Peport for Inst Chem Phys 2006 2007 2009
Transcript of Peport for Inst Chem Phys 2006 2007 2009
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Thermodynamics and Life
The thermodynamic theory of origin of life,
biological evolution und aging in action:
medical nutrition recommendations forpatients of any age
Georgi P. Gladyshev
International Academy of Creative Endeavors
San Diego, USA Moscow, Russia
http://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=engN. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Kosygina 4, Moscow, 117977 Russia
http://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=engmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=enghttp://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=enghttp://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=eng -
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Laboratory of Professor G. Gladyshev
1976-2009
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ESSENCE:Hierarchical thermodynamics general theory of existence and living
world development
IoHT and Academy ofCreative Endeavors
"Variation of G corresponding to the formation of a
certain structure, which can be a supramolecularstructure, a family structure, a structure ofpopulations, etc., is a measure of the evolutionarytransformation (aging) of this structure."
A4M Chicago 2006
July 14, 2006 - July
16, 2006
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Evolution of Life:How and Why?
Jean-Baptiste PierreAntoine de Monet,Chevalier de Lamarck
Charles Robert Darwin
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Heredity
n (ontogenesis) phylogenesis
Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] January 6, 1884)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20 -
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EVOLUTION AND AGING
Why? Motive power?
G = H TSVariation of G is a measure of
the evolutionary transformation
of biological structures
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Scientific physical theories
Any theory ofaging shouldincludes thethermodynamicaspects
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Hierarchical Thermodynamics
Georgi P. Gladyshev
International Academy ofCreative Endeavors
N. N. Semenov Institute
of Chemical Physics,
Russian Academy of
Sciences**
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Gibbs Theory and Hierarchical
ThermodynamicsJ. Willard Gibbs created the general
thermodynamic theory, which is a strict physical theory applying to the whole realworld. This theory has been of limited, or of
questionable use in biology for theinvestigation of open systems. Recently(1977) the theory has been extended to realopen biological systems and a hierarchicalequilibrium thermodynamics has been
created . A study of quasiclosed systemsenables one to draw conclusions about thethermodynamic direction of biologicalevolution and aging of living beings.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a keytheory of physics, chemistry,
biology, and all naturalsciences.
This statement would generally beaccepted as a fact.
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The second law and biological
evolution
"One of the principal
objects of theoretical
research in any
department of
knowledge is to find the
point of view from which
the subject appears inits greatest simplicity."
J. Willard Gibbs (1881)
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" the true and only goal of
science is to reveal unity
rather than mechanisms."Henri Poincar
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Classical and non-classical
formulations of the second law "During the last decades, an opinion has
widely spread that there is the apparentcontradiction between biological order and
laws of physicsparticularly the secondlaw of thermodynamics. I. Prigogine
I. Prigogine (1980) also emphasized that
"this contradiction cannot be removed aslong as one tries to understand livingsystems by the methods of equilibriumthermodynamics".
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The second law of thermodynamics
In 1865, R. Clausius introduced theconcept of entropy (S), a state functionof a system (a function that has a fulldifferential) according to the Clausius
inequality:dS Q / T, (1.1)
where the equality sign pertains to reversibleprocesses and the inequality (greater-than) sign, to
irreversible ones. Expression (1.1) is suitable for asimple isolated system, which can exchange neithersubstance nor energy with the environment andwhose internal energy (U) and volume (V) areconstant. In such systems only the work of expansionor no work at all is performed.
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The greatest merits of Gibbs
One of the greatest merits ofJ.W.Gibbs is thathe used the works by L. Euler, J.L. Lagrangeand other outstanding mathematicians(specifically, the variation principles developedby them) as a basis for the concepts on thefunctions of state of the system other thanentropy (which, like entropy, have fulldifferentials). The functions of state permit
determining the directions of spontaneousprocesses and estimating the extent of theiradvancement in individual thermodynamicsystems identified in the real world.
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Papers of J. Willard Gibbs
"Anyone who hopes tomake advances in thefundamental theoryor interpretation of
thermodynamics(assuming, contraryto current dogma,that such advancescan be made) needsto read the majority ofthis book.
