Cross Currents

9. 3

A gloomy Blue Planet

The Excesses of Capitalism

The Map of Matteo Ricci

Classical Western Studies in China

July 2012 7

ContentsVol. 9, No. 3, 2012

A Subscription form can be found after p. 64

2

4 A Gloomy Blue Planet Yves Camus

World

8 The Excesses of Capitalism Étienne Perrot

20 Sustainability and Equity—A Better Future for All UN Human Development Report 2011

Society

42 Understanding China’s Middle Class and its Socio-political Attitude Yang Jing

Arts & Letters

56 For a New Culture of Music Education in Macau Aurelio Porfiri

66 Zhang Chongren, Wu Zuoren and Their Fellows’ Travels in Europe Chen Yaowang

History & Culture

80 The Map of Matteo Ricci: Some Preliminary Observations Ann Waltner

90 Did Ricci Put China at the Centre of his World Map? Gianni Criveller

Thought & Humanism

98 Classical Western Studies in China Gan Yang, Liu Xiaofeng & Zhang Zhilin

116 Science and Theology: An Introduction Michael Fuller

Debates & Features

126 Roster and Genealogy of Emigrants from China Settled in Chiloé(1800-1900) Pablo A. Pérez

Reviews

134 Paul R. Katz, Divine Justice: Religion and the Development of Chinese Legal Culture Roderick O’Brien 138 Paulos Huang, Confronting Confucian Understandings of the Christian Doctrine Peter Mauceys of Salvation.

141 Mitje Saje ed., A. Hallerstein—Liu Songling: Edmund Ryden The Multicultural Legacy of Jesuit Wisdom and Piety at the Qing Dynasty Court

145 Wai-chung Ho, School Music Education and Social Change in Mainland China, Marye Moran Hong Kong and Taiwan

151 Jonathan Lipman, Barbara Molony, Michael Robinson, Thaddée Henry Modern East Asia: An Integrated History

156 Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei, The Bible and the Gun: Christianity in South China, 1860-1900 Huang Jia

Forthcoming:

Crisis of Trust—Workers New GenerationRousseau in China—Dignity of the Human Person

2012

64

3

5 World

9 21

Society

43 Arts & Letters

57 67

History & Culture

81 91 �

Thought & Humanism

99 117

Debates & Features

127 Reviews

134

138

141

145

151

156

Vol. 9, No. 3, July 2012126

Chinese Cross CurrentsDebates & Features u

THIS article deals with the presence of two Chinese people in the southern island of Chiloé (Chile), where they are recorded

in the late nineteenth century according to parish documents of the place. Thus these re-cords establish the fact that there has been a Chinese presence in the island for over a hun-dred years. Chiloe is a secluded island in the South Pacific Ocean, ancient possession of the Spanish crown and now belonging to Chile.

Because of its physical and political isola-tion from the continent, Chiloé has developed a fully defined culture that dates to historical times, which can be approached from dif-ferent angles, such as the language and the idiosyncrasies of its people, their mythology, traditions, and so on. Chiloé was also the southernmost territory that was managed by the Society of Jesus until their expulsion from the New World in 1767. After that it passed under the care of the Franciscans.

Also the loyalty of Chiloé for Spain had been strong since colonial times, and in fact it was to remain the last stronghold of the Span-ish crown to join a South American republic.

Thus, the presence of two Chinese people in this remote border, bearing the surnames of Mais and Seto––and whose lineage is given at the end of this article––is especially noteworthy, as they are recorded as marrying local Catho-lics in the 1880s. The mixed origin of the wives with whom they marry is also worth noticing.

There could only have been one place of origin for these two migrants, that is, the fa-mous settlement of Macau, “a monument of Chinese toleration and of Portuguese tenac-ity” in words of the merchant and writer on

China, Alexander Michie (1833-1902).(1)

Historical Events and ConceptsChina was then under the oppressive Qing

dynasty, and in conflict with foreign powers over disputes for commercial purposes. Popu-lation growth, environmental exhaustion, climate change and migration were the fun-damental causes underlying the nineteenth-century rebellions. Peace, stability, and a period of warmer climate, all contributed to increasing agricultural production and a historically un-precedented population growth, from around two hundred million in 1700 to three hundred fifty million in 1800 and five hundred million by the years of 1900.(2) The port of Macau on the other side (the birthplace of one of the emi-grants studied) was under Portuguese rule, and allowed trade with European nations.

