PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK

THE PEOPLE OF A WEEK

JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE

ldquoGoethe in this autobiography which I read now seems to know altogether too much about himselfrdquo

mdash Waldo Emerson

Goethe nella Campagna Romana by J H W Tischbein

THE PEOPLE OF A WEEK JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE

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A WEEK Goethersquos whole education and life were those of theartist He lacks the unconsciousness of the poet In hisautobiography he describes accurately the life of the author ofWilhelm Meister For as there is in that book mingled with a rareand serene wisdom a certain pettiness or exaggeration oftrifles wisdom applied to produce a constrained and partial andmerely well-bred man mdash a magnifying of the theatre till lifeitself is turned into a stage for which it is our duty to studyour parts well and conduct with propriety and precision mdash so inthe autobiography the fault of his education is so to speakits merely artistic completeness Nature is hindered though sheprevails at last in making an unusually catholic impression onthe boy It is the life of a city boy whose toys are picturesand works of art whose wonders are the theatre and kinglyprocessions and crownings As the youth studied minutely theorder and the degrees in the imperial procession and sufferednone of its effect to be lost on him so the man aimed to securea rank in society which would satisfy his notion of fitness andrespectability He was defrauded of much which the savage boyenjoys Indeed he himself has occasion to say in this veryautobiography when at last he escapes into the woods without thegates ldquoThus much is certain that only the undefinable wide-expanding feelings of youth and of uncultivated nations areadapted to the sublime which whenever it may be excited in usthrough external objects since it is either formless or elsemoulded into forms which are incomprehensible must surround uswith a grandeur which we find above our reachrdquo He further saysof himself ldquoI had lived among painters from my childhood andhad accustomed myself to look at objects as they did withreference to artrdquo And this was his practice to the last He waseven too well-bred to be thoroughly bred He says that he had hadno intercourse with the lowest class of his towns-boys The childshould have the advantage of ignorance as well as of knowledgeand is fortunate if he gets his share of neglect and exposure

ldquoThe laws of Nature break the rules of Artrdquo

GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


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A WEEK On his journey from Brenner to Verona Goethe writes

ldquoThe Tees flows now more gently and makes in many places broad sands On the land near to the water upon the hillsides everything is so closely planted one to another that you think they must choke one another mdash vineyards maize mulberry-trees apples pears quinces and nuts The dwarf elder throws itself vigorously over the walls Ivy grows with strong stems up the rocks and spreads itself wide over them the lizard glides through the intervals and everything that wanders to and fro reminds one of the loveliest pictures of art The womenrsquos tufts of hair bound up the menrsquos bare breasts and light jackets the excellent oxen which they drive home from market the little asses with their loads mdash everything forms a living animated Heinrich Roos And now that it is evening in the mild air a few clouds rest upon the mountains in the heavens more stand still than move and immediately after sunset the chirping of crickets begins to grow more loud then one feels for once at home in the world and not as concealed or in exile I am contented as though I had been born and brought up here and were now returning from a Greenland or whaling voyage Even the dust of my Fatherland which is often whirled about the wagon and which for so long a time I had not seen is greeted The clock-and-bell jingling of the crickets is altogether lovely penetrating and agreeable It sounds bravely when roguish boys whistle in emulation of a field of such songstresses One fancies that they really enhance one another Also the evening is perfectly mild as the dayrdquoldquoIf one who dwelt in the south and came hither from the south should hear of my rapture hereupon he would deem me very childish Alas what I here express I have long known while I suffered under an unpropitious heaven and now may I joyful feel this joy as an exception which we should enjoy everforth as an eternal necessity of our naturerdquo

GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


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WALDEN Sometimes having had a surfeit of human society andgossip and worn out all my village friends I rambled stillfarther westward than I habitually dwell into yet moreunfrequented parts of the town ldquoto fresh woods and pastures newrdquoor while the sun was setting made my supper of huckleberriesand blueberries on Fair Haven Hill and laid up a store forseveral days The fruits do not yield their true flavor to thepurchaser of them nor to him who raises them for the marketThere is but one way to obtain it yet few take that way If youwould know the flavor of huckleberries ask the cow-boy or thepartridge It is a vulgar error to suppose that you have tastedhuckleberries who never plucked them A huckleberry never reachesBoston they have not been known there since they grew on herthree hills The ambrosial and essential part of the fruit is lostwith the bloom which is rubbed off in the market cart and theybecome mere provender As long as Eternal Justice reigns not oneinnocent huckleberry can be transported thither from thecountryrsquos hills

PEOPLE OFWALDEN



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In WALDEN OR LIFE IN THE WOODS Henry David Thoreau would write that ldquoThe maker of this earth but patented a leafrdquo

1585

WALDEN Thus it seemed that this one hillside illustrated theprinciple of all the operations of Nature The Maker of this earthbut patented a leaf What Champollion will decipher thishieroglyphic for us that we may turn over a new leaf at lastThis phenomenon is more exhilarating to me than the luxurianceand fertility of vineyards True it is somewhat excrementitiousin its character and there is no end to the heaps of liver lightsand bowels as if the globe were turned wrong side outward butthis suggests at least that Nature has some bowels and thereagain is mother of humanity This is the frost coming out of theground this is Spring It precedes the green and flowery springas mythology precedes regular poetry I know of nothing morepurgative of winter fumes and indigestions It convinces me thatEarth is still in her swaddling clothes and stretches forth babyfingers on every side Fresh curls springs from the baldest browThere is nothing inorganic These foliaceous heaps lie along thebank like the slag of a furnace showing that Nature is ldquoin fullblastrdquo within The earth is not a mere fragment of dead historystratum upon stratum like the leaves of a book to be studied bygeologists and antiquaries chiefly but living poetry like theleaves of a tree which precede flowers and fruit ndashnot a fossilearth but a living earth compared with whose great central lifeall animal and vegetable life is merely parasitic Its throes willheave our exuviaelig from their graves You may melt your metals andcast them into the most beautiful moulds you can they will neverexcite me like the forms which this molten earth flows out intoAnd not only it but the institutions upon it are plastic likeclay in the hands of the potter

JEAN-FRANCcedilOIS CHAMPOLLION

PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


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commenting upon Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ldquoUrpflanzerdquo in his VERSUCH DIE METAMORPHOSE DER PFLANZEN ZU ERKLAumlREN (AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PLANTS) that would be published in 1790 You can visit the European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis var arborescens) which Goethe used for his illustration of his idea about the Ur-shape of leaves This palm tree still survives It had been planted in this year It is in the glass house inside the circular garden in the botanical garden of Padua Italy

Goethe would write to Charlotte von Stein in 1786 the year in which he would sight this palm tree that had been planted in 1585

What pleases me most at present is plant-life Everything isforcing itself upon me I no longer have to think about iteverything comes to meet me and the whole gigantic kingdombecomes so simple that I can see at once the answer to the mostdifficult problems If only I could communicate the insight andjoy to someone but it is not possible And it is no dream orfancy I am beginning to grow aware of the essential form withwhich as it were Nature always plays and from which sheproduces her great variety Had I the time in this brief spanof life I am confident I could extend it to all the realms ofNature ndash the whole realm

Henry Thoreau would be informing himself of Goethersquos Italian journey during Spring 1838 Although today this thinking about the Ur-shapes of leaves falls under the category of obsolete science in that period before the creation of Darwinrsquos theory of evolution while Thoreau would be studying it this would still be cutting edge science Read about it in James McIntoshrsquos THOREAU AS ROMANTIC NATURALIST (Cornell UP 1974) (Of course when Darwin would publish in 1859 taking the science of biology beyond this Goethe stage Thoreau would be one of his very first American readers and would be open to Darwinrsquos heretical new ideas)

THE AGE OF REASON WAS A PIPE DREAM OR AT BEST A PROJECTACTUALLY HUMANS HAVE ALMOST NO CLUE WHAT THEY ARE DOING


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WHILE CREDITING THEIR OWN LIES ABOUT WHY THEY ARE DOING IT

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ldquoStack of the Artist of Kouroordquo Project


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August 25 Thursday The Mozart family gave a 3d public concert in Frankfurt It was attended by a 15-year-old named Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who would remember the event to the end of his life

ESSENCE IS BLUR SPECIFICITY THE OPPOSITE OF ESSENCE

IS OF THE NATURE OF TRUTH

1763



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October Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who had wanted to read classics in the university at Goumlttingen where English influence prevailed was sent instead by his father to study law at his fatherrsquos alma mater in Leipzig

NO-ONErsquoS LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE

1765



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Fall His studies in Leipzig having been interrupted by severe illness Johann Wolfgang von Goethe convalesced at his familyrsquos home Upon recovery his father would send him for legal studies in Strassburg as a first step toward Paris and a Grand Tour (which he would not complete)

ldquoNARRATIVE HISTORYrdquo AMOUNTS TO FABULATION THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

1768



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September 19 Monday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe received the initial 3 pre-publication copies of DIE

LEIDEN DES JUNGEN WERTHERS (THE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER) from his publisher His work problematizing what was then being termed Enthusiasm ndashthe predilection for absolutes in love in art in society andor in the realm of thoughtndash was scheduled to be shipped out to bookstores at Michaelmas

The Werther centerpiece character in this story commits suicide a quite messy and unpleasant suicide The story that is told is that the publication of such a tale mdash or its subsequent corrected edition mdash or its translation into French mdash or the eventual translation of the French version into English mdash or something would result in an epidemic of copycat suicides We have found no evidence for such a sequence of events but this of course doesnrsquot mean it hadnrsquot been so In the realm of fakelore endless repetition counts as multiple attestation and the cow did indeed jump over the moon

NEVER READ AHEAD TO APPRECIATE SEPTEMBER 19TH 1774 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY

TOMORROW IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST)

1774



HDT WHAT INDEX


Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4

Lucy (Australopithecus Afarensis) 3 8

Herveacute Villechaize (ldquoFantasy Islandrdquo) 3 11

Charles Proteus Steinmetz 4 0

Mary Moody Emerson per FBS (1) 4 3

Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7

Dr Ruth Westheimer 4 7

Gary Coleman (ldquoArnold Jacksonrdquo) 4 8

Edith Piaf 4 8

Queen Victoria with osteoporosis 4 8

Linda Hunt 4 9

Queen Victoria as adult 4 10

Mother Teresa 4 10

Margaret Mitchell 4 10

length of newer military musket 4 10

Charlotte Bronteuml 4 10-11

Tammy Faye Bakker 4 11

Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut 4 11

jockey Willie Shoemaker 4 11

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 4 11

Joan of Arc 4 11

Bonnie Parker of ldquoBonnie amp Clyderdquo 4 11

Harriet Beecher Stowe 4 11

Laura Ingalls Wilder 4 11

a rather tall adult Pygmy male 4 11

Gloria Swanson 4 1112

Clara Barton 5 0

Isambard Kingdom Brunel 5 0

Andrew Carnegie 5 0

Thomas de Quincey 5 0

Stephen A Douglas 5 0

Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0

Yoda of Lucasrsquos Star Wars movies
The Jacksons TV sitcom Gary Coleman played Arnold Jackson on the TV sitcom The Jacksons He grew his last inch at age 26 He ran for governor of California against another Arnold last name Schwarzeneger
Most male Pygmy adults and virtually all female Pygmy adults would be considerably shorter than this


HDT WHAT INDEX


William Wilberforce 5 0

Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0

Dred Scott 5 0 (plusmn)

Captain William Bligh of HMS Bounty 5 0 (plusmn)

Harriet Tubman 5 0 (plusmn)

Mary Moody Emerson per FBS (2) 5 0 (plusmn)

John Brown of Providence Rhode Island 5 0 (+)

John Keats 5 34

Debbie Reynolds (Carrie Fisherrsquos mother) 5 1

Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) 5 1

Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2

Paul Simon (of Simon amp Garfunkel) 5 2

Honoreacute de Balzac 5 2

Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2

R Buckminster ldquoBuckyrdquo Fuller 5 2

Yuri Gagarin the astronaut 5 2

William Walker 5 2

Horatio Alger Jr 5 2

length of older military musket 5 2

the artist formerly known as Prince 5 212

typical female of Thoreaus period 5 212

Francis of Assisi 5 3

Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3

Friend Daniel Ricketson 5 3

The Reverend Gilbert White 5 3

Nikita Khrushchev 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3

Kim Jong Il (North Korea) 5 3

Stephen A ldquoLittle Giantrdquo Douglas 5 4

The average American female of 1710 was five foot two and the average American female of 1921 was five foot three Our average altitude now is of course about five four and a half and should reach five seven by the year 2050
His platform soles were 12 centimeters high Mr Get Used To It is dead now -- but not before the inimitable Rick Perry while running for President referred to him as Kim Jong the Second


HDT WHAT INDEX


Francisco Franco 5 4

President James Madison 5 4

Iosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili ldquoStalinrdquo 5 4

Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4

Ludwig van Beethoven 5 4

Typical Homo Erectus 5 4

typical Neanderthal adult male 5 412

Alan Ladd 5 412

comte de Buffon 5 5 (-)

Captain Nathaniel Gordon 5 5

Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5

Hung Hsiu-chuumlan 5 5

Marilyn Monroe 5 512

TE Lawrence ldquoof Arabiardquo 5 512

average runaway male American slave 5 5-6

Charles Dickens 5 6

President Benjamin Harrison 5 6

President Martin Van Buren 5 6

James Smithson 5 6

Louisa May Alcott 5 6

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5 612

Napoleon Bonaparte 5 612

Emily Bronteuml 5 6-7

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5

average height seaman of 1812 5 685

Oliver Reed Smoot Jr 5 7

minimum height British soldier 5 7

President John Adams 5 7

President John Quincy Adams 5 7

President William McKinley 5 7

ldquoCharleyrdquo Parkhurst (a female) 5 7

Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7

the average male of Thoreaus period 5 712

He wasnrsquot just short he was ugly too
Oliver R Smoot was utilized while a student at MIT in 1958 as the unit of measure for the Harvard Bridge He later became Chair American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and President International Organization for Standardization (ISO) lthttpwwwsizescomunitssmoothtmgt
The average American male of 1710 was five foot seven and the average American male of 1921 was five foot eight Our average altitude now is of course about five ten and we expect that Mr Average will be a six-footer by the year 2050
A Mystery Does anyone know exactly how long a fellow Longfellow was


HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8

President Ulysses S Grant 5 8

President William H Harrison 5 8

President James Polk 5 8

President Zachary Taylor 5 8

average height soldier of 1812 5 835

President Rutherford B Hayes 5 812

President Millard Fillmore 5 9

President Harry S Truman 5 9

President Jimmy Carter 5 912

Herman Melville 5 934

Calvin Coolidge 5 10

Andrew Johnson 5 10

Theodore Roosevelt 5 10

Thomas Paine 5 10

Franklin Pierce 5 10

Abby May Alcott 5 10

Reverend Henry C Wright 5 10

Nathaniel Hawthorne 5 1012

Louis ldquoDeerfootrdquo Bennett 5 1012

Friend John Greenleaf Whittier 5 1012

President Dwight D Eisenhower 5 1012

Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 5 11

Sojourner Truth 5 11

President Grover Cleveland 5 11

President Herbert Hoover 5 11

President Woodrow Wilson 5 11

President Jefferson Davis 5 11

President Richard Milhous Nixon 5 1112

Robert Voorhis the hermit of Rhode Island lt 6

Frederick Douglass 6 (-)

Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0

Sarah F Wakefield 6 0

Thomas Wentworth Higginson 6 0

President James Buchanan 6 0

President Gerald R Ford 6 0


HDT WHAT INDEX


President James Garfield 6 0

President Warren Harding 6 0

President John F Kennedy 6 0

President James Monroe 6 0

President William H Taft 6 0

President John Tyler 6 0

John Brown 6 0 (+)

President Andrew Jackson 6 1

Alfred Russel Wallace 6 1

President Ronald Reagan 6 1

Venture Smith 6 112

John Camel Heenan 6 2

Crispus Attucks 6 2

President Chester A Arthur 6 2

President George Bush Senior 6 2

President Franklin D Roosevelt 6 2

President George Washington 6 2

Gabriel Prosser 6 2

Dangerfield Newby 6 2

Charles Augustus Lindbergh 6 2

President Bill Clinton 6 212

President Thomas Jefferson 6 212

President Lyndon B Johnson 6 3

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr 6 3

Richard ldquoKing Dickrdquo Seaver 6 314

President Abraham Lincoln 6 4

Marion Morrison (AKA John Wayne) 6 4

Elisha Reynolds Potter Senior 6 4

Thomas Cholmondeley 6 4 ()

William Buckley 6 4-7rdquo

Franklin Benjamin Sanborn 6 5

Peter the Great of Russia 6 7

William ldquoDwarf Billyrdquo Burley 6 7

Giovanni Battista Belzoni 6 7

Thomas Jefferson (the statue) 7 6

Jefferson Davis (the statue) 7 7

Martin Van Buren Bates 7 1112

M Bihin a Belgian exhibited in Boston in 1840 8

Anna Haining Swan 8 1

This is an educated guess
Howrsquos the weather up there


HDT WHAT INDEX


September 19 Monday At a mass meeting on their Common the citizens of Concord tried the local Tories who if found guilty could be punished (called ldquohumbling the Toriesrdquo) Few of the loyalists in town made themselves visible on this day and they were a dwindling minority anyway yet the Reverend William Emerson of the 1st Parish Church nevertheless warned the populace that ldquoverily our enemies are in our own householdsrdquo

In consequence of these occurrences and the determineddisposition of the people the Court of Common Pleas wasadjourned to the 3d Tuesday of October Public notice of thiswas drawn up by David Phipps Sheriff of the County by orderof the unpopular judges and given to the criers Antill Gallapamp William How who made proclamation of the same at the courthouse door This was so displeasing that they were taken beforethe people and obliged to make public confession that they wereldquoheartily sorry for what they had donerdquo and to promise ldquonot tomake any return on said proclamation nor in any way be aidingor assisting in bringing on the unconstitutional plan ofgovernmentrdquo A similar confession was published by CharlesPrescott Esq ldquofor signing in favor of the late GovernorHutchinsonrdquo Another confession was made by Daniel Heald adeputy sheriff for posting the notice of the adjournment Of thecourt on the courthouse door These declarations were signed bythe respective individuals read to the multitude and publishedin the newspapers of those times The people voted that suchdeclarations were satisfactory and then adjourned to the 3dTuesday of October agreeably to the adjournment of the courtThe people did not long remain quiet Another large meeting tookplace on the Common the next week A committee was chosen ofwhich Robert Chafin of Acton was Chairman and William Burrows1

clerk before whom every person suspected of being a tory wascompelled to pass the ordeal of a trial If found guilty he wascompelled to endure such punishment as an excited multitudemight inflict which they called ldquohumbling the toriesrdquo Severalsuffered in this manner Dr Joseph Lee was most scrupulouslyexamined and severely treated To satisfy their minds hesubscribed the following declaration which was read andpublished

ldquoWhereas I Joseph Lee of Concord physician on theevening of the first ultimo did rashly and withoutconsideration make a private and precipitate journeyfrom Concord to Cambridge to inform Judge Lee that thecountry was assembling to come down and on no otherbusiness that he and others concerned might preparethemselves for the event and with an avowed intentionto deceive the people by which the parties assemblingmight have been exposed to the brutal rage of thesoldiery who had timely notice to have waylaid theroads and fired on them while unarmed and defencelessin the dark by which imprudent conduct I might haveprevented the salutary designs of my countrymen whoseinnocent intentions were only to request certaingentlemen sworn into office on the new system of

1 Mr Burrows died a few years since in New Ipswich NH over 100 years of age


HDT WHAT INDEX


government to resign their offices in order to preventthe operation of that (so much detested) act of theBritish Parliament for regulating the government of theMassachusetts Bay by all which I have justly drawn uponme the displeasure of my countrymenldquoWhen I coolly reflect on my own impudence it fills mymind with the deepest anxiety I deprecate theresentment of my injured country humbly confess myerrors and implore the forgiveness of a generous andfree people solemnly declaring that for the future Iwill never convey any intelligence to any of the courtparty neither directly nor indirectly by which thedesigns of the people may be frustrated in opposing thebarbarous policy of an arbitrary wicked and corruptadministration

ldquoConcord Sept 19 1774 JOSEPH LEErdquo

This is selected from many similar facts to show the highlyexcited state of public feeling and this excitement continuedto increase The covenant of the town already given wasscrupulously regarded and all those who refused obedience toit were in reality ldquotreated as enemiesrdquo The meetings hithertothis month took place without much formal invitation They werethe ldquosudden assembly of the dayrdquo The people felt that they hadevils heaped upon them and they feared others They weredetermined resolutely but rationally to have them removedThough their object appeared as yet to be to obtain a peaceableredress of their grievances yet evil consequences wereanticipated from the frequency of the meetings unless placedunder proper legal restraint To effect this a special townmeeting was called September 26th when the ldquowhole town resolveditself into a committee of safety to suppress all riots tumultsand disorders in the town and to aid all untainted magistrateswho had not been aiding and assisting in bringing on a new modeof government in this province in the execution of the lawsagainst all offendersrdquo2 At the same time it was also voted toraise one or more companies to march at a minutersquos warning incase of alarm to pay them reasonable wages when called for outof town and to allow them to choose their own officers to buy420 pounds of powder and 500 pounds of ball in addition to thetown stock of ammunition and a chest of good fire-arms ldquothatthose who are unable to purchase them themselves may have theadvantage of them if necessity calls for itrdquo At this meetingalso Mr Samuel Whitney Capt Jonas Heywood Mr Ephraim Woodjr Mr Joseph Hosmer Ensign James Chandler and Mr JamesBarrett were chosen a committee of correspondence to holdintercourse with similar committees in other towns Theselectmen had hitherto acted in that capacity Delegates werealso chosen to the proposed Provincial Congress3

2 It is said to be characteristic of the people of Concord to act with great deliberation but when they do act to act effectually This may be seen in the proceedings just described From the beginning of the controversy they were opposed to taking any unconstitutional measures to recover their lost privileges


HDT WHAT INDEX


November 7 Tuesday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe arrived in Weimar where encouraged by Duke Carl August he would reside for the remainder of his life His early works of the Sturm und Drang period there would include the play ldquoGotz von Berlichingenrdquo

The Royal Governor of Virginia John Murray Lord Dunmore from the safe haven of a British ship off Norfolk declared martial law in his province and promised freedom for every local slave who would join in his cause

Governor Winton was formally deposed by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly

The Rev John Swift of Acton of the small-pox During this year his son Dr Swift of this town also died of this disease

The Rev John Swift was born in Framingham and graduated atHarvard College in 1733 During the prevalence of the small-poxin Acton in 1775 he was severely attacked and never able topreach afterwards He died 7th November 1775 in the 62d yearof his age and the 37th of his ministry He was a gentleman oftalents learning and piety though occasionally facetiouswitty and eccentric His only printed publication which I [DrLemuel Shattuck] have seen is a sermon preached at theordination of Rev Joseph Lee at Royalston Mr Swift marriedAbigail Adams of Medway and had one child who graduated atHarvard College4

John Swift only child of the Rev John Swift born 18th of

3 Lemuel Shattuckrsquos 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD Boston Russell Odiorne and Company Concord MA John Stacy(On or about November 11 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study)

1775


HDT WHAT INDEX


November 1741 graduated [at Harvard College like his fatherin] 1762 and settled as a physician in Acton where he died ofthe small-pox about 17755


5 Ibid


HDT WHAT INDEX


July 2 Thursday Jean-Jacques Rousseau died at the picturesque stone hermitage in the English Garden of the Marquis de Girardin at Ermenonville During the final decade of his life he had produced primarily autobiographical writings The most important had been his unpublished CONFESSIONS modeled upon the CONFESSIONS of St Augustine (this would be published in 1782) In addition his ROUSSEAU JUGE DE JEAN-JACQUES (ROUSSEAU JUDGE OF JEAN-JACQUES which would see publication in 1780) replied to specific charges Once again he had been offered refuge at carefully crafted hermitages on the estates of French noblemen initially by the Prince de Conti and then by the Marquis de Girardin and his LES REcircVERIES DU PROMENEUR SOLITAIRE (REVERIES OF THE SOLITARY WALKER which would also see publication in 1782) displayed the lyric serenity he had at a late date been able to maintain

According to Professor Pierre Hadot in this REcircVERIES text we are able to find both the echo of ancient traditions in regard to the role of philosophizing and the anticipation of certain modern attitudes in regard to the pursuit of philosophy

What is remarkable is that we cannot help but recognize theintimate connection which exists for Rousseau between cosmicecstasy and the transformation of his inner attitude with regardto time On the one hand ldquoEvery individual object escapes himhe sees and feels nothing which is not in the wholerdquo Yet atthe same time ldquoTime no longer means anything [to him] thepresent lasts forever without letting its duration be sensedand without any trace of succession There is no sensation ndasheither of privation or of enjoyment pleasure or pain desireor fearndash other than the one single sensation of our existenceHere Rousseau analyzes in a most remarkable way the elementswhich constitute and make possible a disinterested perceptionof the world What is required is concentration on the presentmoment a concentration in which the spirit is in a sensewithout past or present as it experiences the simple ldquosensationof existencerdquo Such concentration is not however a mereturning in upon oneself On the contrary the sensation ofexistence is inseparably the sensation of being in the wholeand the sensation of the existence of the whole

1778


HDT WHAT INDEX


[Bear in mind that Professor Hadot would discover in the non-ancient world precisely three philosophers to have been supremely worthy of the ancient tradition in philosophy These three were Rousseau Goethe and Thoreau

What is now taken to be the task of the philosopher that of communicating ldquoan encyclopedic knowledge in the form of a system of propositions and of concepts that would reflect more or less well the system of the worldrdquo is according to Professor Hadot of modern provenance This ancient tradition in philosophy before the beginning of the triumph of science in dominating and subduing nature to the contrary amounted more to forming than to informing

[A]ncient philosophy at least beginning from the sophists andSocrates intended in the first instance to form people andto transform souls That is why in Antiquity philosophicalteaching is given above all in oral form because only the livingword in dialogues in conversations pursued for a long timecan accomplish such an action The written work considerableas it is is therefore most of the time only an echo or acomplement of this oral teaching

Hadot terms this ldquopsychagogy or the direction of soulsrdquo He quotes the ironic remark that Plato put in Socratesrsquos mouth in the SYMPOSIUM ldquoMy dear Agathon I only wish that wisdom were the kind of thing that flowed from the vessel that was full to the one that was emptyrdquo

Hadot has his own version of what Aldous Huxley termed ldquothe perennial philosophyrdquo In his version of this ldquothe theme of value of the present instant plays a fundamental role in all the philosophical schools In short it is a consciousness of inner freedom It can be summarized in a formula of this kind you need only yourself in order immediately to find inner peace by ceasing to worry about the past and the future You can be happy right now or you will never be happy This is Horacersquos famous laetus in praesens this lsquoenjoyment of the pure presentrsquo to use Andreacute Chastelrsquos fine expression about Marsilio Ficino who had taken this very formula of Horacersquos for his motto I cannot resist the pleasure of evoking the dialogue between Faust and Helena the climax of part two of Goethersquos FAUST

Nun schaut der Geist nicht vorwaumlrts nicht zuruumlckDie Gegenwart allein ist unser Gluumlck

And so the spirit looks neither ahead nor behindThe present alone is our joy

According to Professor Hadotrsquos understanding of the Stoic teachings prosoche (attention to oneself) had been their primary spiritual imperative


HDT WHAT INDEX


Thanks to his spiritual vigilance the Stoic always has ldquoathandrdquo (procheiron) the fundamental rule of life that is thedistinction between what depends on us and what does not

We could also define this attitude as ldquoconcentration on thepresent momentrdquo

