Peracetic Acid A New Disinfection Approach - PNCWA PNCWA- Session 15-1... · Peracetic Acid A New...
Transcript of Peracetic Acid A New Disinfection Approach - PNCWA PNCWA- Session 15-1... · Peracetic Acid A New...
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Peracetic Acid A New Disinfection Approach
PNCWA 2009September 15, 2008
1PNCWA 2009 – Boise, ID 9/17/2009
Kelly Dancey, P.E.
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Overview• Status Quo• What is Peracetic Acid?• Physical Characteristics• PAA Suppliers • Pros/Cons of PAA• Dosage Requirements
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• Dosage Requirements• Design Issues• Performance• Economics• PAA and UV• Summary
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Status Quo
• Chlorine• Sodium hypochlorite• Ultraviolet light• Ozone
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Chlorine
• Disinfectant of choice for decades• Cause of concern due to:
– Gas leaks– Chlorine toxic to aquatic life– Formation of potentially harmful byproducts
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– Formation of potentially harmful byproducts
• Code requirements– EPA, OSHA, CFATS
• Community concerns• Need to dechlorinate
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Sodium Hypochlorite
• Used extensively• Safer than chlorine gas• Breaks down to Cl-
– Toxic to aquatic life– Formation of potentially harmful
byproducts
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byproducts
• Code requirements– CERCLA, OSFM
• Limited community concerns• Need to dechlorinate• Decomposes rapidly, especially in high heat• Freeze protection required• Off-gassing issues
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Ultraviolet Light
• Becoming increasingly popular• Reliability has greatly increased over past 10
years • No chemicals• No harmful residuals
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• No harmful residuals• High capital cost• Operator safety is a key concern
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Ozone
• Not widely used• More complex than chlorine or UV, resulting in
more complicated equipment• Highly corrosive and reactive• Not economical for plants with high TSS, BOD
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• Not economical for plants with high TSS, BOD or TOC
• Worker safety is a concern as ozone is very strong irritant
• No harmful residuals
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What is Peracetic Acid?
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What is Peracetic Acid?
• Strong oxidizer• Broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
– effective bactericide, fungicide, and sporicide
• Used in food processing, beverage, medical, pharmaceutical, textile and pulp and paper
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pharmaceutical, textile and pulp and paper• Liquid sanitizer• Widely used in Europe for wastewater
disinfection
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What is Peracetic Acid?
• Commercially available as an equilibrium mixture of:– Peracetic acid 12-15%– Hydrogen peroxide 18.5 – 23%– Inert ingredients
• acetic acid ~18%• water ~51%
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CH3CO2H + H2O2 � CH3CO3H + H2O
Acetic Acid HydrogenPeroxide
PeraceticAcid
Water
• PAA, Peroxyactic Acid, Ethaneperoxoic acid, Peroxide of Acetic Acid
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Physical Characteristics
• Clear, colorless liquid• Pungent acetic acid odor (i.e. vinegar)• pH <2• Soluble in water in all proportions• 12% Solution:
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• 12% Solution:– 1.1 lbs of PAA/gallon solution– Weighs 9.2 lbs/gallon– Freezing Point ~-40oC– Very stable – less than 1% loss of active
ingredients per year
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PAA Suppliers
• FMC Corporation, Envirotech Chemical Services and Solvay Chemicals
• Solvay: Proxitane WW-12, 12% PAA • FMC: VigorOX WWT II, 15% PAA• Both FMC and Solvay are US EPA approved
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• Both FMC and Solvay are US EPA approved• Proxitane bulk manufactured in Chicago, IL • Solvay also has a peroxide manufacturing
facility in Longview, WA. • FMC bulk manufactured in Tonawanda, NY
and in the future, Bayport, TX
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Pro’s and Con’s of PAA
• Advantages:– Highly effective bactericide– No formation of harmful DBP’s– Quenching not required– Low freezing point
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– Low freezing point– Long shelf life– Ease of implementation (no extensive capital
improvements required)– Small footprint– Minimal pH dependence– No residual
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PAA Decomposes RapidlyPAA Rundown Secondary Effluent at Huron Basin
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
ppm PAA
Wastewater
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0
0.2
0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (Minutes)
ppm PAA
Results from Bench-Scale Testing at Huron Basin Plant, OH indicating rapid decomposition of PAA Courtesy of Solvay
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Solvay Pilot Study
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Frankfort, KY Courtesy of Solvay
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Pro’s and Con’s of PAA
• Disadvantages:– While USEPA approved, still requires local
DEQ approval – No proven applications in N. America – No buried piping
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– Logistical and market risks as there is no bulk manufacturing in the NW
– Does not maintain a residual
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Pro’s and Con’s of PAA
• Some articles note:– Increased effluent organic content due to the
acetic acid • CBOD testing has shown this to be untrue.