D. J. Bottomley
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Misunderstandings of the
second law Many authors, ignoring classical works in this
field, apply different formulations of the secondlaw of thermodynamics to systems where theyare inherently inapplicable. Some of these
authors suggest their own interpretations of thisgeneral law of nature. This debases science andeducation. Moreover, it can be said that several"second laws of thermodynamics" haveappeared, none of which having anything to do
with reality. A good example is theaforementioned I. Prigogine's interpretation ofthe second law of thermodynamics.
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Hierarchical Thermodynamics in
Action
Recently, the law of temporal hierarchieswas formulated. This law substantiates thepossibility of identifying (discerning) quasi-closed
monohierarchical systems (subsystems) within openpolyhierarchical biological systems. It was alsoestablished that, as a rule, the processes ofevolution in living natural systems are quasi-equilibrium processes. It was shown that
models of living systems are analogues ofmodels of equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium)chromatographic columns.
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Hierarchies
Deriving from thequasi-equilibrium pointof view, or punctuatedequilibriumthermodynamic
perspective, betweenthe years 1978 to thepresent, we findGladyshev makinggreat headway towardsthe unification of
thermodynamic theorywith that of theevolutionary process oflife.http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.html
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Hierarchical Thermodynamics in Action
These facts allowed creation of the quasi-equilibrium
thermodynamics of near to equilibrium quasi-closedsystems. This thermodynamics is based on thestatement that the functions of state, to within agood approximation, at any moment of time inquasi-closed monohierarchical systems have a
real physical meaning (sense).
Thus, classical thermodynamics in a linearapproximation (the thermodynamics of near to
equilibrium systems) at the phenomenological levelcan be used for the investigation of the origin of life,biological evolution, and the development and agingof organisms. The investigations are carried out interms of kinetic (dynamical) linear thermodynamics.
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Closed systemIn thermodynamics, a closed system, as contrasted with an isolated system,
can exchange heat and work, but not matter, with its surroundings
Cells in culture, stained forkeratin (red) and DNA (green)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Epithelial-cells.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics -
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A chemoluminescent reaction in
Closed system
A chemoluminescent reaction carried out in a flask
producing a large amount of light
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What is Life?
Hierarchical
structures
Erwin Schrodinger
m
tm
tm
tm
tm
tm
tm
t
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The law of temporal hierarchies
The law of temporal hierarchies assumes thefollowing form:
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An open system
steady-state and non-steady-state
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Supramolecular thermodynamics
It was established that, in the process ofontogenesis, as well as phylogenesis and
evolution generally, the specific value of
the Gibbs function of formation of
supramolecular structures of the tissues ofan i-th organism tends toward a minimum:
=
V
dxdydzzyxmG
V
iiG
imm
0
),,(~1~ min
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Supramolecular thermodynamics of
quasiclosed biological systems
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Scheme of changes in the specific chemical energy capacity of the
biomass (biological tissue) (ch )- (A) and thermodynamic stability of its
supramolecular structures during ontogenesis of living beings (im) - B
M o l e c u l a r ( c h e m i c a l ) c
In
crea
sin
g
In
creasin
g
of
en
erg
y
cap
a
city
(A
)
of
su
pr
a
m
o
lecu
la
r
T i m e
S u p r a m o l e c u l a r ( i n t e r
c o m p o n e n t o f
D
isp
la
cem
en
t
o
f
to
m
o
re
n
eg
ative
m
a
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itu
d
es
D
isp
la
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en
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o
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to
m
o
re
p
ositiv
e
m
agn
itu
de
s
stru
ctu
re
sta
b
ility
(B
)
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Chemical Composition of Embryo
Variation of theamount of water andfat in a developinghuman embryo(Widdowson E.M. Body Composition in
Animals and Man, 1967).
1 - water in tissue;
2 - fat in tissue.
m (fat) and m (water) - theamount of fat and water(weight %); M - mass ofembryo.
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Ontogenesis
Schematicvariation of thespecific Gibbsfunctioncorresponding tothe formation ofthe aggregatedphase ofsupramolecular
structures inorganism
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Chromatographic columns The supramolecular structures of the tissues in the course of
ontogenesis and phylogenesis accumulate relatively unstablemolecules (substances with a relatively high chemical energycapacity), for instance, fats, which force water out of these tissues.Similar phenomena occur in some molecular chromatographiccolumns). All chemists know about it. These columns accumulatesubstance with a high energy capacity. These facts do not
surprise us, although open heterogeneousadsorbent (absorbent) adsorbate systems,approaching supramolecular equilibria, on the whole,move away from chemical equilibrium with theenvironment.