Many unpleasantnesses of life that we take as evils simply ldquoare not evils since they do not depend on usrdquo This prosoche was to become the fundamental attitude of the Christian monk

Many unpleasantnesses of life that we take as evils simply ldquoare not evils since they do not depend on usrdquo6 This prosoche was to become the fundamental attitude of the Christian monk

[A]ttention and vigilance presuppose continuous concentrationon the present moment which must be lived as if it weresimultaneously the first and last moment of life Attentionto the present is simultaneously control of onersquos thoughtsacceptance of the divine will and the purification of onersquosintentions with regard to others We have an excellent summaryof this constant attention to the present in a well-knownMEDITATION of Marcus Aurelius

Everywhere and at all times it is up to you to rejoicepiously at what is occurring at the present moment toconduct yourself with justice towards the people who arepresent here and now and to apply rules of discernment[emphilotekhnein] to your present representations[phantasiai] so that nothing slips in that is notobjective

6 Goethe has his Mephistopheles be ldquophilosophicalrdquo and declare raquoDenn alles was entsteht ist wert dass es zu Grunde gehtlaquoldquoFor it is appropriate that everything that comes into being should also come to ruinrdquo Such resignation such acceptance of limitation was typical of the philosophy of Rousseau of Goethe of Thoreau and of Hadot


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 12 Wednesday British and French naval forces engaged off Ushant in the English Channel with the British capturing some French troop ships that had been headed toward the West Indies

In Darmstadt Erwin und Elmire a singspiel by Georg Joseph Vogler to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

1781



HDT WHAT INDEX


November 21 Friday British forces completed their withdrawal from northern Manhattan New-York as American forces occupied the Harlem Heights

Jean Pilacirctre de Rozier and Marquis drsquoArlandes made themselves the first humans to ascend in an untethered balloon reaching an altitude above Paris of 150 meters and travelling 9 kilometers in 20 minutes Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would be deeply impressed by this new capability mdash and a result of his being thus impressed now hear this would be a breakthrough in his comprehension of Homeric poetry for on November 12 1798 he would write to Schiller that ldquoYour letter found me in the ILIAD to which I always return with delight It is always as if one were in a balloon far above everything earthly as if one were truly in that intermediate zone where the gods float hither and thitherrdquo

THE TASK OF THE HISTORIAN IS TO CREATE HINDSIGHT WHILE INTERCEPTING ANY ILLUSION OF FORESIGHT NOTHING A HUMAN CAN

SEE CAN EVER BE SEEN AS IF THROUGH THE EYE OF GOD

1783



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Upon being urged by Professor John Law to expand his lectures the Reverend William Paley published THE PRINCIPLES OF MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY (London) 7

College student David Henry Thoreau was making reference above to the Reverend Paleyrsquos ldquoThere are habits not only of drinking swearing and lying but of every modification of action speech and thought Man is a bundle of habitsrdquo

Anticipating Bentham his ldquomoral systemrdquo such as it was merely summarized the utilitarianism of the 18th Century Thoreau would disparage this work in ldquoRESISTANCE TO CIVIL GOVERNMENTrdquo

1786

7 Bishop William Paley on ldquoVirtuerdquo in THE PRINCIPLES OF MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 1785

ldquoShow how it is that a Writerrsquos Nationalityand Individual Genius may be fully manifestedin a Play or other Literary Work upon aForeign or Ancient Subject mdash and yet fullJustice be done to the Subjectrdquo

Thoreaursquos essay of December 16 1836 for Professor Channingrsquosassignment above would begin with ldquoMan has been called a bundleof habits This truth I imagine was the discovery of aphilosopher mdash one who spoke as he thought and thought before hespoke mdash who realized it and felt it to be as it were literallytrue It has a deeper meaning and admits of a wider applicationthan is generally allowed The various bundles which we labelFrench English and Scotchmen differ only in this that whilethe first is made up of gay showy and fashionable habits ndashthesecond is crowded with those of a more sombre hue bearing thestamp of utility and comfort ndashand the contents of the third itmay be are as rugged and unyielding as their very envelope Thecolor and texture of these contents vary with different bundlesbut the material is uniformly the samerdquo


HDT WHAT INDEX


ldquoRESISTANCE TO CIVIL GOVERNMENTrdquo Paley a common authority with manyon moral questions in his chapter on the ldquoDuty of Submission toCivil Governmentrdquo resolves all civil obligation into expediencyand he proceeds to say that ldquoso long as the interest of the wholesociety requires it that is so long as the establishedgovernment cannot be resisted or changed without publicinconveniency it is the will of God that the establishedgovernment be obeyed and no longer This principle beingadmitted the justice of every particular case of resistance isreduced to a computation of the quantity of the danger andgrievance on the one side and of the probability and expense ofredressing it on the otherrdquo Of this he says every man shalljudge for himself But Paley appears never to have contemplatedthose cases to which the rule of expediency does not apply inwhich a people as well as an individual must do justice costwhat it may If I have unjustly wrested a plank from a drowningman I must restore it to him though I drown myself Thisaccording to Paley would be inconvenient But he that would savehis life in such a case shall lose it This people must ceaseto hold slaves and to make war on Mexico though it cost themtheir existence as a people

WILLIAM PALEY


HDT WHAT INDEX


In WALDEN OR LIFE IN THE WOODS Thoreau would write that ldquoThe maker of this earth but patented a leafrdquo



PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX


commenting upon Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ldquoUrpflanzerdquo in his VERSUCH DIE METAMORPHOSE DER PFLANZEN ZU ERKLAumlREN (AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PLANTS) that would be published in 1790 You can visit the European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis var arborescens) which Goethe used for his illustration of his idea about the Ur-shape of leaves which Goethe sighted during this year This palm tree still survives It had been planted in 1585 It is in the glass house inside the circular garden in the botanical garden of Padua Italy

Goethe wrote to Charlotte von Stein


Thoreau would be informing himself of Goethersquos Italian journey during Spring 1838 Although today this thinking about the Ur-shapes of leaves falls under the category of obsolete science in that period before the creation of Darwinrsquos theory of evolution while Thoreau would be studying it this would still be cutting edge science Read about it in James McIntoshrsquos THOREAU AS ROMANTIC NATURALIST (Cornell UP 1974) (Of course when Darwin would publish in 1859 taking the science of biology beyond this Goethe stage Thoreau would be one of his very first American readers and would be open to Darwinrsquos heretical new ideas)

CHANGE IS ETERNITY STASIS A FIGMENT

PLANTS



HDT WHAT INDEX


July 29 Wednesday In the Charlottenburg Palace of Berlin Johann Friedrich Reichardtrsquos singspiel Claudine von Villa Bella to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time

ESSENCES ARE FUZZY GENERIC CONCEPTUALARISTOTLE WAS RIGHT WHEN HE INSISTED THAT ALL TRUTH IS

SPECIFIC AND PARTICULAR (AND WRONG WHEN HE CHARACTERIZED TRUTH AS A GENERALIZATION)

1789



HDT WHAT INDEX


The soybean was grown at Kew but had no crop significance at that time for Europe

Archibald Menzies journeyed as surgeon-naturalist on Captain George Vancouverrsquos expedition to the Pacific Northwest (Vancouver had sailed with Captain James Cook on his 2d and 3d voyages of discovery) and collected some dried herbarium material

Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos play Torquato Tasso8 Also Goethersquos most significant biological contribution VERSUCH DIE METAMORPHOSE DER PFLANZEN ZU ERKLAumlREN (AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PLANTS) This work was done within a developing morphological tradition which would come to be known under the rubric ldquounity of typerdquo

The overview was that all plant organs flowers included began as leaves mdash an overview that would enjoy some support from 21st-Century genetic research

1790

8 The play would be translated into English in 1861 Henry Thoreau who could read both Italian and German and very much enjoyed Tassorsquos poetry in the original Italian would have in his personal library a copy of Goethersquos play in the original German

BOTANIZING

CONCORD FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY

THE SCIENCE OF 1790PALEONTOLOGY



HDT WHAT INDEX


The focus in this sort of scientific work of the period was upon discovering some abstract generating form which would enable us to understand all the developed parts of a plant as being merely the diversified products of this one archetypal form The archetypal form of all the structures of the plant Goethe hypothesized was perhaps best exemplified by its leaf The cotyledon of a plant and the sepals and petals and pistils and stamen of its flower and indeed its fruit were all to be construed as differentiated end results arising out of this one archetypal form observable in its simplest form in its leaf

WALDEN The whole bank which is from twenty to forty feet high issometimes overlaid with a mass of this kind of foliage or sandy rupturefor a quarter of mile on one or both sides the produce of one springday What makes this sand foliage remarkable is its springing intoexistence thus suddenly When I see on the one side the inert bank ndashfor the sun acts on one side firstndash and on the other this luxuriantfoliage the creation of an hour I am affected as if in a peculiar senseI stood in the laboratory of the Artist who made the world and me ndashhadcome to where he was still at work sorting on this bank and with excessof energy strewing his fresh designs about I feel as if I were nearerto the vitals of the globe for this sandy overflow is something such afoliaceous mass as the vitals of the animal body You find thus in thevery sands an anticipation of the vegetable leaf No wonder that theearth expresses itself outwardly in leaves it so labors with the ideainwardly The atoms have already learned this law and are pregnant byit The overhanging leaf sees here its prototype Internally whether inthe globe or animal body it is a moist thick lobe a word especiallyapplicable to the liver and lungs and the leaves of fat laborlapsus to flow or slip downward a lapsing globus lobe globealso lap flap and many other words) externally a dry thin leaf evenas the f and v are a pressed and dried b The radicals of lobe lb thesoft mass of the b (single lobed or B double lobed) with a liquid lbehind it pressing it forward In globe glb the guttural g adds to themeaning the capacity of the throat The feathers and wings of birds arestill drier and thinner leaves Thus also you pass from the lumpishgrub in the earth to the airy and fluttering butterfly The very globecontinually transcends and translates itself and becomes winged in itsorbit Even ice begins with delicate crystal leaves as if it had flowedinto moulds which the fronds of water plants have impressed on the waterymirror The whole tree itself is but one leaf and rivers are still vasterleaves whose pulp is intervening earth and towns and cities are the ovaof insects in their axils


HDT WHAT INDEX


Where Johann Wolfgang von Goethe opinioned that ldquoThe organs of the vegetating and flowering plant though seemingly dissimilar all originate from a single organ namely the leafrdquo he was not saying that all is leaf or anything nearly that foolish What he was saying was that a full account of the various structures of a plant involved a description of the complex interactions among three categories of influences

What we see in WALDEN OR LIFE IN THE WOODS is that Henry Thoreau would be ready to utilize this sort of scientific speculation to problematize the very distinction between living and inanimate nature

You can visit the European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis var arborescens) which Goethe used for his illustration of his idea about the Ur-shape of leaves which Goethe had sighted in 1786 This palm tree still survives It had been planted in 1585 It is in the glass house inside the circular garden in the botanical garden of Padua Italy



bull stability the influence of some universal and inherent archetypebull direction the impact upon that archetype of directional influencesbull recurrence the impact upon that archetype of cyclical influences

PLANTS


HDT WHAT INDEX


Thoreau would be informing himself of Goethersquos Italian journey during Spring 1838 Although today this thinking about the Ur-shapes of leaves falls under the category of obsolete science in that period before the creation of Charles Darwinrsquos theory of evolution while Thoreau would be studying it this would still be cutting edge science Read about it in James McIntoshrsquos THOREAU AS ROMANTIC NATURALIST (Cornell UP 1974) (Of course when Darwin would publish in 1859 taking the science of biology beyond this Goethe stage Thoreau would be one of his very first American readers and would be open to Darwinrsquos heretical new ideas)

Stephen Jay Gould has pointed out in his essay ldquoMore Light on Leavesrdquo that Goethersquos system was a whole lot more than a mere theory of the Leaf as the archetypal form of the Plant In his most fascinating intellectual move this 18th-Century scientist grafted two additional principals onto the idea of leaf-as-archetype to produce a complete account of plant development which would explain the systematic variation in form which we observe as we pass up the stem The two additional principles are

Never mind that these principles are no longer accepted today This theory of his was a good theory given what

bull the directionality of timersquos arrow the progressive refinement of the sapbull the repetition of timersquos cycle cycles of expansion and contraction

Refer to _Eight Little Piggies Reflections in Natural History_ Penguin 1993


HDT WHAT INDEX


was known at the time

bull 1 Refinement of sap as a directional principle Up and down heavenand hell brain and psyche vs bowels and excrement tuberculosis asa noble disease of airy lungs vs cancer as the unspeakable maladyof nether parts (see Susan Sontagrsquos important book Illness asMetaphor) THis major metaphorical apparatus of Western culturealmost irresistibly applies itself to plants as well with gnarlyroots and tubers as things of the ground and fragrant noble flowersas topmost parts straining towards heaven Goethe by no meansimmune to such thinking in a romantic age viewed a plant asprogressing towards refinement from cotyledon to flower Heexplained this directionality by postulating that each successiveldquoleafrdquo progressively filters an initially crude sap Flowering isprevented by these impurities and cannot occur until they have beenremoved The cotyledons begin both with minimum organization andrefinement and with maximum crudity of sap

The plant moves towards its floral goal but too much nutrimentdelays the process of filtering sap as material rushes in and morestem leaves must be produced for drainage

We have found that the cotyledons which are produced in the enclosed seed coat and are filled to the brim as it were with a very crude sap are scarcely organized and developed at all or at best roughly so



HDT WHAT INDEX


A decline in nutriment allows filtering to attain the upper handproducing sufficient purification of sap for flowering