In America the Chinese mass migration began in mid-nineteenth century with the dis-covery of California gold, but later there were other destinations: Brazil, Cuba, Perú, México, etc.(3) There are however references about the presence of Chinese in the city of Guayaquil, for the early year of 1820.(4) These Chinese mi-grations had various effects in the countries where these migrants arrived. In Cuba the Chinese presence was essential for the devel-opment of sugar plantations, in Panamá it was the most active labor for the building of the Panama Canal, in Canada and the United States it was active in the construction of rail-way lines allowing market expansion, etc.(5)

Chinese immigration began in Perú in 1849, while the country was living the guano boom (main export): the coastal estates ur-gently needed laborers, and loans granted to the State grew enormously. China had recent-ly fought and lost a bloody war with England (known as “Opium War” in which the Chil-ean officer Patricio Lynch participated on the English side). There were conditions of unem-ployment and poverty among the peasantry and the consequent proletarianization of up-rooted crowds. The coolie trade to Perú lasted almost twenty-seven years since its inception in 1849 until its suspension in 1874, and it is considered that 90,000 Chinese people arrived

1. Michie, Alexander, The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era: as Illustrated in the Career of Sir Rutherford Alcock, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, Great Britain, William Blackwood and Sons, 1900, p. 287.

2. Tanner, Harold Miles, China: A History, Indianapolis, U.S.A., Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.-Sheridan Books, Inc., p. 387.

3. Díaz Zermeño, Héctor; Torres Medina, Javier, México: del triunfo de la República al Porfiriato, México, México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1869, pp. 291ff.

4. Pérez, Pablo A, “Nómina y genealogía de extranjeros del Ecuador presentes en Chiloé (1700-1900)”, in: Spondylus. Revista Cultural, Quito (Ecuador), Ediciones La Tierra, No. 31, 2012, pp. 49-50.

5. Lin Chou, Diego, “Los chinos en Hispanoamérica”, in: Cuaderno de Ciencias Sociales, Costa Rica, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica Costa Rica, No. 124, 2002, pp. 25ff, 45ff, 55ff, etc.

1272012 7


t Debates & Features

1767

Mais Seto

1880

1831-1902

(1)

1700

1800 1900(2)

(3)

1820(4)

Pablo A. Pérez l

Roster and Genealogy of Emigrants from China Settled in Chiloé (1800-1900)

1. Michie, Alexander, The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era: as Illustrated in the Career of Sir Rutherford Alcock, Vol. 1, Edinburgh (Great Britain), William Blackwood and Sons, 1900, p. 287.

2. Tanner, Harold Miles, China: A History, Indianapolis (U.S.A.), Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.-Sheridan Books, Inc., p. 387.

3. Díaz Zermeño, Héctor; Torres Medina, Javier, México: del triunfo de la República al Porfiriato, México (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1869, pp. 291ff.

4. Pérez, Pablo A, “Nómina y genealogía de extranjeros del Ecuador presentes en Chiloé (1700-1900)”, in: Spondylus. Revista Cultural, Quito (Ecuador), Ediciones La Tierra, No. 31, 2012, pp. 49-50.

Vol. 9, No. 3, July 2012128


during this period.(6) T. Robinson Warren was “very favorably impressed with this new system of la-bour” in Perú, where the demand of Chi-nese workers rivaled that of Cuba. After eight years of service under conditions “a thousand times su-

perior to the greater part of the laboring por-tion of the community of England, Ireland, or of France”, he further insisted, the coolie was “free for life” and the widespread “misery and starvation” of his homeland was replaced by a “happy” and “far superior” position in Perú.(7) The truth is that the traffic to Latin America shifted to Macau, and the abuses, which al-ready began from this colony, lasted until their arrival at El Callao. In an infernal jour-ney, which took about 120 days, the coolies were transported in boats that did not meet the minimum appropriated conditions of hy-giene, besides being overcrowded, and many died or committed suicide on the trip.(8) At the end of the Pacific War, the Chinese population was diversifying into urban and rural areas of the Peruvian coast, and part of it was in the

then new territories of northern Chile.(9)

With such an extensive movement of Chi-nese to Perú, it might be expected that other Andean countries would also avail themselves of this seemingly abundant source of labor. But there is evidence to indicate that Ecuador, Bolivia or Chile, the latter with a much more developed economy than the former two, had a surplus of labor and exported upward of 25,000 laborers to Perú from 1868 to 1872 to help the American in-dustrialist Henry Meiggs build his railroads.(10)