In this environment there are precisely those chemical
substances that penetrate the column. The removal fromchemical equilibrium with the environment is the consequenceof the trend toward a minimum of the specific supramolecularcomponent of the Gibbs function the Gibbs free energy (e.g.,for biological tissue), im.
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Organism is a complex
chromatographic column (1959-1960)
A chemist
using columnchromatograp
hic apparatus
in the mid-1950s
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Faraday M.
The chemical history of a candle - 1861 The wick of burning candle canbe modeled as a quasi-closed, i.e.semi-closed, quasi-equilibriumthermodynamic system, thechemical composition of which ischanged slowly during the course
of its evolution. The evolution ofcomposition and structure of wick,as a reactive system, isanalogous, in a primitive way, tothe evolution of the compositionand structure of a hierarchicalliving systems, both of whichevolve in the direction that tendsto minimize the Gibbs free energy(the spesific Gibbs function) offormation of each structure.G.P.G. 2007
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Candles
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CharcoalAn evolution of system
Household safety
matches, includingone burnt match
800C
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Water Candles
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Living non-steady-state quasi- closed
complex chromatographic columns
Nematoda
Earthworm A cow defecating
Autumn leaf
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Strokkur geyser, Iceland
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Thegeothermal areas of
Yellowstone
A geyseris a type of
hot spring that eruptsperiodically, ejecting a
column of hot water
and steam into the air.
Amethyst (SiO2) is a violet or purple
variety ofquartz often used as an ornament.Gibbs function of formation, G
(1.0 bar, 298.2 K)= -220kcal/mol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amethyst.bed.750pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring -
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The Water Cycle
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Principleof substance stability
Definition: during the formation (self-assembly)
of the most thermodynamically stable structures
at the highest hierarchical level (j), e.g., the
supramolecular level, Nature, in accordance withthe second law, spontaneously uses
predominantly the least thermodynamically
stable structures available for the given local
part of the biological system belonging to a lowerlevel, i.e., molecular level (j-1).
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Feedback between
all hierarchical levels The facts confirm the authors point of view that
feedback between all hierarchical levels of the
biological world is based on hierarchical
thermodynamics. These feedbacks can be
schematically presented as a sequence:
Biosphere ecosystems
populations organisms cells
supramolecular structures proteinsand some other macromolecules
DNA (RNA)
P r o d u c t s o f t h e p h o t o s y n t h e
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,C O2 H 2 O , SH 2 ,, N ,2 t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y s t-
S p o n t a n e o u s d e g r a d a t i oo f m o l e c u l e s
N o o s p h e r e
S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f p o p u l a t i o n s ,
E c o s y s t e m s
S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f s t r u c t u r e
P o p u l a t i o n s
S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f o r g a n i s m s
O r g a n i s m s
S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f c e l l s
S e l f - a s s e m b l y :t h e r m o d y n a m i c s e l f - o r g a n i z i
S u p r a m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e
B i o m o l e c u l e s
S p o n t a n e o u s d a r k r e a c t i o n
P r o d u c t s o f t h e p h o t o s y n t h ea n d o t h e r n o n - s p o n t a n e o
N
o
n-sp
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ta
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s
p
ro
cesses
S
p
o
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ta
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rocesses
c h
c h
c h
c h
c h
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. . .
Scheme
of the change
in the Gibbs
function offormation of
complex
systems, G*
The motive force of the
non-spontaneous
processes of the cycle
of matter, first of all, is
connected with the Sun.
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The anti-aging quality of
foodstuff
The GPGiindex, connected with it
can be easily assessed from theapproximated Gibbs Helmholtz
Gladyshev equation, which is an
analogue of the classical Gibbs Helmholtz approximated equation.
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Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
In thermodynamic terms (and in the light of known facts),the proper dietrejuvenates the organisms tissues. This iseasy to see having analyzed the approximate equation an analogue of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
where is the specific Gibbs function (Gibbs specific free energy) of
.
the formation of the condensed phase of matteri, and are
the change ofspecific enthalpy and entropy during the solidification of natural fat, is themelting or freezing point, and T0 is the standard temperature (e.g., 37
C) at which the comparison of values is done.
TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0
imiG~
im
mi
H~
im
miS~
imT
imi
G~
TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0
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DSC method
TSTTTHGim
mmm
im
m
imi i
iii
==~
))(/~
(~
0
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The Gibbs Helmholtz equation
The Gibbs Helmholtz equation is correct for anindividual substance in a closed system in which
chemical, phase or other transformations may
take place. The analogue of this equation, often
with a good approximation, can be applied tovarious substances of the same type and for
variable composition systems. The Gibbs
Helmholtz equation and its analogue were used,
with good results, by the author when determining
the thermodynamic direction of evolutionary
processes.
Th lti i t f f t il
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The melting point of fats or oils
and the anti-aging value It follows from the analogue of equation that
a correlation between calculated for standard
temperature and the pour or melting
point of fats or oils, should often beobserved, with acceptable approximation.
Such a correlation should of course, be also
observed between the indicator of the anti-
aging (gerontological) value of the food inquestion, GPGi and Tm. Indeed, such a
correlation does exist.
imi
G~
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The correlations
Some graphic examples of the accord between
theory and observations is connected with the
well-known medical recommendation to include
vegetable oil and seafood (cold seas) into onesdiet. These products add young chemical
matter to the biotissues, building material that
corresponds to the composition of a young
organism. In thermodynamic terms (and in thelight of known facts), this rejuvenates the
organisms tissues.
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Nutritive particle molecules 1
I wish to model the human organism ascomplex chromatograph column, such that upon
digestion of food-stuffs, in which some part of
sustenance first reacts with hydrochloric acid
and enzymes to break-down in the stomach, the
nutritive particle molecules will then each
migrate to different parts of the human molecular
structure based on their relative thermodynamicstability and their relative chemical affinities for
different intra-molecular attachment sites within
the human molecule the body.
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Nutritive particle molecules 2
Hence, by way of correlating this theory andsubsequent data sets to longevity statistics I wish
to assign gerontological values to food-stuffs
based on enthalpy or heats (Gibbs function) of
supramolecular interaction measurements. So,essentially, I patented the idea that all items of
food intake can be assigned an anti-aging value
based on thermodynamic parameters.
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Accuracy of calculation
Needless to say, the correlationspresented in some figures can be
specified by a strict evaluation of the
GPGiindicator. The latters value, aswell as a products congeal point
Tcong , depend on the environment
and the age of the plant or animalused as food.
G t l i l l f th
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Gerontological value of the
foodstuffs
Knowing the pour point of vegetable oils and
fats, we can build the series:
Hempseed oil, linseed oil, sea buckthorn oil,
cedar oil, sunflower oil, mustard oil, olive oil,cottonseed oil, seal oil, bottle-nose oil, butter
oil, lard, horse fat, beef fat, mutton fat.
This series, from the highest to the lowestgerontological value of the foodstuffs, can be
substantially expanded.
Dependence of anti-aging (gerontological)
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Dependenceof anti-aging (gerontological)value of edible oils and fats, GPGi, on their
congeal point, Tcong
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Diets
The thermodynamic theory makes it possibleto define the principles upon which properdiets and medications can be devised to slowdown aging.
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Practical advice
The arguments presented in this paper (in
my view, well-substantiated) indicate that
practically all concrete (detailed)
recommendations relating to nutrition areindividual. They should be formulated on
the basis of general and anti-aging
medicine (gerontology) and should factorin the findings of physicochemical
dietetics.
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Practical advice
Nevertheless, the thermodynamictheory of biological evolution and
the aging of living organisms (built
on the foundation of classicalscience) provides an opportunity
to formulate general concepts
pertaining to nutrition and helping
prolong healthy human life.