Finally the plant achieves its topmost goal

bull Cycles of expansion and contraction If the directional force workedalone then a plantrsquos morphology would be a smooth continuum ofprogressive refinement up the stem Since manifestly plants displayno such pattern some other force must be working as well Goethespecifies this second force as cyclical in opposition to thedirectional principle of refining sap He envisages three full cyclesof contraction and expansion during growth The cotyledons begin in aretracted state The main leaves and their substantial branching onthe stem represent the first expansion The bunching of leaves to formthe sepals at the base of the flower marks the second contraction andthe subsequent elaboration of petals the second expansion Narrowing ofthe archetypal leaf to form pistils and stamens identifies the thirdcontraction and the formation of fruit the last and most exuberantexpansion The contracted seed within the fruit then starts the cycleagain in the next generation Put these three formative principlestogether mdashthe archetypal leaf progressive refinement up the stem andthree expansion-contraction cycles of vegetation blooming and bearingfruitmdash and the vast botanical diversity of our planet yields toGoethersquos vision of unity

As long as cruder sap remains in the plant all possible plant organs are compelled to become instruments for draining them off If excessive nutriment forces its way in the draining operation must be repeated again and again rendering inflorescence almost impossible If the plant is deprived of nourishment this operation of nature is facilitated

While the cruder fluids are in this manner continually drained off and replaced by pure ones the plant step by step achieves the status prescribed by nature We see the leaves finally reach their fullest expansion and elaboration and soon thereafter we become aware of a new aspect apprising us that the epoch we have been studying has drawn to a close and that a second is approaching mdash the epoch of the flower

Whether the plant vegetates blossoms or bears fruit it nevertheless is always the same organs with varying functions and with frequent changes in form that fulfill the dictates of nature The same organ which expanded on the stem as a leaf and assumed a highly diverse form will contract in the calyx expand again in the petal contract in the reproductive organs and expand for the last time as fruit



HDT WHAT INDEX


ldquoHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVErdquo BEING A VIEW FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN TIME (JUST AS THE PERSPECTIVE IN A PAINTING IS A VIEW

FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN SPACE) TO ldquoLOOK AT THE COURSE OF HISTORY MORE GENERALLYrdquo WOULD BE TO SACRIFICE PERSPECTIVE ALTOGETHER THIS IS FANTASY-LAND YOUrsquoRE FOOLING YOURSELF THERE CANNOT BE ANY SUCH THINGIE AS SUCH A PERSPECTIVE



HDT WHAT INDEX


May 7 Saturday The French National Assembly ratified religious tolerance

A new court theater opened in Weimar under the direction of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

YOUR GARDEN-VARIETY ACADEMIC HISTORIAN INVITES YOU TO CLIMB ABOARD A HOVERING TIME MACHINE TO SKIM IN METATIME BACK

ACROSS THE GEOLOGY OF OUR PAST TIMESLICES WHILE OFFERING UP A GARDEN VARIETY OF COGENT ASSESSMENTS OF OUR PROGRESSION WHAT A LOAD OF CRAP YOU SHOULD REFUSE THIS HELICOPTERISH

OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL PAST FOR IN THE REAL WORLD THINGS HAPPEN ONLY AS THEY HAPPEN WHAT THIS SORT WRITES AMOUNTS

LIKE MERE ldquoSCIENCE FICTIONrdquo MERELY TO ldquoHISTORY FICTIONrdquo ITrsquoS NOT WORTH YOUR ATTENTION

1791



HDT WHAT INDEX


September 20 Thursday The French National Convention met for the initial time From this date French documents would bear the inscription ldquoYear One of French Libertyrdquo

At Valmy although they were sustaining casualties at a rate of three for each enemy casualty the revolutionary French managed to halt the troops of Brunswick and Conde made up of Prussians Austrians and French refugee noblesse preventing them from marching into Paris and stifling this experiment in democracy The battle was witnessed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe accompanying his patron Duke Karl-August of Weimar

ldquoA little fire is quickly trodden outWhich being suffered rivers cannot quenchrdquo

mdash Shakespeare

1792


HDT WHAT INDEX


ldquoBrilliant generalship in itself is a frightening thingmdash the very idea that the thought processes of a singlebrain of a Hannibal or a Scipio can play themselves outin the destruction of thousands of young men in anafternoonrdquo

mdash Victor Davis Hanson CARNAGE AND CULTURELANDMARK BATTLES IN THE RISE OF WESTERN POWER(NY Doubleday 2001)


HDT WHAT INDEX


A few miles distant from the little town of St Menehould inthe north-east of France are the village and hill of Valmy andnear the crest of that hill a simple monument points out theburial-place of the heart of a general of the French republicand a Marshal of the French empireThe elder Kellerman (father of the distinguished officer of thatname whose cavalry-charge decided the Battle of Marengo) heldhigh commands in the French armies throughout the wars of theConvention the Directory the Consulate and the Empire Hesurvived those wars and the empire itself dying in extreme oldage in 1820 The last wish of the veteran on his deathbed wasthat his heart should be deposited in the battlefield of Valmythere to repose among the remains of his old companions in armswho had fallen at his side on that spot twenty-eight yearsbefore on the memorable day when they won the primal victoryof revolutionary France and prevented the armies of Brunswickand the emigrant bands of Conde from marching on defenselessParis and destroying the immature democracy in its cradleThe Duke of Valmy (for Kellerman when made one of Napoleonrsquosmilitary peers in 1802 took his title from this samebattlefield) had participated during his long and activecareer in the gaining of many a victory far more immediatelydazzling than the one the remembrance of which he thuscherished He had been present at many a scene of carnage whereblood flowed in deluges compared with which the libations ofslaughter poured out at Valmy would have seemed scant andinsignificant But he rightly estimated the paramount importanceof the battle with which he thus wished his appellation whileliving and his memory after his death to be identified Thesuccessful resistance which the new Carmagnole levies and thedisorganized relics of the old monarchyrsquos army then opposed tothe combined hosts and chosen leaders of Prussia Austria andthe French refugee noblesse determined at once and for ever thebelligerent character of the revolution The raw artisans andtradesmen the clumsy burghers the base mechanics and lowpeasant churls as it had been the fashion to term the middleand lower classes in France found that they could face cannon-balls pull triggers and cross bayonets without having beendrilled into military machines and without being officered byscions of noble houses They awoke to the consciousness of theirown instinctive soldiership They at once acquired confidencein themselves and in each other and that confidence soon grewinto a spirit of unbounded audacity and ambition ldquoFrom thecannonade of Valmy may be dated the commencement of that careerof victory which carried their armies to Vienna and theKremlinrdquoOne of the gravest reflections that arises from thecontemplation of the civil restlessness and military enthusiasmwhich the close of the last century saw nationalized in Franceis the consideration that these disturbing influences havebecome perpetual No settled system of government that shallendure from generation to generation that shall be proof


HDT WHAT INDEX


against corruption and popular violence seems capable of takingroot among the French And every revolutionary movement in Paristhrills throughout the rest of the world Even the successeswhich the powers allied against France gained in 1814 and 1815important as they were could not annul the effects of thepreceding twenty-three years of general convulsion and warIn 1830 the dynasty which foreign bayonets had imposed onFrance was shaken off and men trembled at the expected outbreakof French anarchy and the dreaded inroads of French ambitionThey ldquolooked forward with harassing anxiety to a period ofdestruction similar to that which the Roman world experiencedabout the middle of the third century of our erardquo Louis Philippecajoled Revolution and then strove with seeming success tostifle it But in spite of Fieschi laws in spite of the dazzleof Algerian razzias and Pyrenees-effacing marriages in spiteof hundreds of armed forts and hundreds of thousands ofcoercing troops Revolution lived and struggled to get freeThe old Titan spirit heaved restlessly beneath ldquothe monarchybased on republican institutionsrdquo At last four years ago thewhole fabric of kingcraft was at once rent and scattered to thewinds by the uprising of the Parisian democracy andinsurrections barricades and dethronementrsquos the downfall ofcoronets and crowns the armed collisions of parties systemsand populations became the commonplaces of recent EuropeanhistoryFrance now calls herself a republic She first assumed thattitle on the 20th of September 1792 on the very clay on whichthe battle of Valmy was fought and won To that battle thedemocratic spirit which in 1848 as well as in 1792 proclaimedthe Republic in Paris owed its preservation and it is thencethat the imperishable activity of its principles may be datedFar different seemed the prospects of democracy in Europe on theeve of that battle and far different would have been the presentposition and influence of the French nation if Brunswickrsquoscolumns had charged with more boldness or the lines ofDumouriez resisted with less firmness When France in 1792declared war with the great powers of Europe she was far frompossessing that splendid military organization which theexperience of a few revolutionary campaigns taught her toassume and which she has never abandoned The army of the oldmonarchy had during the latter part of the reign of Louis XVsunk into gradual decay both in numerical force and inefficiency of equipment and spirit The laurels gained by theauxiliary regiments which Louis XVI sent to the American wardid but little to restore the general tone of the army Theinsubordination and license which the revolt of the Frenchguards and the participation of other troops in many of thefirst excesses of the Revolution introduced among the soldierywere soon rapidly disseminated through all the ranks Under theLegislative Assembly every complaint of the soldier against hisofficer however frivolous or ill-founded was listened to witheagerness and investigated with partiality on the principlesof liberty and equality Discipline accordingly became more andmore relaxed and the dissolution of several of the old corps


HDT WHAT INDEX


under the pretext of their being tainted with an aristocraticfeeling aggravated the confusion and inefficiency of thedepartment Many of the most effective regiments during the lastperiod of the monarchy had consisted of foreigners These hadeither been slaughtered in defense of the throne againstinsurrections like the Swiss or had been disbanded and hadcrossed the frontier to recruit the forces which were assemblingfor the invasion of France Above all the emigration of thenoblesse had stripped the French army of nearly all its officersof high rank and of the greatest portion of its subalternsMore than twelve thousand of the high-born youth of France whohad been trained to regard military command as their exclusivepatrimony and to whom the nation had been accustomed to lookup as its natural guides and champions in the storm of war werenow marshaled beneath the banner of Conde and the other emigrantprinces for the overthrow of the French armies and thereduction of the French capital Their successors in the Frenchregiments and brigades had as yet acquired neither skill norexperience they possessed neither self-reliance nor the respectof the men who were under themSuch was the state of the wrecks of the old army but the bulkof the forces with which France began the war consisted of rawinsurrectionary levies which were even less to be depended onThe Carmagnoles as the revolutionary volunteers were calledflocked indeed readily to the frontier from every departmentwhen the war was proclaimed and the fierce leaders of theJacobins shouted that the country was in danger They were fullof zeal and courage ldquoheated and excited by the scenes of theRevolution and inflamed by the florid eloquence the songsdances and signal-words with which it had been celebratedrdquo Butthey were utterly undisciplined and turbulently impatient ofsuperior authority or systematical control Many ruffiansalso who were sullied with participation in the most sanguinaryhorrors of Paris joined the camps and were pre-eminent alikefor misconduct before the enemy and for savage insubordinationagainst their own officers On one occasion during the campaignof Valmy eight battalions of federates intoxicated withmassacre and sedition joined the forces under Dumouriez andsoon threatened to uproot all discipline saying openly that theancient officers were traitors and that it was necessary topurge the army as they had Paris of its aristocrats Dumouriezposted these battalions apart from the others placed a strongforce of cavalry behind them and two pieces of cannon on theirflank Then affecting to review them he halted at the head ofthe line surrounded by all his staff and an escort of a hundredhussars ldquoFellowsrdquo said he ldquofor I will not call you eithercitizens or soldiers you see before you this artillery behindyou this cavalry you are stained with crimes and I do nottolerate here assassins or executioners I know that there arescoundrels amongst you charged to excite you to crime Drivethem from amongst you or denounce them to me for I shall holdyou responsible for their conductrdquoOne of our recent historians of the Revolution who narrates


HDT WHAT INDEX


this incident thus apostrophizes the French general mdash

ldquoPatience O Dumouriez this uncertain heap ofshriekers mutineers were they once drilled andinured will become a phalanxed mass of fighters andwheel and whirl to order swiftly like the wind or thewhirlwind tanned mustachio-figures often barefooteven barebacked with sinews of iron who require onlybread and gunpowder very sons of fire the adroitesthastiest hottest ever seen perhaps since Attilarsquostimerdquo

Such phalanxed masses of fighters did the Carmagnoles ultimatelybecome but France ran a fearful risk in being obliged to relyon them when the process of their transmutation had barelycommencedThe first events indeed of the war were disastrous anddisgraceful to France even beyond what might have been expectedfrom the chaotic state in which it found her armies as well asher government In the hopes of profiting by the unpreparedstate of Austria then the mistress of the Netherlands theFrench opened the campaign of 1792 by an invasion of Flanderswith forces whose muster-rolls showed a numerical overwhelmingsuperiority to the enemy and seemed to promise a speedyconquest of that old battle-field of Europe But the first flashof an Austrian saber or the first sound of an Austrian gun wasenough to discomfit the French Their first corps four thousandstrong that advanced from Lille across the frontier camesuddenly upon a far inferior detachment of the Austrian garrisonof Tournay Not a shot was fired not a bayonet leveled Withone simultaneous cry of panic the French broke and ran headlongback to Lille where they completed the specimen ofinsubordination which they had given in the field by murderingtheir general and several of their chief officers On the sameday another division under Biron mustering ten thousand sabresand bayonets saw a few Austrian skirmishers reconnoiteringtheir position The French advanced posts had scarcely given andreceived a volley and only a few balls from the enemyrsquos field-pieces had fallen among the lines when two regiments of Frenchdragoons raised the cry ldquoWe are betrayedrdquo galloped off andwere followed in disgraceful rout by the rest of the whole armySimilar panics or repulses almost equally discreditableoccurred whenever Rochambeau or Luckner or La Fayette theearliest French generals in the war brought their troops intothe presence of the enemyMeanwhile the allied sovereigns had gradually collected on theRhine a veteran and finely-disciplined army for the invasion ofFrance which for numbers equipment and martial renown bothof generals and men was equal to any that Germany had ever sentforth to conquer Their design was to strike boldly anddecisively at the heart of France and penetrating the countrythrough the Ardennes to proceed by Chalons upon Paris Theobstacles that lay in their way seemed insignificant Thedisorder and imbecility of the French armies had been evenaugmented by the forced flight of Lafayette and a sudden change