In Chile and ChiloéThere is very little known about the Chinese

who went to Chile, principally to the mines and nitrate fields of the northern sections of the country. Ten Chinese are recorded in the early 1850s on an hacienda near the place of Quillo-ta;(11) and about the same time a party of some 100 Chinese were brought to work the copper mines of La Higuera (a small town near the coast twenty-eight miles north of La Serena), but they proved unsuitable to the task.(12)

While it is highly probable that merchant vessels that transported copper and silver from Chile to China in the 1850s did bring some Chinese immigrants to Chile, the numbers would not have been significant.(13) The last Chinese ship with contract laborers to Latin America sailed from Macau on March 27th 1874, the day before the decree banning emi-gration became effective.(14)

The island of Chiloé may have welcomed the two mentioned travelers more as a result of migratory processes, although their presence may most likely be explained by the Pacific War (1879-83), an armed conflict that gener-ated the first large group of Oriental people that came to Chile, because they had heard of the campaigns of Patricio Lynch (Chilean head of territorial occupation) and had escape from their Peruvian employers.(15) There is back-ground information on the number of people of Chinese origin present in Chile in the past, as in 1854 (seventy-two), 1865 (eighty-three), 1875 (122) and 1885 (1,164),(16) the reduced numbers of which supports the quantum leap in people that occurred after 1883.

No Chinese has yet been recorded in Chi-

6. Lin Chou, ibid., pp. 56, 59, 66.7. Jung, Moon.Ho, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor and Sugar in the Age of

Emancipation, Baltimore, U.S.A., The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 18.

8. Arnold Meagher, The Coolie Trade, pp. 120, 296; Lisa Yun, The Coolie Speaks, pp. 140, 258.

9. Orrego, Juan Luis, “La república oligárquica 1850-1950”, in: Teodoro Hampe Martínez, Historia del Perú. Etapa republicana, Barcelona (Spain), Lexus, 2000.

10. Meagher, op. cit., p. 241.11. Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín, Páginas de mi Diario Durante Tres Años

de Viajes, 1853, 1854, 1855. Santiago, Chile, Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1856, p. 38.

12. Meagher, op. cit., p. 242.13. Meagher, op. cit., pp. 242 and 243.14. Meagher, op. cit., p. 127.15. Lin Chou, 2004, pp. 129ff, 141ff.16. United Nations, Consejo Económico y Social. “La inmigración

en Chile” (E/CN.12/169/Add.2). Montevideo, Uruguay, Consejo Económico y Social, CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe). Document presented in the Third Period of Sessions from the CEPAL (Santiago de Chile, 1st May, Santiago de Chile, 5th-21th June 1950, Montevideo), 1950; Chart 62.C. “Extranjeros residentes”.

1292012 7



(5)

1849

1849

1874

25

90000 (6)

T

8

(7)

120

(8)

(9)

1868 1872

(10)

1850

10(11) 100

28(12)

19 50

(13)

1874 3 27

(14)

5. Lin Chou, Diego, “Los chinos en Hispanoamérica”, in: Cuaderno de Ciencias Sociales, Costa Rica, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica Costa Rica, No. 124, 2002, pp. 25ff, 45ff, 55ff, etc.

6. Lin Chou, ibid., pp. 56, 59, 66.7. Jung, Moon.Ho, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor and Sugar in the Age of

Emancipation, Baltimore (U.S.A.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 18.

8. Arnold Meagher, The Coolie Trade, pp. 120, 296; Lisa Yun, The Coolie Speaks, pp. 140, 258.

9. Orrego, Juan Luis, “La república oligárquica 1850-1950”, in: Teodoro Hampe Martínez, Historia del Perú. Etapa republicana, Barcelona (Spain), Lexus, 2000.

10. Meagher, op. cit., p. 241.11. Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín, Páginas de mi Diario Durante Tres

Años de Viajes, 1853, 1854, 1855. Santiago (Chile), Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1856, p. 38.

12. Meagher, op. cit., p. 242.13. Meagher, op. cit., pp. 242 and 243.14. Meagher, op. cit., p. 127.

Vol. 9, No. 3, July 2012130


loé; but the fact is that since the late nineteenth century, these two people must have formed part of the vast assemblage of emigrants who went there, as well as of the select group of Asian immigrants who had chosen this south-ern latitude as a place to live.

Studied LineagesMaisI. Francisco Mais. Married to Dolores Baso.II. Enrique Mais. Native from China (Ma-

cau). Married within the Catholic rite, on 3rd January 1886, in the parish chapel of An-cud(17) to María Leiva (native from the city of Ancud; legitimate daughter of Manuel Leiva and Rosa Millapani).