P ti
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Practice (S. V. Voronov)
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Cancer Canceris a class ofdiseases or disorders
characterized by uncontrolled division ofcellsand the ability of these cells to invadeother tissues, either by direct growth intoadjacent tissue through invasion or by
implantation into distant sites bymetastasis. This unregulated growth iscaused by damage to DNA, resulting in
mutations to genes that encode forproteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These
mutations can be caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens, by close exposureto radioactive materials, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome.Mutations occur spontaneously, or are passed down generations as a result of germ linemutations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease -
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The hierarchy of cells
There are some facts that call for application ofthe principle of substance stability to the
hierarchy of cells. Thus, tumor cells have alower ability for aggregation. As a result, they
easily move in the body, which leads to theappearance of metastases. The cell membranes
of tumor cells are, apparently, formed from
supramolecular structures of increased stability.
Hence, the supramolecular stability of cellaggregates formed with the participation of
tumor cells should be lowered according to the
principle in question.
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Stability of cell aggregates
In order to increase the adhesiveability of the cells, the structure ofmembranes should be diluted and
made less thermodynamically stable.Hence, it is clear why experimentalanticancer diets propose the use of plant
oils, fats of animals from cold seas, andother products containing residues ofunsaturated low-melting-point fatty acids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-3D-vdW.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svg -
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Aspirin
The anti-tumor effect
of aspirin can also be
explained on the
basis of suchstatements. These
ideas agree with the
recommendations
made using thethermodynamic
theory of aging. 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-3D-vdW.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svg -
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1 Dormant ancient genes
The principle of substance stability facilitatesour understanding of the effect of the influenceof some chemical substances on thesupramolecular structures of nucleic acids. As
a result of the action of such substances,dormantancient genes, accumulated during theevolution of living beings, may be activated.These genes can stimulate some types of
cancer. 1. The sun as it appears through a camera lens from the surface of Earth
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Dormant genes
Some examples (Pepper and Soap) confirm the
point of view that dormant genes may be
activated or de-activated under the
appropriate influence of molecules located ata proximal distance to these genes. A similar
situation takes place in the case of interaction
of supramolecular structures of proteins andother polymers, as well as cells (for example,
during the development of an embryo).
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Sociology
A well-known fact in the sphere of
sociology concerning family ties illustrates
the relationship between the principle of
substance stability and a social hierarchy.Here, we have in mind the substance
(elemental structures) of any inside social
hierarchy (understructure hierarchy),such as a hierarchy of organisms, groups
of organisms, etc.
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Love
The stronger the love, mutualunderstanding, and affinity between a
couple, i.e. level (j-1), the less time he or she
has to spend outside the family, i.e. level
(j). Conversely, weaker adhesions of love,between couples, results to force the least
thermodynamically stable structure, i.e. the
least stable partner, into a transition to a
new hierarchy. Such spouses do not havethe desire, power, or time for this. In human
social life, as we see, hierarchical
thermodynamics applies equally as well.
Psychodynamics of Anti aging
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Psychodynamics of Anti-aging
By Libb Thims
Human life may be quantified according to a setof dynamic evolving relationships, which varyover time, each characterized via a lifespan.
Dynamic relationships may be modeled as
chemical reactions, accruing to the effect ofexchange, and progressing via thermalization. Human chemical reactions can be measured via
the value of the psychological work-output ofeach respective interactive relationship.
Hence, advisable anti-aging medicine is tosuggest virtuous interaction, i.e. function, in thecontinuous process of thermodynamic evolution.
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Stability of parties, unions,
statesThe principle of substance stability
corresponds with the well-known rulesof maintenance of stability of parties,
unions, states, and nations. One can
comprehend this principle in manyage-old social management methods,
such as divide and rule.
Di id d R l
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Divide and Rule
In politics and sociology,divide and rule (alsoknown as divide andconquer) is a combination
political, military andeconomic strategy ofgaining and maintainingpower by breaking uplarger concentrations of
power into chunks thatindividually have lesspower than the oneimplementing the strategy.
The domino effect refers to a smallchange which will cause a similar changenearby, which then will cause another similarchange, and so on in linear sequence, by
analogy to a falling row of dominoesstanding on end. The domino effect alsorelates to chain of events. It can also refer tothe secret waras the U.S trying to stop theHmong from falling into communism andthen eventually the whole world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dominoeffect.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics -
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Summary The classical formulations of the second law of thermodynamics are
presented. Some mistakes in the understanding the physicalmeaning of this general law of nature are noted. It is asserted thatmany misunderstandings of the second law of thermodynamics arerelated to the terminological confusion and the underestimation ofthe theory developed by J.W. Gibbs and other founders of "true
thermodynamics," which is impossible to disprove. To acertain approximation, R.Clausius andJ.W.Gibbs' thermodynamics is applied todescribing the evolution of living systems.This is possible due to the law of temporal
hierarchies and the premise that the functions ofstate of living systems have real physical meaning atpractically all hierarchical levels and at everymoment of time.