HDT WHAT INDEX


of generals The only troops posted on or near the track by whichthe allies were about to advance were the twenty-three thousandmen at Sedan whom La Fayette had commanded and a corps oftwenty thousand near Metz the command of which had just beentransferred from Luckner to Kellerman There were only threefortresses which it was necessary for the allies to capture ormask mdash Sedan Longwy and Verdun The defenses and stores ofthese three were known to be wretchedly dismantled andinsufficient and when once these feeble barriers were overcomeand Chalons reached a fertile and unprotected country seemedto invite the invaders to this ldquomilitary promenade to Parisrdquowhich they gaily talked of accomplishingAt the end of July the allied army having completed allpreparations for the campaign broke up from its cantonmentsand marching from Luxembourg upon Longwy crossed the Frenchfrontier Sixty thousand Prussians trained in the school andmany of them under the eye of the Great Frederick heirs of theglories of the Seven Yearsrsquo War and universally esteemed thebest troops in Europe marched in one column against the centralpoint of attack Forty-five thousand Austrians the greater partof whom were picked troops and had served in the recent Turkishwar supplied two formidable corps that supported the flanks ofthe Prussians There was also a powerful body of Hessians andleagued with the Germans against the Parisian democracy camefifteen thousand of the noblest and bravest amongst the sons ofFrance In these corps of emigrants many of the highest bornof the French nobility scions of houses whose chivalrictrophies had for centuries filled Europe with renown served asrank and file They looked on the road to Paris as the path whichthey were to carve out by their swords to victory to honor tothe rescue of their king to reunion with their families to therecovery of their patrimony and to the restoration of theirorderOver this imposing army the allied sovereigns placed asgeneralissimo the Duke of Brunswick one of the minor reigningprinces of Germany a statesman of no mean capacity and who hadacquired in the Seven Yearsrsquo War a military reputation secondonly to that of the Great Frederick himself He had been deputeda few years before to quell the popular movements which thentook place in Holland and he had put down the attemptedrevolution in that country with a promptitude and completenesswhich appeared to augur equal success to the army that nowmarched under his orders on a similar mission into FranceMoving majestically forward with leisurely deliberation thatseemed to show the consciousness of superior strength and asteady purpose of doing their work thoroughly the Alliesappeared before Longwy on the 20th of August and the dispiritedand dependent garrison opened the gates of that fortress to themafter the first shower of bombs On the 2nd of September thestill more important stronghold of Verdun capitulated afterscarcely the shadow of resistanceBrunswickrsquos superior force was now interposed betweenKellermanrsquos troops on the left and the other French army nearSedan which La Fayettersquos flight had for the time left


HDT WHAT INDEX


destitute of a commander It was in the power of the Germangeneral by striking with an overwhelming mass to the right andleft to crush in succession each of these weak armies and theallies might then have marched irresistible and unresisted uponParis But at this crisis Dumouriez the new commander-in-chiefof the French arrived at the camp near Sedan and commenced aseries of movements by which he reunited the dispersed anddisorganized forces of his country checked the Prussian columnsat the very moment when the last obstacles of their triumphseemed to have given way and finally rolled back the tide ofinvasion far across the enemyrsquos frontierThe French fortresses had fallen but nature herself stilloffered to brave and vigorous defenders of the land the meansof opposing a barrier to the progress of the allies A ridge ofbroken ground called the Argonne extends from the vicinity ofSedan towards the southwest for about fifteen or sixteenleagues The country of LrsquoArgonne has now been cleared anddrained but in 1792 it was thickly wooded and the lowerportions of its unequal surface were filled with rivulets andmarshes It thus presented a natural barrier of from four orfive leagues broad which was absolutely impenetrable to anarmy except by a few defiles such as an inferior force mighteasily fortify and defend Dumouriez succeeded in marching hisarmy down from Sedan behind the Argonne and in occupying itspasses while the Prussians still lingered on the north-easternside of the forest line Ordering Kellerman to wheel round fromMetz to St Menehould and the reinforcements from the interiorand extreme north also to concentrate at that spot Dumourieztrusted to assemble a powerful force in the rear of the south-west extremity of the Argonne while with the twenty-fivethousand men under his immediate command he held the enemy atbay before the passes or forced him to a long circumvolutionround one extremity of the forest ridge during which favorableopportunities of assailing his flank were almost certain tooccur Dumouriez fortified the principal defiles and boastedof the Thermopylae which he had found for the invaders but thesimile was nearly rendered fatally complete for the defendingforce A pass which was thought of inferior importance hadbeen but slightly manned and an Austrian corps under Clairfaytforced it after some sharp fighting Dumouriez with greatdifficulty saved himself from being enveloped and destroyed bythe hostile columns that now pushed through the forest Butinstead of despairing at the failure of his plans and fallingback into the interior to be completely severed fromKellermanrsquos army to be hunted as a fugitive under the walls ofParis by the victorious Germans and to lose all chance of everrallying his dispirited troops he resolved to cling to thedifficult country in which the armies still were grouped toforce a junction with Kellerman and so to place himself at thehead of a force which the invaders would not dare to disregardand by which he might drag them back from the advance on Pariswhich he had not been able to bar Accordingly by a rapidmovement to the south during which in his own words ldquoFrancewas within a hairrsquos breadth of destructionrdquo and after with


HDT WHAT INDEX


difficulty checking several panics of his troops in which theyran by thousands at the sight of a few Prussian hussarsDumouriez succeeded in establishing his head-quarters in astrong position at St Menehould protected by the marshes andshallows of the river Aisne and Aube beyond which to the north-west rose a firm and elevated plateau called Dampierrersquos Campadmirably situated for commanding the road by Chalons to Parisand where he intended to post Kellermanrsquos army so soon as itcame up [Some late writers represent that Brunswick did notwish to church Dumouriez There is no sufficient authority forthis insinuation which seems to have been first prompted by adesire to soothe the wounded military pride of the Prussians]The news of the retreat of Dumouriez from the Argonne passesand or the panic flight of some divisions of his troops spreadrapidly throughout the country and Kellerman who believed thathis comradersquos army had been annihilated and feared to fallamong the victorious masses of the Prussians had halted on hismarch from Metz when almost close to St Menehould He hadactually commenced a retrograde movement when couriers from hiscommander-in-chief checked him from that fatal course and thencontinuing to wheel round the rear and left flank of the troopsat St Menehould Kellerman with twenty thousand of the armyof Metz and some thousands of volunteers who had joined him inthe march made his appearance to the west of Dumouriez on thevery evening when Westerman and Thouvenot two of the staff-officers of Dumouriez galloped in with the tidings thatBrunswickrsquos army had come through the upper passes of theArgonne in full force and was deploying on the heights of LaLune a chain of eminencersquos that stretch obliquely front south-west to north-east opposite the high ground which Dumouriezheld and also opposite but at a shorter distance from theposition which Kellerman was designed to occupyThe Allies were now in fact nearer to Paris than were theFrench troops themselves but as Dumouriez had foreseenBrunswick deemed it unsafe to march upon the capital with solarge a hostile force left in his rear between his advancingcolumns and his base of operations The young King of Prussiawho was in the allied camp and the emigrant princes eagerlyadvocated an instant attack upon the nearest French generalKellerman had laid himself unnecessarily open by advancingbeyond Dampierrersquos camp which Dumouriez had designed for himand moving forward across the Aube to the plateau of Valmy apost inferior in strength and space to that which he had leftand which brought him close upon the Prussian lines leaving himseparated by a dangerous interval from the troops underDumouriez himself It seemed easy for the Prussian army tooverwhelm him while thus isolated and then they might surroundand crush Dumouriez at their leisureAccordingly the right wing of the allied army moved forwardin the gray of the morning of the 20th of September to gainKellermanrsquos left flank and rear and cut him off from retreatupon Chalons while the rest of the army moving from the heightsof La Lune which here converge semi-circularly round theplateau of Valmy were to assail his position in front and


HDT WHAT INDEX


interpose between him and Dumouriez An unexpected collisionbetween some of the advanced cavalry on each side in the lowground warned Kellerman of the enemyrsquos approach Dumouriez hadnot been unobservant of the danger of his comrade thus isolatedand involved and he had ordered up troops to support Kellermanon either flank in the event of his being attacked These troopshowever moved forward slowly and Kellermanrsquos army ranged onthe plateau of Valmy ldquoprojected like a cape into the midst ofthe lines of the Prussian bayonetsrdquo A thick autumnal mistfloated in waves of vapor over the plains and ravines that laybetween the two armies leaving only the crests and peaks of thehills glittering in the early light About ten orsquoclock the fogbegan to clear off and then the French from their promontorysaw emerging from the white wreaths of mist and glittering inthe sunshine the countless Prussian cavalry which were toenvelope them as in a net if once driven from their positionthe solid columns of the infantry that moved forward as ifanimated by a single will the bristling batteries of theartillery and the glancing clouds of the Austrian light troopsfresh from their contests with the Spahis of the eastThe best and bravest of the French must have beheld thisspectacle with secret apprehension and awe However bold andresolute a man may be in the discharge of duty it is an anxiousand fearful thing to be called on to encounter danger amongcomrades of whose steadiness you can feel no certainty Eachsoldier of Kellermanrsquos army must have remembered the series ofpanic routs which had hitherto invariably taken place on theFrench side during the war and must have cast restless glancesto the right and left to see if any symptoms of wavering beganto show themselves and to calculate how long it was likely tobe before a general rush of his comrades to the rear would eitherhurry him off with involuntary disgrace or leave him alone andhelpless to be cut down by assailing multitudesOn that very morning and at the self-same hour in which theallied forces and the emigrants began to descend from La Luneto the attack of Valmy and while the cannonade was openingbetween the Prussian and the Revolutionary batteries the debatein the National Convention at Paris commenced on the proposalto proclaim France a RepublicThe old monarchy had little chance of support in the hall of theConvention but if its more effective advocates at Valmy hadtriumphed there were yet the elements existing in France for apermanent revival of the better part of the ancientinstitutions and for substituting Reform for Revolution Onlya few weeks before numerously signed addresses from the middleclasses in Paris Rouen and other large cities had beenpresented to the king expressive of their horror of theanarchists and their readiness to uphold the rights of thecrown together with the liberties of the subject And an armedresistance to the authority of the Convention and in favor ofthe king was in reality at this time being actively organizedin La Vendee and Brittany the importance of which may beestimated from the formidable opposition which the Royalists ofthese provinces made to the Republican party at a later period


HDT WHAT INDEX


and under much more disadvantageous circumstances It is a factpeculiarly illustrative of the importance of the battle ofValmy that ldquoduring the summer of 1792 the gentlemen ofBrittany entered into an extensive association for the purposeof rescuing the country from the oppressive yoke which had beenimposed by the Parisian demagogues At the head of the whole wasthe Marquis de la Rouarie one of those remarkable men who riseinto pre-eminence during the stormy days of a revolution fromconscious ability to direct its current Ardent impetuous andenthusiastic he was first distinguished in the American warwhen the intrepidity of his conduct attracted the admiration ofthe Republican troops and the same qualities rendered him atfirst an ardent supporter of the Revolution in France but whenthe atrocities of the people began he espoused with equalwarmth the opposite side and used the utmost efforts to rousethe noblesse of Brittany against the plebeian yoke which hadbeen imposed upon them by the National Assembly He submittedhis plan to the Count drsquoArtois and had organized one soextensive as would have proved extremely formidable to theConvention if the retreat of the Duke of Brunswick inSeptember 1792 had not damped the ardor of the whole of thewest of France then ready to break out into insurrectionrdquoAnd it was not only among the zealots of the old monarchy thatthe cause of the king would then have found friends Theineffable atrocities of the September massacres had justoccurred and the reaction produced by them among thousands whohad previously been active on the ultra-democratic side wasfresh and powerful The nobility had not yet been made utteraliens in the eyes of the nation by long expatriation and civilwar There was not yet a generation of youth educated inrevolutionary principles and knowing no worship save that ofmilitary glory Louis XVI was just and humane and deeplysensible of the necessity of a gradual extension of politicalrights among all classes of his subjects The Bourbon throneif rescued in 1792 would have had chances of stability suchas did not exist for it in 1814 and seem never likely to befound again in FranceServing under Kellerman on that day was one who experiencedperhaps the most deeply of all men the changes for good and forevil which the French Revolution has produced He who in hissecond exile bore the name of the Count de Neuilly in thiscountry and who lately was Louis Philippe King of the Frenchfigured in the French lines at Valmy as a young and gallantofficer cool and sagacious beyond his years and trustedaccordingly by Kellerman and Dumouriez with an important stationin the national army The Duc de Chartres (the title he thenbore) commanded the French right General Valence was on theleft and Kellerman himself took his post in the center whichwas the strength and key of his positionBesides these celebrated men who were in the French army andbesides the King of Prussia the Duke of Brunswick and othermen of rank and power who were in the lines of the Allies therewas an individual present at the battle of Valmy of littlepolitical note but who has exercised and exercises a greater


HDT WHAT INDEX


influence over the human mind and whose fame is more widelyspread than that of either duke or general or king This wasthe German poet Gothe who had out of curiosity accompaniedthe allied army on its march into France as a mere spectatorHe has given us a curious record of the sensations which heexperienced during the cannonade It must be remembered thatmany thousands In the French ranks then like Gothe felt theldquocannon feverrdquo for the first time The German poet saysmdash

ldquoI had heard so much of the cannon-fever that I wantedto know what kind of thing it was Ennui and a spiritwhich every kind of danger excites to daring nay evento rashness induced me to ride up quite coolly to theoutwork of La Lune This was again occupied by ourpeople but it presented the wildest aspect The roofswere shot to pieces the corn-shocks scattered aboutthe bodies of men mortally wounded stretched upon themhere and there and occasionally a spent cannon-ballfell and rattled among the ruins of the tile roofsldquoQuite alone and left to myself I rode away on theheights to the left and could plainly survey thefavorable position of the French they were standing inthe form of a semicircle in the greatest quiet andsecurity Kellerman then on the left wing being theeasiest to reachldquoI fell in with good company on the way officers of myacquaintance belonging to the general staff and theregiment greatly surprised to find me here They wantedto take me back again with them but I spoke to them ofparticular objects I had in view and their left mewithout further dissuasion to my well-known singularcapriceldquoI had now arrived quite in the region where the ballswere playing across me the sound of them is curiousenough as if it were composed of the humming of topsthe gurgling of water and the whistling of birds Theywere less dangerous by reason of the wetness of theground wherever one fell it stuck fast And thus myfoolish experimental ride was secured against thedanger at least of the balls reboundingldquoIn the midst of these circumstances I was soon ableto remark that something unusual was taking place withinme I paid close attention to it and still thesensation can be described only by similitude Itappeared as if you were in some extremely hot placeand at the same time quite penetrated by the heat ofit so that you feel yourself as it were quite onewith the element in which you are The eyes lose nothingof their strength or clearness but it is as if theworld had a kind of brown-red tint which makes thesituation as well as the surrounding objects moreimpressive I was unable to perceive any agitation ofthe blood but everything seemed rather to be swallowedup in the glow of which I speak From this then it is


