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Perception My 3
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Transcript of Perception My 3
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Question?Question?y What is leading reason for conflict in
business?y Why do people make wrong decisions in
business?
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QuestionsQuestionsy How does red apple look to you As
same as red color you see.y How does a chicken taste to you?y How do you feel if you are taken to top
of 15 th floor of an apartment?y How do you feel if a naked beggar is
walking to you?
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ANSWERANSWER
PERCEPTION.
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PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
Is the cognitive process by which anindividual gives meaning to the
environment.Perception refers to the acquisition of specific knowledge about objects or eventsat any particular moment. It occurswhenever stimuli activate the senses.
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PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?WHAT IS PERCEPTION?Perception is a process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning totheir environment
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IN PSCYCOLOGY PERCEPTIONIN PSCYCOLOGY PERCEPTION
IS PROCESSIS PROCESS
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Why is the study of perceptionWhy is the study of perception
important?important?y Peoples behavior is based on theirperception of what reality is, not onreality it self.
y How to judge individuals in anorganization(person perception)
y Decision making process
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FACTORS THAT IN FLUENCEFACTORS THAT IN FLUENCE
PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
Perceiver
Target
Situation
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FACTORS IN THE PERCEIVERFACTORS IN THE PERCEIVER1. Attitudes2. Motives3. Interests4. Experience5. Expectations
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EXAMPLEEXAMPLEy Every one in the organization liked and
understood the training program exceptyou.
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Characteristics of the targetCharacteristics of the target
SoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity
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Factors in the situationFactors in the situation
TimeWork settingSocial setting
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ATTRIBUTION THEORY
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Person Perception:Person Perception:
Making JudgmentsMaking JudgmentsAbout OthersAbout Others
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ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORYy How do you judge individuals in
organization?y What are factors that drive us when
making judgments about people?
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ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORYy How people make causal explanations
beginning with question why is answeredby attribution theory.
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Perception Challenges: What Do You See?Perception Challenges: What Do You See?
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What is attribution?What is attribution?y Attribution describes the process of
explaining events and the behaviors andemotional consequences of thoseexplanations.
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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
Two Types of Causes:Two Types of Causes:
1) Internal1) Internal
2) External2) External
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How We Perceive PeopleHow We Perceive Peopley Attribution Theory
How the actions of individuals are perceived byothers depends on what meaning (causation) we
attribute to a given behavior.x Internally caused behavior: under the individuals controlx Externally caused behavior: due to outside factors
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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theoryy A person tries to determine whether
another persons behavior is caused byinternal or external factors. This isconditioned by three attributes:
consensus in behavior.
consistency in behavior.
distinctiveness in behavior.
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Three Factors of theThree Factors of theAttribution Theory:Attribution Theory:
1.) Distinctiveness1.) Distinctiveness2.) Consensus2.) Consensus
3.) Consistency3.) Consistency
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K ey terms In AttributionK ey terms In AttributionTheoryTheory
1. Attributions - the causes individualsgenerate to make sense of their world.
2. Consistency - the degree to which theactor performs that same behaviortoward an object on different occasions.
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Contd.Contd.3 Distinctiveness - the degree to which the
actor performs different behaviors withdifferent objects.
4. Consensus - the degree to which otheractors perform the same behavior withthe same object.
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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
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ERRORERRORFundamental attribution error-Tendencyto underestimate the influence of externalfactors and overestimate influence of internal factorsSelf-serving bias---The tendency of individuals to
attribute their successes to internal factorswhile blaming personal failures on externalfactors
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SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERSSHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS
1.) Selective Perception
2.) Halo Effect3.) Contrast Effects4.)projection
5.) Stereotyping
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SELECTIVE PERCEPTIONSELECTIVE PERCEPTIONSelective perception is the personalfiltering of what we see and hear so asto suit our own needs.Much of this process is psychologicaland often unconscious.We will tend to perceive things
according to our beliefs more than asthey really are, and react accordingly.
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HALO EFF ECTHALO EFF ECTy Tendency of individual to carry on same
impression through out the process of evaluation.
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CONTRAST E FF ECTSCONTRAST E FF ECTSy We dont evaluate person in isolation.y This leads to distortion in our perception.
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CONTRAST E FF ECTSCONTRAST E FF ECTSy A subordinate who has made a good
overall impression on a supervisor israted as performing high-quality
work and always meeting deadlinesregardless of work that is late andfull of mistakes
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StereotypingStereotypingy Evaluating person based on generalization.
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SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS INSPECIFIC APPLICATIONS INORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS ::
1.) Employment Interview
2.) Performance Expectations(Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
3.) Performance Evaluation
4.) Employee Effort
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EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEWEMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW
Perception can help the manager torecruit the best fit.Perceptual biases can affect the accuracy
of interviewers judgments of applicants.
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Performance ExpectationsPerformance ExpectationsPerception can help the manager to make
the most effective judgment on theexpectation.
Self-fulfilling prophecy : The lower or higherperformance of employees reflectspreconceived leader expectations about
employee capabilities .
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Performance EvaluationsPerformance EvaluationsPerception can help the manager to make
the most effective performance appraisalof the employee.
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EMPLOYEE EFF ORTEMPLOYEE EFF ORT
-Perception can help the manager to makethe right judgment of the employee's effort.
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to perceptual distortion andbias.