This report is a short review of last author's
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This report is a short review of last author sworks in the field of hierarchicalthermodynamics theory, which is the
classical thermodynamic study of hierarchydynamics in evolutionary timescales. Withthis theory, we are able to develop dynamicalmodels of equilibrium analysis of
hierarchical structures such as atomichierarchies, molecular hierarchies,nutritional hierarchies, and socialhierarchies. Thermodynamically, we are able
to predict and study their course of evolutionas they approach equilibrium points ofstability and to study energetic transitionsthat occur between adjoined hierarchies
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An idea whose time has come
There is one thing stronger than all thearmies in the world, and that is an idea whosetime has come.
Victor Hugo
The time of thermodynamic theory ofbiological evolution, aging and origin of lifehas come now.
All conclusions of the hierarchical thermodynamic theory ofaging are in good agreement with centuries-old experience of
mankind and with other reliable facts. It can be hoped that, theonset the 21st century, a thermodynamic theory should soonallow us, I believe, to postpone aging by 15-20 years onaverage, and benefit the preservation of youthfulness and
health in people of any age.
References
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References Gibbs J.W., The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs.
Thermodynamics, New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,1928, V. 1, pp.55-349.
Gladyshev G. P., Supramolecular thermodynamics is akey to understanding phenomenon of life. What is Life from a
Physical Chemists Viewpoint; Second Ed. Moscow Izhevsk: Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, 2003, 144 p.
Gladyshev G.P., Thermodynamic Theory of the Evolutionof Living Beings. N.Y.: Nova Sci. Publ. Inc. 1997. 142 p.
Gladyshev G.P., The method for measuring gerontologicalvalue of bio-active substances and composition, mainly
foodstuffs and cosmetics // Canadian Patent 2,327,747 -2004/12/14.Thims Libb, Articles andBooks, Chicago: Inst. of HumanThermodynamics, 2006, In Internet:
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.html
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Mountains Youth, Health
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Human Chemistry
PUBLISHER:
jUniverse,
Chicago,
Institute of Human
Thermodynamics
2007
Libb Thims
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Epigraph 1
I wish we could derive the rest of the phenomena ofnature by the same kind of reasoning frommechanical principles; for I am induced by manyreasons to suspect that they may all depend uponcertain forces by which the particles of bodies, by
some causes hitherto unknown, are either mutuallyimpelled towards each other, and cohere in regularfigures, or are repelled and recede from each other.
, , , ; , () , , , , ,
.Isaac Newton
The Principia1
Cambridge, Trinity College, 1586
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Epigraph 2 We have the electrical and magnetic sciences, which treat of
certain phenomena of attraction, heat, light and chemicalaction, depending on conditions of matter, of which we haveas yet only a partial and provisional knowledge. An immensemass of facts has been collected and these have beenreduced to order, and expressed as the results of a number ofexperimental laws, but the form under which these laws areultimately to appear as deduced from central principles is asyet uncertain.
, , , , , , () . , . , , (), .
James Clerk MaxwellInaugural Lecture2
Paris, Kings College, 1860
Epigraph 3
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Epigraph 3 In considering the thermodynamics of biological
evolution it is convenient to examine subsystems where
different processes of reaching corresponding quasi-equilibrium take place: molecular processes, chemicalevolution, supramolecular evolution, and evolutions ofhigher orders such as genera, families, associations, andecological evolutions, etc. Assuming that thecorresponding quasi-equilibria are reached in theprocesses of general and particular evolutions of thebiosphere and its subsystems one can use the Gibbsfree energy criteria of equilibrium to predict the degree ofthe evolutionary development of each process. ,
: , , , , , , , , .. , , , .