HDT WHAT INDEX


clear in what sense this condition call be called afever It is remarkable however that the horribleuneasy feeling arising from it is produced in us solelythrough the ears for the cannon-thunder the howlingand crashing of the balls through the air is the realcause of these sensationsldquoAfter I had ridden back and was in perfect securityI remarked with surprise that the glow was completelyextinguished and not the slightest feverish agitationwas left behind On the whole this condition is one ofthe least desirable as indeed among my dear and noblecomrades I found scarcely one who expressed a reallypassionate desire to try itrdquo

Contrary to the expectations of both friends and foes the Frenchinfantry held their ground steadily under the fire of thePrussian guns which thundered on them from La Lune and theirown artillery replied with equal spirit and greater effect onthe denser masses of the allied army Thinking that thePrussians were slackening in their fire Kellerman formed acolumn in charging order and dashed down into the valley inthe hopes of capturing some of the nearest guns of the enemy Amasked battery opened its fire on the French column and droveit back in disorder Kellerman having his horse shot under himand being with difficulty carried off by his men The Prussiancolumns now advanced in turn The French artillerymen began towaver and desert their posts but were rallied by the effortsand example of their officers and Kellerman reorganizing theline of his infantry took his station in the ranks on foot andcalled out to his men to let the enemy come close up and thento charge them with the bayonet The troops caught theenthusiasm of their general and a cheerful shout of Vive lanation taken by one battalion from another pealed across thevalley to the assailants The Prussians flinched from a chargeup-hill against a force that seemed so resolute and formidablethey halted for a while in the hollow and then slowly retreatedup their own side of the valleyIndignant at being thus repulsed by such a foe the King ofPrussia formed the flower of his men in person and riding alongthe column bitterly reproached them with letting their standardbe thus humiliated Then he led them on again to the attackmarching in the front line and seeing his staff mowed downaround him by the deadly fire which the French artillery re-opened But the troops sent by Dumouriez were now cooperatingeffectually with Kellerman and that generalrsquos own men hushedby success presented a firmer front than ever Again thePrussians retreated leaving eight hundred dead behind and atnightfall the French remained victors on the heights of ValmyAll hopes of crushing the revolutionary armies and of thepromenade to Paris had now vanished though Brunswick lingeredlong in the Argonne till distress and sickness wasted away hisonce splendid force and finally but a mere wreck of it recrossedthe frontier France meanwhile felt that she possessed agiantrsquos strength and like a giant did she use it Before the


HDT WHAT INDEX


close of that year all Belgium obeyed the National Conventionat Paris and the kings of Europe after the lapse of eighteencenturies trembled once more before a conquering militaryRepublicGothersquos description of the cannonade has been quoted Hisobservation to his comrades in the camp of the Allies at theend of the battle deserves citation also It shows that thepoet felt (and probably he alone of the thousands thereassembled felt) the full importance of that day He describesthe consternation and the change of demeanor which he observedamong his Prussian friends that evening He tells us that ldquomostof them were silent and in fact the power of reflection andjudgment was wanting to all At last I was called upon to saywhat I thought of the engagement for I had been in the habitof enlivening and amusing the troop with short sayings Thistime I said lsquoFrom this place and from this day forth commencesa new era in the worldrsquos history and you can all say that youwere present at its birthrsquo

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARDmdash NO THATrsquoS GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIANrsquoS STORIES

LIFE ISNrsquoT TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD



HDT WHAT INDEX


Friedrich Schiller established a close friendship with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Under Goethersquos influence Schiller would quickly return to playwriting and during the period that followed would be composing WALLENSTEINrsquoS CAMP (1798) THE PICCOLOMINI (1799) WALLENSTEINrsquoS DEATH (1799) MARY STUART (1800) THE MAID OF ORLEANS (1801) and WILLIAM TELL (1804)

Upon joining the Weimar circle Alexander von Humboldt persuaded Goethe to begin his study of comparative anatomy Goethe recommended his new friend Schiller for professor of history at the University of Jena and Schiller authored his ldquoOde to Joyrdquo (An die Freude) mdash which is now the union song of the new European Union

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

1794



HDT WHAT INDEX


August 23 Sunday Friedrich Schiller wrote a now-famous letter in which he insightfully described the spirit of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as the spirit of a naiumlf who was aware of and determined to preserve his own naiveacuteteacute

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT



HDT WHAT INDEX


During this year and the next Johann Wolfgang von Goethe produced his WILHELM MEISTERS LEHRJAHRE in which he has the mysterious child Mignon whom the male lead has rescued from the circus troupe sing as follows

1795

Kennst du das Land wo die Zitronen bluumlhnIm dunkeln Laub die Gold-Orangen gluumlhnEin sanfter Wind vom blauen Himmel wehtDe Myrte still und hoch der Lorbeer stehtKennst du es wohl

Dahin DahinMoumlcht ich mit dir o mein Geliebter ziehn

Knowrsquost thou the land where lemon-trees do bloomAnd oranges like gold in leafy gloomA gentle wind from deep blue Heaven blowsThe myrtle thick and high the laurel growsKnowrsquost thou it then

rsquoTis there rsquotis thereO my belovrsquod one I with thee would go

This is as translated by Thomas Carlyle in 1824


HDT WHAT INDEX


This would eventually appear in LITTLE WOMEN in the introduction to the character known as Professor Bhaer (Louisa May Alcottrsquos impression of the stocky Cambridge teacher Professor Louis Agassiz Harvardrsquos racist biologist during that era)

WHAT IrsquoM WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND

YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

I was thanking my stars that Irsquod learned to make nice buttonholes when the parlor door opened and shut and some one began to hum mdash

ldquoKennst du das Landrdquo

like a big bumblebee It was dreadfully improper I know but I couldnrsquot resist the temptation and lifting one end of the curtain before the glass door I peeped in Professor Bhaer was there and while he arranged his books I took a good look at him A regular German mdash rather stout with brown hair tumbled all over his head a bushy beard good nose the kindest eyes I ever saw and a splendid big voice that does onersquos ears good after our sharp or slipshod American gabble His clothes were rusty his hands were large and he hadnrsquot a really handsome feature in his face except his beautiful teeth yet I liked him for he had a fine head his linen was very nice and he looked like a gentleman though two buttons were off his coat and there was a patch on one shoe He looked sober in spite of his humming till he went to the window to turn the hyacinth bulbs toward the sun and stroke the cat who received him like an old friend Then he smiled and when a tap came at the door called out in a loud brisk tone mdash ldquoHereinrdquo



HDT WHAT INDEX


April 25 Monday French forces captured Cherasco and Alba northwest of Genoa

In the Hoftheater of Weimar incidental music to Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos play Egmont by Johann Friedrich Reichardt was performed for the initial time

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION GOOD

1796



HDT WHAT INDEX


From this year until 1800 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would be putting out his journal Propylaumlen

THE FALLACY OF MOMENTISM THIS STARRY UNIVERSE DOES NOT CONSIST OF A SEQUENCE OF MOMENTS THAT IS A FIGMENT ONE WE

HAVE RECOURSE TO IN ORDER TO PRIVILEGE TIME OVER CHANGE A PRIVILEGING THAT MAKES CHANGE SEEM UNREAL DERIVATIVE A

MERE APPEARANCE IN FACT IT IS CHANGE AND ONLY CHANGE WHICH WE EXPERIENCE AS REALITY TIME BEING BY WAY OF RADICAL

CONTRAST UNEXPERIENCED mdash A MERE INTELLECTUAL CONSTRUCT THERE EXISTS NO SUCH THING AS A MOMENT NO INSTANT HAS EVER

FOR AN INSTANT EXISTED

1798



HDT WHAT INDEX


November 12 Monday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote to Friedrich Schiller ldquoYour letter found me in the ILIAD to which I always return with delight It is always as if one were in a balloon far above everything earthly as if one were truly in that intermediate zone where the gods float hither and thitherrdquo (Goethersquos reference was to the balloon ascent of November 21 1783 which had impressed him)

BETWEEN ANY TWO MOMENTS ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF MOMENTS AND BETWEEN THESE OTHER MOMENTS LIKEWISE AN INFINITE NUMBER THERE BEING NO ATOMIC MOMENT JUST AS THERE IS NO ATOMIC POINT ALONG A LINE MOMENTS ARE THEREFORE FIGMENTS THE PRESENT MOMENT IS A MOMENT AND AS SUCH IS A FIGMENT A FLIGHT OF THE IMAGINATION TO WHICH NOTHING REAL CORRESPONDS SINCE PAST MOMENTS HAVE PASSED OUT OF EXISTENCE AND FUTURE MOMENTS HAVE YET TO ARRIVE WE NOTE THAT THE PRESENT MOMENT IS ALL

THAT EVER EXISTS mdash AND YET THE PRESENT MOMENT BEING A MOMENT IS A FIGMENT TO WHICH NOTHING IN REALITY CORRESPONDS



HDT WHAT INDEX


In this year Friedrich Schiller took up residence in Weimar where he and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would collaborate to make the Weimar Theatre one of the most prestigious theatrical houses in Germany He was creating his play THE PICCOLOMINI The German playwright again as he had in 1795 in his poem ldquoThe Veiled Statue at Saisrdquo asserted in his THE WORDS OF ILLUSION that ldquono mortal hand will lift the veil of truthrdquo This was typical Germano-Romantic philosophical resignation of the ldquopresume not to scanrdquo variety we are simply to admire the works of God rather than have the presumption to attempt to understand them Philosophy and natural philosophy are simply wrong in their attempts to make rents in the necessary veil surrounding Truth Needless to say this was very much at odds with what we will find to be the attitude that Alexander von Humboldt and Henry Thoreau would take toward the lifting of the veil of Isis

ldquoMAGISTERIAL HISTORYrdquo IS FANTASIZING HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN

WALDEN With a little more deliberation in the choice of theirpursuits all men would perhaps become students and observersfor certainly their nature and destiny are interesting to allalike In accumulating property for ourselves or our posterityin founding a family or a state or acquiring fame even we aremortal but in dealing with truth we are immortal and need fearno change nor accident The oldest Egyptian or Hindoo philosopherraised a corner of the veil from the statue of the divinity andstill the trembling robe remains raised and I gaze upon as fresha glory as he did since it was I in him that was then so boldand it is he in me that now reviews the vision No dust has settledon that robe no time has elapsed since that divinity wasrevealed That time which we really improve or which isimprovable is neither past present nor future

ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX


At the age of about 21 Elisabeth Catharina Ludovica Magdalena Brentano began to help collect the folk songs that would appear in DES KNABEN WUNDERHORN a collaborative work of her poet brother and her future husband Ludwig Achim von Arnim She began an intimate correspondence with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who was 58



One of the widespread sources of iron bog iron ore or limonite (HFeO2) was in this year renamed as ldquogoethiterdquo in honor of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1806

BETTINA BRENTANO VON ARNIM

Bettina Brentano von Arnim ldquoStack of the Artist of Kouroordquo Project


HDT WHAT INDEX


At the high end of the literary scale Part I of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUST DER TRAGOumlDIE ERSTER TEIL

Also Felicia Dorothea Browne published POEMS written between age 8 and age 13

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY

FELICIA DOROTHEA BROWNE

LIVERPOOL

PRINTED BY G F HARRIS

FOR T CADELL AND W DAVIES STRAND

LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE

FOLLOWING PRODUCTIONS OF EARLY YOUTH

1808

FELICIA DOROTHEA HEMANS


HDT WHAT INDEX


ARE

(BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESSrsquoS GRACIOUS PERMISSION)

MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED

BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESSrsquoS HIGHLY OBLIGED

AND MOST GRATEFUL SERVANT F D BROWNE

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADVERTISEMENTThe following pieces are the genuine productions of a young lady written between the age of eight and thirteen years By this information it is not intended to arrogate to them that favour to which they may perhaps have no intrinsic claim but if it should appear that they possess a degree of merit sufficient to obtain the approbation of the reader the circumstances under which they have been produced may give them that additional interest to which they are most truly intitled They owe their publication to the kind and condescending favour of the RIGHT HONOURABLE VISCOUNTESS KIRKWALL to the regard and partialities of friendship and to the hope that they may in some degree be rendered subservient to the earnest wish of the young authoress for intellectual improvement

FIGURING OUT WHAT AMOUNTS TO A ldquoHISTORICAL CONTEXTrdquo IS WHAT THE CRAFT OF HISTORICIZING AMOUNTS TO AND THIS NECESSITATES

DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE SET OF EVENTS THAT MUST HAVE TAKEN PLACE BEFORE EVENT E COULD BECOME POSSIBLE AND MOST

CAREFULLY DISTINGUISHING THEM FROM ANOTHER SET OF EVENTS THAT COULD NOT POSSIBLY OCCUR UNTIL SUBSEQUENT TO EVENT E



HDT WHAT INDEX


Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos THEORY OF COLORS

Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos autobiography AUS MEINEM LEBEN DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT (FROM MY LIFE POETRY AND TRUTH)

