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Perception involves the way we view the world around us. It adds, meaning to information gathered...
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Transcript of Perception involves the way we view the world around us. It adds, meaning to information gathered...
Perception involves the way we view the world around us. It adds, meaning to information gathered via the five senses of touch, smell, hearing, vision and taste. Perception is the primary vehicle through which we come to understand our surroundings and ourselves.
Perception
“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.
“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important?What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important?
•People’s behavior is People’s behavior is based on their based on their perception of what perception of what reality is, not on reality is, not on reality itself.reality itself.
•The world as it is The world as it is perceived is the world perceived is the world that is behaviorally that is behaviorally important.important.
•People’s behavior is People’s behavior is based on their based on their perception of what perception of what reality is, not on reality is, not on reality itself.reality itself.
•The world as it is The world as it is perceived is the world perceived is the world that is behaviorally that is behaviorally important.important.
5 Organizational Behavior / Perception
Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver• Attitudes• Motives• Interests• Experience• Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target• Novelty• Motion• Sounds• Size• Background• Proximity• Similarity
Factors in the situation• Time• Work Setting• Social Setting
Receiving Stimuli(External & Internal) Selecting Stimuli
Organizing Figure Background ,Perceptual Grouping( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)
ResponseCovert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Perceptual Process
Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
Perceptual organizationPerceptual organization
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
Figure-Ground IllustrationFigure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation– The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity
What is attribution theory?
Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to: Understand the causes of a certain
event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes
of the event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the
people involved in the event.
Attribution Theory: Judging OthersAttribution Theory: Judging Others
Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other person’s internal state.
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
• Internal causes are under that person’s control• External causes are not – person forced to act in that
way
Causation judged through:– Distinctiveness – Consensus - Response is the same as others to
same situation.– Consistency - Responds in the same way over
time.
Distictiveness
YesHigh
ConsistencyNo
LowConsistency
NoLow
Consensus
YesHigh
Consensus
LowDistinctiveness(person does
not behave differently in different situations)
HighDistinctiveness(person behaves
differently in different situation.)
ConsensusDo other person
Behave in the Same manner?
ConsistencyDoes this person
behave in this
manner at this situation?
Internal Attribution
ExternalAttribution
Errors and Biases in AttributionsErrors and Biases in Attributions
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. In general, we
tend to blame the person first, not the situation.
Errors and Biases in Attributions (cont’d)Errors and Biases in Attributions (cont’d)
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
Thought: When student gets an “A” on an exam, they often say they studied hard. But when they don’t do well, how does the self serving bias come into play?
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging OthersFrequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging OthersFrequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Halo Effect
Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Contrast Effects
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging OthersFrequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Projection
Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people. We assume that others are similar to us.
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
Specific Applications in OrganizationsSpecific Applications in Organizations
Employment Interview– Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy
of interviewers’ judgments of applicants. Performance Expectations
– Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): If manager asks for high performance-----performance will be high or vice versa
Expectations become reality Ethnic Profiling
– A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled out—typically on the basis of race or ethnicity—for intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.