Georgi, P. GladyshevOn the Thermodynamics of Biological Evolution3
Moscow, Academy of Science, 1978
Acknowledgements
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Acknowledgements
As to fundamentals, note one word of this book
would have ever come to fruition if not for the
fountainhead efforts of the great American
chemical engineer Willard Gibbs who in 1876
formulated the science of chemicalthermodynamics, the study of heat movements
and chemical behaviors; which, invariably, is
the principle science behind all human
behaviors, particularly mating behaviors.G = H TS
Gibbs free energy equation
Mi h l F d
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Michael Faraday
To set the tone for the remainder of this short book, we
quote from the introductory lecture notes of the Englishchemist and physicist Michael Faraday from his famous1859 Royal Institute Christmas lecture on:The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to
Each Other.
.
Faradays 1856 Christmas Lecture on
Attractive Forces
Michael Faraday
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Michael Faraday
From the opening lines of The Various Forces of
Matter, Faraday declares: Let us now consider, for alittle while, how wonderfully we stand upon this world.Here it is we are born, bred, and live, and yet we viewthese things with an almost entire absence of wonder toourselves respecting the way in which all this happens.
So small, indeed, is our wonder, that we are never takenby surprise; and I do think that, to a young person of ten,fifteen or twenty years of age, perhaps the first sight of acataract or a mountain would occasion him moresurprise than he had ever felt concerning the means of
his own existence, which according to Faraday is: How he came here; how he lives; by what
means he stands upright; and through whatmeans he moves about from place to place.
Michael Faraday
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y Faraday continues: We come into this world, we
live, and depart from it, without our thoughts beingcalled specifically to consider how all this takesplace; and were it not for the exertions of some fewinquiring minds, who have looked into these things,and ascertained the very beautiful laws andconditions by which we do live and stand upon theearth, we should hardly be aware that there was
anything wonderful in it. These inquiries, whichhave occupied philosophers from the earliest days,when they first began to find out the laws by whichwe grow, and exist, and enjoy ourselves, up to thepresent time, have shown us that all this was
effected in consequence of the existence of certainforces, or abilities to do things, orpowers, that areso common that nothing can be more so; for nothingis commoner than the wonderful powers by whichwe are enabled to stand upright: they are essentialto our existence every moment
Institute of Human
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InstituteofHuman
Thermodynamics
FOUNDER / ORGANIZER: Libb Thims - HT-Researcher
Location: Chicago, Illinois, US Central Office: Chicago,USA
4860 N. Rockwell Chicago, IL 60625-2890
Georgi P. Gladyshev,
HT-Researcher,Physical Chemistry Professor, Professor of Biomedical Systems,
BS Chemistry, PhD (Dr. Science) Polymer ChemistryPresident: International Academy of Creative Endeavors
Principal Researcher: Institute of Chemical Physics (RAS) Head: Institute of Physico-Chemical Problems of Evolution
A di
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Libb-Thims.htmlhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/info_e.htmhttp://center.chph.ras.ru/http://www.endeav.org/evolut/http://www.endeav.org/evolut/http://center.chph.ras.ru/http://www.endeav.org/info_e.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Libb-Thims.html -
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Appendix
Information fordiscussion**
Following slidessupport
the additional
information
History of Thermodynamics
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History of Thermodynamics
The historical structural 'roots' of the science
of human thermodynamics
Libb Thims HumanMolecule
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That is, as a basis we will study and define each
individual as one large unique molecule in the same
way we presently study smaller molecules, as H2O.
In other words, the following expression is what you
are a 26-element molecule:
Human MoleculeCE27HE27OE27NE26PE25SE24CaE25KE24ClE24NaE24MgE24FeE23FE23
ZnE22SiE22CuE21BE21IE20SnE20MnE20SeE20Cr
E20NiE20MoE19CoE19VE18
This chemical expression is the average
molecular formula for one human
organism.
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Variation of Gibbs function
"Variation of G corresponding to theformation of a certain structure, which can bea supramolecular structure, a family structure,a structure of populations, etc., is a measureof the evolutionary transformation of thisstructure."
Georgi Gladyshev,
Thermodynamic Theory of the Evolution of LivingBeingshttp://www.humanthermodynamics.com/index.html
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Libb Thims Schemes Mx + Fy MxFyInteraction of H-molecules
(inside and outside)
:Hot Ambient
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Hot Ambient Cold
Th d i F db k
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Thermodynamic Feedback
For example, very "chemically" thermodynamicallystable substances, such as N2, CO2, and H2O havecomparatively low temperatures of melting andboiling, which suggests qualitatively a relatively lowthermodynamic stability of their condensed phases.