1810


HDT WHAT INDEX


July 19 Sunday While taking the cure at Teplitz (Teplice) Ludwig van Beethoven and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe met for the initial time Beethoven will would on August 9th ldquoGoethe delights far too much in the court atmosphere Far more than was becoming a poetrdquo Goethe would write on September 2d ldquoHis talent amazed me unfortunately he was an utterly untamed personality who was not altogether in the wrong in holding the world to be detestable but surely does not make it any the more enjoyable for himself or others by his attituderdquo

At Sackets Harbor on the New York shore of Lake Ontario the Canadian Provincial Marine Fleet attempted to recover its schooner Lord Nelson but was driven off

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal

1st day 7 M 19th Silent meetings the forenoon was a pretty good one to me mdash between meetings Meribeth Easton was buried She was the Widow of Walter Easton thorsquo she retaind a right of membership her memory is very precious

YOU HAVE TO ACCEPT EITHER THE REALITY OF TIME OVER THAT OF CHANGE OR CHANGE OVER TIME mdash ITrsquoS PARMENIDES OR

HERACLITUS I HAVE GONE WITH HERACLITUS

July 27 Monday Ludwig van Beethoven left Teplitz (Teplice) and would never seen Johann Wolfgang von Goethe again

1812



HDT WHAT INDEX


Friend Luke Howardrsquos classification scheme for clouds appeared in Dr Thomas Ignatius Maria Forsterrsquos RESEARCHES ABOUT ATMOSPHERIC PHAENOMENAE

They also appeared in this year in Thomas Thomsonrsquos Annals of Philosophy or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics Natural History Agriculture and the Arts

ldquoWhen the cirrus is seen in detached tufts called Marersquos Tails it may be regarded as a sign of windrdquo ldquoOf the cloud the other part remains cirriformrdquo ndashObviously we need to figure out whether and if so when Henry Thoreau consulted such derivative presentations

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would use Friend Lukersquos classification scheme in his weather journals mdash and

1813

Friend Luke Howard by John Opie


HDT WHAT INDEX


would dedicate four poems to him Apparently unaware of the slightly earlier and more elaborate classification scheme by Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck he would praise this Quaker meteorologist as ldquothe first to hold fast conceptually the airy and always changing form of clouds to limit and fasten down the indefinite the intangible and unattainable and give them appropriate namesrdquo Goethe would write one of these four poems between 1817 and 1821 and first publish it in 1822 He would in 1827 insert this among his collected poems in the section ldquoGod and worldrdquo

AtmosphaumlreHowards Ehrengedaumlchtnis9

Wenn Gottheit Camarupa hoch und hehrDurch Luumlfte schwankend wandelt leicht und schwerDes Schleiers Falten sammelt sie zerstreutAm Wechsel der Gestalten sich erfreutJetzt starr sich haumllt dann schwindet wie ein TraumDa staunen wir und traun dem Auge kaum

Nun regt sich kuumlhn des eignen Bildens KraftDie Unbestimmtes zu Bestimmtem schafftDa droht ein Leu dort wogt ein ElefantKameles Hals zum Drachen umgewandtEin Heer zieht an doch triumphiert es nichtDa es die Macht am steilen Felsen brichtDer treuste Wolkenbote selbst zerstiebtEh er die Fern erreicht wohin man liebt

Er aber Howard gibt mit reinem SinnUns neuer Lehre herrlichsten GewinnWas sich nicht halten nicht erreichen laumlszligtEr faszligt es an er haumllt zuerst es festBestimmt das Unbestimmte schraumlnkt es einBenennt es treffend mdash Sei die Ehre dein mdashWie Streife steigt sich ballt zerflattert faumllltErinnre dankbar deiner sich die Welt

In honour of Mr HowardWhen Camarupa wavering on highLightly and slowly travels orsquoer the skyNow closely draws her veil now spreads it wideAnd joys to see the changing figures glideNow firmly stands now like a vision fliesWe pause in wonder and mistrust our eyes

Then boldly stirs imaginationrsquos powerAnd shapes there formless masses of the hourHere lions threat there elephants will rangeAnd camel-necks to vapoury dragons changeAn army moves but not in victory proudIts might is broken on a rock of cloudErsquoen the cloud messenger in air expiresEre reachrsquod the distance fancy yet desires

But Howard gives us with his clearer mindThe gain of lessons new to all mankindThat which no hand can reach no hand can claspHe first has gainrsquod first held with mental graspDefinrsquod the doubtful fixrsquod its limit-lineAnd named it fitly mdashBe the honour thineAs clouds ascend are folded scatter fall

9 Goethe Gedichte (Ausgabe letzter Hand 1827) S 746


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Let the world think of thee who taught it all

StratusWhen orsquoer the silent bosom of the seaThe cold mist hangs like a stretchrsquod canopyAnd the moon mingling there her shadowy beamsA spirit fashioning other spirits seemsWe feel in moments pure and bright as thisThe joy of innocence the thrill of blissThen towering up in the darkening mountainrsquos sideAnd spreading as it rolls its curtains wideIt mantles round the mid-way height and thereIt sinks in water-drops or soars in air

CumulusStill soaring as if some celestial callImpellrsquod it to yon heavenrsquos sublimest hallHigh as the clouds in pomp and power arrayedEnshrined in strength in majesty displayedAll the soulrsquos secret thoughts it seems to moveBeneath it trembles while it frowns above

CirrusAnd higher higher yet the vapors rollTriumph is the noblest impulse of the soulThen like a lamb whose silvery robes are shedThe fleecy piles dissolved in dew drops spreadOr gently waft to the realms of restFind a sweet welcome in the Fatherrsquos breast

NimbusNow downwards by the worldrsquos attraction drivenThat tends to earth which has uprisrsquon to heavenThreatening in the mad thunder-cloud as whenFierce legions clash and vanish from the plainSad destiny of the troubled world but seeThe mist is now dispersing gloriouslyAnd language fails us in its vain endeavourmdashThe spirit mounts above and lives forever


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Among painters JMW Turner

John Constable

JMW Turnerrsquos Breakers on a Flat Beach 1830-1835
John Constable Cloud Study 1822


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and Caspar David Friedrich

would rely on Friend Luke Howardrsquos classification scheme in their depictions of clouds

ONE COULD BE ELSEWHERE AS ELSEWHERE DOES EXIST ONE CANNOT BE ELSEWHEN SINCE ELSEWHEN DOES NOT

(TO THE WILLING MANY THINGS CAN BE EXPLAINED


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THAT FOR THE UNWILLING WILL REMAIN FOREVER MYSTERIOUS)

Winter Arthur Schopenhauer had conversations with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe on color theory



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August On a romantic trip down the Rhine River inspecting medieval castle ruins in the moonlight Percy Bysshe Shelley got Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft good and (to deploy an Americanism) knocked up

(This primapara of an adolescing female would be severely premature and would be a SIDS death during the night) One of the places at which the meacutenage stopped was at Mannheim near the ruins of a Herr Frankensteinrsquos castle Although it is not known whether she was exposed to the ruin at that time or only later became aware of its legend through Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUST Mary of course would come to utilize that name Frankenstein10

There were at this point about 3000 American sailors being held in the dour granite prison complex near the mist-enshrouded village of Princeton on the stark Devonshire moor about a dayrsquos march from the port town of Plymouth England

IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT IT IS MORTALS WHO CONSUME OUR HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS FOR WHAT WE ARE ATTEMPTING TO DO IS EVADE THE RESTRICTIONS OF THE HUMAN LIFESPAN (IMMORTALS

1814

10 The name ldquoFrankensteinrdquo had begun neither as the name of the ldquoMad Scientistrdquo nor as the name of his horrid Lon Cheney monster but as literally the stone of the Franks (a Teuton tribe) Around 500CE the Franks took control of a northern part of the Roman empire including Gaul Within this territory was a Roman quarry near what is now Darmstadt Germany The earliest person known to have been using ldquoFrankensteinrdquo Stone of the Franks as a family surname was the knight Arbogast von Frankenstein In the 13th Century near the site of this quarry a castle was erected for a Baron von Frankenstein and his knights One of the knights of the 16th Century Sir George Frankenstein is reputed to have sacrificed his life in combat to save beautiful Annemarie ldquoRose of the Valleyrdquo (Hmmm) Carvings in his crypt near the ruin depict him slaying a dragon with the dragonrsquos tail piercing his armor Another figure was Johann Konrad Dippel born in the castle in 1673 who studied Philippus Paracelsus and claimed an ability to create life who sometimes signed himself ldquoFrankensteinardquo Whatever secret this wandering scholar and alchemist who also claimed to have in his possession the philosopherrsquos stone had for the control of life it evidently died with him in 1734 The brothers Grimm would write a tale about a dragonslayer from the Frankenstein district Goethe who would spend much of his life producing an epic poem about the quest for self-knowledge had spent part of his youth near the ruin and later read his Faust manuscript in progress to a circle of friends from Darmstadt under some linden trees near the ruin In the manuscript Faust sells his soul to the devil in seeking the philosopherrsquos stone and the secret of life and its creation

CRIMPING


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WITH NOTHING TO LIVE FOR TAKE NO HEED OF OUR STORIES)



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Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos JOURNEY TO ITALY

Goethersquos Sprichwortlich from which Henry Thoreau would extrapolate lines 458-9 ldquoWould you know the ripest cherries Ask the boys and blackbirdsrdquo and produce

1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



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Goethe began to deal at this point with issues of meteorology In this year he read a translation of Friend Luke Howardrsquos essay into German done by Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert for the Annalen der Physik and it would be this morphological cloud classification scheme which would be used in the weather observation network that would be established under Goethersquos supervision after 1821 in the grand duchy of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach The ldquosimple modificationsrdquo designated as stratus cumulus cirrus and nimbus by Howard would be described in a poem dedicated to Howard and this poem would be published both in German and in English translation in Goethersquos journal on natural sciences in 1820 and in 1822 Goethe would include an autobiographical sketch supplied to him by Howard11 Later a review of Friend Lukersquos THE CLIMATE OF LONDON would appear in the same journal and special mention would be made of the urban heat-island effect he had discovered Goethe would developed his own concept of a three-layer atmospheric stratification He would enlarge upon and refine Howardrsquos classification scheme by distinguishing between cumulus clouds with horizontal bases and those ragged cumulus which nowadays are designated as cumulus fractus

In this year Dr Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster again presented his elaboration of Friend Lukersquos nomenclature of clouds (plus chapters on meteors and electricity) as RESEARCHES ABOUT ATMOSPHERIC PHAENOMENAE printed in London ldquoWhen the cirrus is seen in detached tufts called Marersquos Tails it may be regarded as a sign of windrdquo ldquoOf the cloud the other part remains cirriformrdquo ndashObviously we need to figure out whether and when Thoreau consulted this derivative presentation

HISTORYrsquoS NOT MADE OF WOULD WHEN SOMEONE REVEALS FOR INSTANCE THAT SOMETHING WOULD IN THE FUTURE BE

EXTRAPOLATED FROM A WRITING SHE DISCLOSES THAT WHAT IS BEING CRAFTED IS NOT REALITY BUT PREDESTINARIANISM THE RULE

11 Where Friend Luke self-described as ldquoI am a man of domestic habits and very happy in my family and a few friends whose company I quit with reluctance to join other circlesrdquo Goethe was vastly impressed This was the sort of mentality Goethe suspected for which nature would gladly disclose her secrets


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OF REALITY IS THAT THE FUTURE HASNrsquoT EVER HAPPENED YET

December 25 Monday Meeresstille und gluumlckliche Fahrt a cantata by Ludwig van Beethoven to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time in the groszligen Redoutensaal Vienna along with the premiere of his overture Namensfeier


2nd day 25 of 12 M 1815 This has been a very pleasant day for the Time called Christmas The forepart of it was a clear sky amp fine wholesome Air - The Afternoon was some cloudy as was the evening amp the Air more raw - it is a great favor to the Poor of the Town that Winter thus keeps off - we have had no snow yet amp wood is plenty thorsquo at the great price of $8 P Cord mdash-My H set the Afternoon at Br Davids mdash Rebecca Sessions set the evening with us mdash


RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS


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April 17 Wednesday The New York General Assembly passed a canal law

Myron Holley had been elected to the New York General Assembly and had helped Senator DeWitt Clinton get this Erie Canal project underway He Stephen Van Rensselaer De Witt Clinton Joseph Ellicott and Samuel Young were designated as commissioners in parallel with their service respectively in the Assembly and in the Senate Nathan Roberts would assist Benjamin Wright on the portion of the canal between Rome and Montezuma Canvass White was hired to assist on the final survey Holley and Young were to be acting commissioners with actual duties on salary Holley would be appointed Treasurer of the canal commission and would purchase a home in Lyons New York in order to be near the canal For eight years he would be traveling by horse from place to place using his saddle bags as his office sleeping in shacks and in backwoods inns and working on his accounts by candlelight In handling $2500000 in public funds at the end he would be discovered with a $30000 deficit at least half of which was in notes he had put his signature to in order to keep the canal project moving forward For this he would need to make over his Lyons property to the state

Josef von Spaun wrote to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe enclosing manuscript copies of settings of his poems by ldquoa 19-year-old composer by the name of Franz Schubertrdquo He asked whether Schubert might dedicate an edition of his German songs to the poet (these manuscripts would arrive back at the sender without comment)



1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


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Friend Luke Howard delivered a series of lectures on meteorology (in 1837 SEVEN LECTURES IN METEOROLOGY would become the 1st textbook on the weather)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos essay ldquoWolkengestalt nach Howardrdquo (ldquoCloud-shapes according to Howardrdquo) appeared in ZUR NATURWISSENSCHAFT UumlBERHAUPT along with Goethersquos poetic fragments honoring Friend Luke




Er aber Howard gibt mit reinem SinnUns neuer Lehre herrlichsten GewinnWas sich nicht halten nicht erreichen laumlszligtEr faszligt es an er haumllt zuerst es festBestimmt das Unbestimmte schraumlnkt es einBenennt es treffend mdash Sei die Ehre dein mdashWie Streife steigt sich ballt zerflattert faumlllt

