Makkar Institute of Technology & Management, LPU Learning Centre, Ludhiana
Perception Amanpreet Makkar
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Transcript of Perception Amanpreet Makkar
What do you see?
Now what do you see?
“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
Perception is Perception is YOURYOUR
interpretation of interpretation of “reality” “reality” after information/stimuli is after information/stimuli is ……
FF iltered out iltered outSS elected electedOO rganized rganizedDDefinedefined
…….using .using YOURYOUR existing… existing…KK nowledge nowledge
NN eeds eedsBBeliefseliefsVV alues alues
AA ssumptions ssumptionsAAttitudesttitudes
The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.
DEFINING PERCEPTION
INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTIONINFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
• PhysiologyPhysiology: Differences in sensory abilities: Differences in sensory abilities
• AgeAge: Changes attitudes on time; more experience the : Changes attitudes on time; more experience the older we getolder we get
• CultureCulture: Different beliefs: Different beliefs
• Social RolesSocial Roles: Different roles we take on during our : Different roles we take on during our lives (sister, brother, wife, husband, student, lives (sister, brother, wife, husband, student, instructor, etc.)instructor, etc.)
• Cognitive AbilitiesCognitive Abilities: Think multi dimensionally about : Think multi dimensionally about different situationsdifferent situations
Characteristics of the perceiver:Characteristics of the perceiver:
– The perceptual process is influenced by the The perceptual process is influenced by the
perceiver’s:perceiver’s:
• Past experiences.Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.Needs or motives.
• Personality.Personality.
• Values and attitudes.Values and attitudes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
Characteristics of the perceived:Characteristics of the perceived:
The perceptual process is influenced by The perceptual process is influenced by
characteristics of the perceived person, object, characteristics of the perceived person, object,
or event, such as:or event, such as:
• Contrast.Contrast.
• Intensity.Intensity.
• Figure-ground separation.Figure-ground separation.
• Size.Size.
• Motion.Motion.
• Repetition or novelty.Repetition or novelty.
STAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESSSTAGES OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Information attention and selection:Information attention and selection:– Selective screening.Selective screening.
• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information that bombards a person.information that bombards a person.
– Two types of selective screening.Two types of selective screening.• Controlled processing.Controlled processing.• Screening without perceiver’s conscious Screening without perceiver’s conscious
awareness.awareness.
Information interpretation:Information interpretation:
– Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are
grouped.grouped.
– People may interpret the same information People may interpret the same information
differently or make different attributions about differently or make different attributions about
information.information.
Information retrieval:Information retrieval:
– Attention and selection, organization, and Attention and selection, organization, and
interpretation are part of memory.interpretation are part of memory.
– Information stored in memory must be Information stored in memory must be
retrieved in order to be used.retrieved in order to be used.
Response to the perceptual Response to the perceptual
process:process:
– Thoughts.Thoughts.
– Feelings. Feelings.
– Actions.Actions.
WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?
Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:by focusing on how people attempt to:
– Understand the causes of a certain event.Understand the causes of a certain event.
– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event.event.
– Evaluate the personal qualities of the people Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.involved in the event.
ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORY
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine
whether it is internally or externally caused.whether it is internally or externally caused.
observationobservation InterpretationInterpretation Attribution of causeAttribution of cause
ConsistencyConsistency
ConsensusConsensus
DistictinctivenessDistictinctiveness
Individual behaviorIndividual behavior
InternalInternal
ExternalExternal
InternalInternal
ExternalExternal
InternalInternal
ExternalExternalHH
LL
HH
LL
HH
LL
H –high L- LowH –high L- Low
THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESSTHE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
1.1.SensationSensation– An individual’s ability An individual’s ability
to detect stimuli in the to detect stimuli in the immediate immediate environment.environment.
2.2.SelectionSelection– The process a person The process a person
uses to eliminate some uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that of the stimuli that have been sensed and have been sensed and to retain others for to retain others for further processing.further processing.
3.3.OrganizationOrganization– The process of The process of
placing selected placing selected perceptual stimuli perceptual stimuli into a framework for into a framework for “storage.”“storage.”
4.4.TranslationTranslation– The stage of the The stage of the
perceptual process perceptual process at which stimuli are at which stimuli are interpreted and interpreted and given meaning.given meaning.
•
Receiving StimuliReceiving Stimuli(External & Internal)(External & Internal)
Selecting StimuliSelecting StimuliExternal factors : Nature,External factors : Nature,Location, Size, contrast,Location, Size, contrast,
Movement, repetition, similarityMovement, repetition, similarityInternal factors : Learning,Internal factors : Learning,
needs, age, Interest,needs, age, Interest,
Organizing Organizing Figure Background ,Figure Background ,Perceptual GroupingPerceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)closure, continuity)
ResponseResponseCovert: Attitudes ,Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,Motivation,FeelingFeeling
Overt: BehaviorOvert: Behavior
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSPERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Interpreting Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping,Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, ProjectionHalo Effect, Projection
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONFACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
Factors in the perceiverFactors in the perceiver• AttitudesAttitudes• MotivesMotives• InterestsInterests• ExperienceExperience• ExpectationsExpectations
PerceptionPerception
Factors in the TargetFactors in the Target• NoveltyNovelty• MotionMotion• SoundsSounds• SizeSize• BackgroundBackground• ProximityProximity• SimilaritySimilarity
Factors in the situationFactors in the situation• TimeTime• Work SettingWork Setting• Social SettingSocial Setting
16.01.2010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB
THANK THANK YOU !!!!!YOU !!!!!
Amanpreet Singh MakkarAmanpreet Singh Makkar