On the other hand, energy-intensive substances witha low molecular - "chemical" thermodynamicstability such as fats, sugars, peptides and nucleicacids, melt at comparatively high temperatures anddecompose during "melting" and "boiling".Aggregated (condensed) phases of these
substances are very stable.
It goes without saying that the knowledge of the temperatures of melting and boiling is notsufficient for a quantitative estimate of thermodynamic stability of the supramolecular structure forsubstances of different chemical composition.
Example of substance stability
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Specific (per mole of
substance) Gibbs
function of formation (at
298K) ofn-alkanols as afunction of specific Gibbs
function of nonequilibrium
phase transition of
substances from thestate of supercooled gas
to the condensed state (at
298K)
0
- 1 2 0
- 1 8 0
- 6 0 - 4 0 - 2 0 0
- 6 0
,Gi m
bi
,G ic h
k
k
p y
principle
Functions of formation Collation
Pepper and Soap
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This film shows the interaction of groundpepper with soap on the surface of water
Pp.mpg
Snowflakes
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Snowflakes
Interaction of ground pepper with soap
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Interaction of ground pepper with soap
The interaction is shown in real time (previous slide).
Finely ground pepper is sprinkled on a saucer with water.Further, a drop of liquid soap is placed in the center ofthe saucer.
It can be seen how the pepper particles scatter rapidly tothe periphery of the saucer. This well-known experiment(for schoolboys)
demonstrates that supramolecularinteractions do not require any noticeable direct contactbetween the interacting substances. Supramolecularequilibrium is established relatively rapidly. Theaction of supramolecular forces extends tocomparatively long distances. Here it is useful torecall the phenomenon of molecular orientation incrystallization (epitaxsy).
Hierarchical Thermodynamics in
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y
Action
It has been shown that the variation of the chemicalcomposition of living beings in the course of ontogenesis andphylogenesis is a consequence of change in the mean specificvalue of the Gibbs function for supramolecular (intermolecular)interaction in formation of supramolecular structures of anorganism's tissues, which tends to a minimum. More strictlyspeaking, this variation is connected with the trend of mean specificvalues of the Gibbs function related to a unit of volume or mass atall hierarchical levels to a minimum.
The principle of the substance stabilityfeedbackhas beenformulated. It is applicable to any biological systems (belonging todifferent hierarchies). For instance, this principle explains theaccumulation of a substance with a chemically high energy capacityby biological systems in the course of evolution and aging of livingbeings. This substance forces water out of these systems.
Evolution
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Evolution
Revolution
Hierarchical Thermodynamics'
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Foundation
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Welcome to Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Contactus-wmcolors.png -
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p ,the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit
Biology studies the variety
of life:E. coli, tree fern, gazelle,
Goliath beetle
Physics is the science concerned with
the discovery and understanding of
the fundamental laws which govern
matter, energy, space, and time and
explaining them using mathematics.
Welcome to Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliathushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28observation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Goliath_beetle.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tree_Fern.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28observation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliathushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli -
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Welcome to Wikipedia
Chemistry is the science of
matter at the atomic to
molecular scale, dealing
primarily with collections of
atoms, such as gases,
molecules, crystals, and metals.
Medicine is a branch of the
health sciences, and is the
sector of public life concerned
with maintaining or restoring
human health through the
study, diagnosis, treatment and
possible prevention of disease
and injury
Gerontology and Geriatrics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Doctor_and_Child-by-David-Mason-flikr_5901759_9cfaa50cf7_o.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science -
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Gerontology and Geriatrics
Gerontology is the study of aging. It is to be
distinguished from Geriatrics, which is the studyof the diseases of the aging (medical studies).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Life Cycle of the Sun
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elderly_Woman_%2C_B%26W_image_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease -
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Life Cycle of the Sun
In astronomy, stellar evolution is the sequence ofradical changes that a star undergoes during itslifetime (the time in which it emits light and heat).Depending on the size of the star, this period canrange from hundreds of thousands to billions ofyears.
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( )
C -
, , - .
, ,
How an exponential growth
surpasses both linear and cubic
growths
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Exponential.png