SetoI. Adriano Seto. Married to Rosario Aretó.II. Juan Seto. Native from China. Married

within the Catholic rite, on 14th January 1880, in the cathedral of Ancud(18) to Andrea Muñoz (legitimate daughter of Andrés Muñoz and Carmen Colchún).

DocumentationLMAn1: Book without any front nor titles;

that says in the back: “MATRIMO / NIO / L. / I / 1879 / a / 1888”. It has index, and covers the marriages from Ancud.

Bibliography

Díaz Zermeño, Héctor; Torres Medina, Javier. México: del

triunfo de la República al Porfiriato, México, México,

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1869.

Jung, Moon.Ho, Coolies and cane: race, labor and sugar in

the age of emancipation. Baltimore, U.S.A., The Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2006.

Lin Chou, Diego, “Los chinos en Hispanoamérica”, in:

Cuaderno de Ciencias Sociales, Costa Rica, Facultad

Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica

Costa Rica, No. 124, 2002.

Lin Chou, Diego, Chile y China: inmigración y relaciones

bilaterales (1845-1970), Santiago, Chile, Centro de

Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, 2004.

Meagher, Arnold J, The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese

Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874, Philadelphia,

U.S.A., Xlibris, 2008.

Michie, Alexander, The Englishman in China during the

Victorian Era: as illustrated in the career of Sir Rutherford

Alcock; Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Great Britain, William

Blackwood and Sons, 1900.

Orrego, Juan Luis. “La república oligárquica 1850–1950”,

in: Teodoro Hampe Martínez, Historia del Perú. Etapa

republicana, Barcelona, Spain, Lexus, 2000.

Pérez, Pablo A. “Nómina y genealogía de extranjeros

del Ecuador presentes en Chiloé (1700-1900)”, in:

Spondylus. Revista Cultural, No. 31, Quito, Ecuador,

Ediciones La Tierra, 2012.

Tanner, Harold Miles, China: A History, Indianapolis, U.S.A.,

Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.-Sheridan Books, Inc.

United Nations, Consejo Económico y Social. “La

inmigración en Chile” (E/CN.12/169/Add.2).

Montevideo, Uruguay, Consejo Económico y Social,

CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y

el Caribe). Document presented in the Third Period of

Sessions from the CEPAL (Santiago de Chile, 1st May,

Santiago de Chile; 5th-21th June 1950: Montevideo),

1950.

Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín, Páginas de mi Diario Durante

Tres Años de Viajes, 1853, 1854, 1855. Santiago, Chile,

Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1856.

Yun, Lisa, The Coolie Speaks, Chinese Indentured Laborers

and African Slaves in Cuba, Philadelphia, U.S.A.,

17. LMAn1, foja 231, Nº 570.18. LMAn1, foja 23, Nº 65.

Pablo A. Pérez, from Argentina, is a free lance writer who researches the history and genealogies, as well as the culture, of the Island of Chiloé, Chile. His studies––as acknowledged in the Red Provincial Cultural de Chiloé (Provincial Cultural Network of Chiloé)––include historical, demographical and genealogical aspects concerning Chiloé. He is author of various research projects that have been published in Europe, America and now Asia; he is also involved with several monographic bibliographies on specific old Spanish lineages that will be edited in the near future.

1312012 7



1879 1883

(15)

1854 72

1865 83 1875 122 1885

1 164 (16)

1883

I.

II.

1886 3 1(17)

I.

II.

1880 1 14(18)

LMAn1

MATRIMO / NIO

/ L. / I / 1879 / a / 1888

Díaz Zermeño, Héctor Torres Medina, Javier

1869

Jung, Moon. Ho

2006

Lin Chou, Diego

124

2002

Lin Chou, Diego

1845 1970

2004

Meagher, Arnold J 1847 1874

Xlibris 2008

Michie, Alexander

Orrego, Juan Luis 1850-1950

Lexus 2000

Pérez, Pablo A

1700 1900 Spondylus

31

2012

Tanner, Harold Miles

1950 6

Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín

1853 1854 1855

1856

Yun, Lisa

2008

15. Lin Chou, 2004, pp. 129ff, 141ff.16. United Nations, Consejo Económico y Social. “La inmigración

en Chile” (E/CN.12/169/Add.2). Montevideo (Uruguay), Consejo Económico y Social, CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe). Document presented in the Third Period of Sessions from the CEPAL (Santiago de Chile (1st May, Santiago de Chile, 5th-21th June 1950, Montevideo), 1950; Chart 62.C. “Extranjeros residentes”.

17. LMAn1, foja 231, Nº 570.18. LMAn1, foja 23, Nº 65.

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