– Highly explosive
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• Higher concentrations of PAA are unstable, 12% and 15% have no explosive characteristics
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Studies Show PAA has no Effect on CBOD or pH
Effect of PAA on pH and CBOD
6
7
8
9
10
pH unit 25
30
35
40
45
CBOD
lower pH limit
5 to 1 ppm(PAA)
chlorine/dechlor
chlorine/dechlor
upper pH limit
weekly average CBOD limit
raw sewage pH
final effluent pH
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1
2
3
4
5
1-Au
g
6-Au
g
11-A
ug
16-A
ug
21-A
ug
26-A
ug
31-A
ug
5-Se
p
10-S
ep
15-S
ep
20-S
ep
25-S
ep
30-S
ep5-Oct
10-O
ct
15-O
ct
20-O
ct
25-O
ct
30-O
ct
4-Nov
9-Nov
14-N
ov
19-N
ov
24-N
ov
pH unit
0
5
10
15
20
CBOD
CBOD
Results from Pilot Testing at Huron Basin Plant, OH Indicating no effect of PAA on CBOD or pH Courtesy of Solvay
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Dosage Requirements
• Studies have been performed to determine dosage requirements.
• Actual dosage is dependent on contact time, bacteria count, and permit limits
• Recommend jar testing to determine dosage• Typically,
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• Typically,– Secondary Effluent: 0.50 to 2 mg/L PAA– Enhanced Primary: 5-10 mg/L PAA– Raw Wastewater: 10-20 mg/L PAA
• Contact time varies. Typically 10 to 30 minutes. Majority of rxn occurs within first 10 minutes
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Design Issues
• Available in 330 gallon totes and in bulk• 304L Stainless steel tubing/piping
– Piping must be pickled and passivated– For temporary applications, PVC can be used
• Elastomers: Teflon/PVDF/HDPE/LLDEPE• Venting is required. Valves must be vented back to
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• Venting is required. Valves must be vented back to system.
• Chemical equipment must be placed close to the point of use. No buried piping.
• Solvay recommends ProMinent Pumps. Peristaltic not recommended
• Add PAA at a turbulent location or use a paddle mixer
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Performance
• Solvay– PAA used in Milan, Italy since 2003
• 114 MGD plant • treated water used for irrigation of edible
crops• 2 ppm resulting in <10 cfu/100 mL E. coli
– Louisville and Jefferson County, KY
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– Louisville and Jefferson County, KY– Erie County, OH
• FMC – Niagara Falls, ON, Canada– Gainesville, FL– Buffalo, NY– Mississippi– Great Lakes Basin
• Many tests and trials on-going – Looking for volunteers
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FMC Pilot Testing
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Courtesy of FMC
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Solvay Pilot TestingDisinfection Performance of PROXITANE WW12 Dosage (as PAA)
Daily Avg. Fecal Coliforms Before and After Disinfection
1,000
10,000
100,000CFU/100 ml
chlorine/dechlor
5ppm(PAA)
3ppm(PAA)
2ppm(PAA)
1ppm(PAA)
4ppm(PAA)
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Results from Solvay Pilot Testing at Huron Basin Plant, OH indicating Fecal Coliform Levels Courtesy of Solvay
1
10
100
24-S
ep
25-S
ep
26-S
ep
27-S
ep
28-S
ep
29-S
ep
30-S
ep1-Oct
2-Oct
3-Oct
4-Oct
5-Oct
6-Oct
7-Oct
8-Oct
9-Oct
10-O
ct
11-O
ct
12-O
ct
13-O
ct
14-O
ct
15-O
ct
16-O
ct
17-O
ct
CFU/100 ml
Daily Avg Final Fecal ColiformsDaily Avg Inlet Fecal Coliforms
Bacteria within NPDES limits at 1 ppm PAA
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Economics
• Sodium hypochlorite and bisulfite– Hypochlorite (12.5%) $1.25/gallon– Bisulfite (38%) $1.55/gallon– Typical dosage for hypochlorite is 4 to 6 ppm
for secondary effluent.
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– Bisulfite requires 1.5x chlorine residual
• PAA– Solvay: $0.50 to 0.70/lb
• $5.50/gallon (assuming $0.60/lb)
– Typical dosage is 1 ppm for secondary effluent.
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Economics
• Assume a 10MGD plant disinfecting secondary effluent– Sodium hypochlorite
• Dosage of 4 ppm with a 0.5 ppm Cl- residual• 335 gal/day NaOCl and 18 gal/day NaHSO3
required
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required• Sodium hypochlorite $420/day• Sodium bilsulfite $27/day• TOTAL COST : ~$450 per day
– PAA• Typical dosage of 1 ppm• 76 gallons/day PAA required • TOTAL COST : ~$420 per day
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PAA and UV
• PAA has shown to enhance the effectiveness of UV when added upstream.– reduction in power intensity
• FMC: 47% reduction in UV light power intensity based on pilot trial data
– less frequent and easier lamp cleaning
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– less frequent and easier lamp cleaning
• Adding PAA to an at-capacity UV system could extend life of system
• Solvay interested in doing additional testing with UV systems
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Summary
• PAA is effective for WWT disinfection• PAA is a viable and cost comparable
alternative to sodium hypochlorite and bisulfite
Benefits: Disadvantages:No DBP’s Permitting issues
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• Applicability of PAA is project dependent and should be evaluated on a case by case basis
No DBP’s Permitting issuesNo dechlorination Logistical risksVery stable No buried pipingLow freeze point
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Special Thanks To:
• Solvay Chemicals:– Jason Muessig [email protected]– John Maziuk [email protected]
• FMC Corporation– Frank Sessa [email protected]
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– Frank Sessa [email protected]
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Questions?
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