1817




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Erinnre dankbar deiner sich die Welt


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February 28 Sunday Former President Thomas Jefferson presided over the foundation of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville (He had designed the first buildings of the campus The first classes would not begin until 1825)

Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft Shelley left Naples

At Viennarsquos Redoutensaal Die Huldigung a cantata by Johann Baptist Schenk to words of Houmllty was performed for the initial time

Schaumlfers Klagelied D121 to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe the first of Franz Schubertrsquos lieder to be presented in public was performed for the initial time in the Gasthof ldquozum roumlmischen Kaiserrdquo

A total of 66 students were registered at the Yearly Meeting School of the Religious Society of Friends in Providence Rhode Island


1st day 28th of 2nd M 1819 Our morning Meeting was silent amp rather smaller than usual owing to a number of friends amp attenders of our meeting having gone to Portsmouth to attend the funeral of Mary Mott daughter of our late friend Jacob Mott who departed this life the 26th inst at the old Mansion house her remains were carried to friends Meeting house amp after Meeting interdIn the Afternoon father Rodman deliverd a few words very appropriate amp to me savory mdash

CONTINGENCYALTHOUGH VERY MANY OUTCOMES ARE OVERDETERMINED WE TRUST

THAT SOMETIMES WE ACTUALLY MAKE REAL CHOICES

1819




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George Bancroft was awarded the PhD at the University of Goumlttingen

He would go on to study under Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher in Berlin until 1821 While in Europe he would study oriental languages and the Higher Criticism and meet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

July Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos verses in honor of Friend Luke Howard appeared in Goldrsquos and Northhousersquos London Magazine and Theatrical Inquisitor




Er aber Howard gibt mit reinem Sinn

1820



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Uns neuer Lehre herrlichsten GewinnWas sich nicht halten nicht erreichen laumlszligtEr faszligt es an er haumllt zuerst es festBestimmt das Unbestimmte schraumlnkt es einBenennt es treffend mdash Sei die Ehre dein mdashWie Streife steigt sich ballt zerflattert faumllltErinnre dankbar deiner sich die Welt



But Howard gives us with his clearer mindThe gain of lessons new to all mankindThat which no hand can reach no hand can claspHe first has gainrsquod first held with mental graspDefinrsquod the doubtful fixrsquod its limit-lineAnd named it fitly mdashBe the honour thineAs clouds ascend are folded scatter fallLet the world think of thee who taught it all



CirrusAnd higher higher yet the vapors rollTriumph is the noblest impulse of the soulThen like a lamb whose silvery robes are shedThe fleecy piles dissolved in dew drops spreadOr gently waft to the realms of rest


HDT WHAT INDEX


Find a sweet welcome in the Fatherrsquos breast


September 16 Saturday Carl Loewe visited Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Jena

A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology German physicist Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger presented a paper at the University of Halle describing his electromagnetic experiments He had found that the strength of a current running through a wire can be measured based on the amount of deflection of a compass needle in effect creating a galvanometer

December 1 Friday Franz Schubertrsquos song Erlkoumlnig to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time outside the Schubert circle in the home of Ignaz Sonnleithner at Vienna

ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX


January 25 Thursday Erlkonig a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time in a public hall the Musikverein of Vienna

Temperatures in New-York dropped as low as -14deg and thousands were able to walk from Jersey City New Jersey to Manhattan on the frozen ice on the Hudson (North) River They also walked to Brooklyn and to Governorrsquos Island

Incorporation of the town of Concord Maine

In Newport Rhode Island Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal

5th day 25th of 1st M 1821 Our Monthly Meeting this day held in Newport was very small owing to the extreme cold weather amp the drifting of the Snow but two friends amp they young men came from Portsmouth amp only nine women attended mdash yet we held the Meeting amp transacted the affairs of Society I trust in an honorable way mdash Such was the uncommon cold that no blame could be attatched to those who did not attend in the morning the Mercury in The Thermometer stood 8 degrees below Zero amp rose to only six above at any time of the Day

March 7 Wednesday The Reverend Elijah Demond was ordained as the pastor of the Congregational Church of West Newbury Massachusetts The Reverend Warren Fay of the First Congregational Church in Charlestown presented and Crocker amp Brewster (No 50 Cornhill in Boston) would print during this year A SERMON DELIVERED MARCH 7 1821 AT THE ORDINATION OF THE REV ELIJAH DEMOND AS PASTOR OF THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AND SOCIETY IN WEST NEWBURY MASS

At Rieti northeast of Rome Austrian troops defeated the constitutional army of the Two Sicilies This effectively ended the liberal revolution in that nation

Two works by Franz Schubert Das Dorfchen a vocal quartet to words of Burger and Gesang der Geister uber den Wassern for male octet to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were performed for the initial time in the Karntnertortheater of Vienna There was also the initial public offering of ldquoErlkonigrdquo a song by Schubert to words of Goethe

March 31 Saturday ldquoErlkonigrdquo a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was published by Cappi and Diabelli to great success

The New York legislature incorporated the Ontario Canal Company

1821



HDT WHAT INDEX


April 30 Gretchen am Spinnrade a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was published by Cappi and Diabelli

Haci Salih Pasha replaced Benderli Ali Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

May 29 Tuesday In Beverly the Reverend Elijah Demond got married with Lucy Brown daughter of Aaron Brown of Groton

Cappi and Diabelli of Vienna published four songs by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as his op3 Schafers Klagelied Heideroslein and the 2d settings of Meeresstille and Jagers Abendlied They also published three other of Schubertrsquos songs as his op4 Der Wanderer to words of Schmidt von Lubeck Morgenlied to words of Werner and the 1st setting of Wandrers Nachtlied to words of Goethe

Sarah Moore Grimkeacute was accepted as a Friend and as a member of the Fourth and Arch Street monthly meeting of the Religious Society of Friends

July 9 Monday Five songs by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were published by Cappi and Diabelli Vienna as his op5 Raslose Liebe Naumlhe des Geliebten Der Fischer Erster Verlust and Der Konig in Thule

November 2 Friday Carl Friedrich Zelter arrived in Weimar from Berlin along with his daughter and a promising young student named Felix Mendelssohn He wanted them to make the acquaintance of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

November 4 Sunday In Weimar Felix Mendelssohn met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for the initial time In spite of the vast difference in their ages over the following couple of weeks the two would forge a strong friendship Felix had brought several songs by his sister Fanny on Goethe texts mdash the poet was delighted and would in gratitude compose a poem for Fanny Also present was the Weimar Kapellmeister Johann Nepomuk Hummel


1st day 4th of 11th M Our Meetings were both Silent amp small the day being rainy - to me seasons of wading but some help experienced for which I desire to be thankful mdash



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November 11 Sunday (October 30th Old Style14) Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevski was born at Moscowrsquos hospital for the poor

At a musical gathering in Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos home in Weimar visiting musicians played through Felix Mendelssohnrsquos Piano Quartet in D led by his teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter Goethe who had heard the 7-year-old Mozart stated that Mendelssohnrsquos accomplishment at such a young age bordered ldquoon the miraculousrdquo


1st day 11th of 11th M Our morning meeting was a solemn favord season - Hannah Dennis first appeared in Supplication -then father Rodman in a lively testimony - then Hannah followed in a communication lively amp pertinent amp Solemn amp I thought the meeting closed with rather uncommon weight mdash In the Afternoon we were Silent but it appeard to me there was a good degree Of favor vouchsafed mdash

14 Although Russia had moved the start of its year to January 1st as of 1700 it would not switch over from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar until February 14 1918 (New Style) Hence they refer to the Revolution of 1917 as their October Revolution despite the fact that it did not break out until November 7th New Style (October 25th Old Style)



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May 21 Tuesday At some point subsequent to the 20th Percy Bysshe Shelley authored ldquoThe Triumph of Liferdquo

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe received courtesy of the composer a copy of Ludwig van Beethovenrsquos Meeresstille un gluckliche Fahrt a cantata composed to Goethersquos words


1st day [sic] 21st of 5 M 1822 Our Meetings were both Silent amp to me pretty good seasons in comparrison with some meeting that I have sat in of late mdash amp my heart was in measure thankful for the favour mdashAfter tea walked with Sister Ruth out to David Buffum Jr to see their little son Benjamin who is very ill with the Quincy or Putrid sore throat mdashSister Ruth staid to Watch - with John amp his cousin Richard I walked to Tomany Hill amp then returned

October 7 Monday The Mendelssohn family made a visit to Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos home in Weimar This was for Felix Mendelssohn the 2d meeting with the poet Fanny played Bach and her Goethe songs for him When Felix played the poet remarked ldquoYou are my David and if I am ever ill and sad you must banish my bad dreams by your playingrdquo


2nd day Morning mdash Rode out to Thos Arnolds on buisness he not being at home had to go a second time to meet [mdash]mdash Dined at MB - then Walked to the School House amp after sitting a little while walked [mdash] town visited mary Anthony her husband not at home made several other calls returned to the School House mset part of the eveing then returned to my very agreeable quarters amp spent the remainder of the evening [mdash] pleasant conversation mdash

December 13 Friday Eight songs by Franz Schubert were published by Cappi and Diabelli Vienna Drei Gesange des Harfners to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as his op12 and Der Schafer und der Reiter to words of Fouque Lob der Tranen to words of von Schlegel and Der Alpenjager to words of Mayrhofer all as his op13 and the first setting of Suleika and Geheimes both to words of Goethe as his op14

1822




HDT WHAT INDEX


A translation into English of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUST was published by J Murray accompanied by Friedrich Schillerrsquos ldquoSong of the Bellrdquo

February 20 Thursday British sealerexplorer James Weddell aboard the brig Jane fixes his position at 74ordm 15 S at 34ordm 16 45 W in antarctic waters This furthest south will not be bested until 1841

Gretchen am Spinnrade D118 a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed publicly for the initial time in the Vienna Musikverein


5th day 20 of 2 M Small Meeting amp heavy - Mind much in sympathy with Friends at New Bedford where a serious difficulty exists mdash Mary Newhall is there which the State of things in the minds of Some there causes much ferment amp distress among the faithful mdashHave this amp last evening Visited dear Sister Elizabeth Rodman in her shop where I rejoice to find her comfortable amp I am willing to hope on the way for recovery - The severe surgical operation She has undergone excited my deepest sympathy amp often involved me in deep distress on her account mdash while sitting with her I could feel no clear prospect that her health would ever be again established but hope amp desire is very strong on her account mdash

August 5 Tuesday Maria Szymanowska met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for the first time in Marienbad He was quite taken terming her the ldquofemale Hummelrdquo

1823



HDT WHAT INDEX


October 27 Monday Two songs by Franz Schubert were published by Sauer and Leidesdorf Vienna as his op24 the second setting of Gruppe aus dem Tartarus to words of Schiller and Schlummerlied (Schlaflied) to words of Mayrhofter

Maria Szymanowska performed for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Weimar during her 3-year concert tour of Europe

November 5 Wednesday Maria Szymanowska departed from Weimar and from the life of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


HDT WHAT INDEX


Thomas Carlylersquos English translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos WILHELM MEISTERrsquoS APPRENTICESHIP appeared in the London Magazine and was reviewed there by Thomas De Quincey (the book edition of this printed in 3 volumes in Boston in 1828 by James Monroe would be presented to Henry Thoreau by Waldo Emerson)

Goethersquos 1811-1813 autobiography AUS MEINEM LEBEN DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT was presented in English as MEMOIRS OF GOETHE WRITTEN BY HIMSELF

May 2 Sunday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe visited Ettersberg (Buchenwald)

1824


HDT WHAT INDEX


June 9 Thursday The Marquis de Lafayette touring America arrived in Rome New York on the Governor Clinton via the Erie Canal

Suleika II D717 a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time in the Jagorrsquoschersaal Berlin Other Schubert songs also were performed to great success


5th day 9th of 6 M Our Meeting thorsquo small was a season of favour a time in which celestial dew fell on some minds to their Strengthening amp comfort mdash James Hazard David Buffum amp Father Rodman were engaged in lively seasonable amp pertinent testimonys amp James Hazard appeard in the conclusion in humble supplication

June 16 Thursday In Boston a lavish reception was given for the Marquis de Lafayette at the home of Mayor Josiah Quincy Sr A 15-year-old Margaret Fuller attended with her parents

In Weimar Johann Wolfgang von Goethe received two packages from composers One includes piano quartets from Felix Mendelssohn The other contained some songs to Goethe poems from Franz Schubert Although Goethe would write a long letter of thanks to Mendelssohn he would not respond to Schubert (this would be not only the first but also the sole occasion on which Schubert would attempt to approach the poet)

August 12 Friday The 2d setting of Suleika a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was published by Pennauer as his op31

1825



HDT WHAT INDEX


September 3 Saturday ldquoGenius Unveiling a Bust of Naturerdquo per Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


HDT WHAT INDEX


Quoting from page 349 of Pierre Hadotrsquos THE VEIL OF ISIS AN ESSAY ON THE HISTORY OF THE IDEA OF NATURE in the 2006 translation by Michael Chase

In 1814 when the archduke Karl August returned from a trip toEngland there was a celebration at Weimar to mark hishomecoming Goethe had the townrsquos drawing school decorated witheight paintings that were intended to symbolize the various artsand the protection Karl August accorded to them15 Among thesesymbolic figures executed in the style of emblems there was onethat represented ldquoGenius Unveiling a Bust of Naturerdquo withNature represented in her traditional aspect as IsisArtemisIn the distant background behind the figure a landscape couldbe seen which contrasted strongly with the somewhat artificialatmosphere created by this statue of Nature unveiled Goetheused these same pictures to decorate his own house for thejubilee of Karl August on September 3 1825 and for his ownjubilee or more precisely for the anniversary of his entry intothe service of the archduke on November 7 of the same year

The meaning that Goethe ascribed to this drawing can be inferred from his poetry

Respect the mystery Let not your eyes give way to lust Nature the Sphinx a monstrous thing Will terrify you with her innumerable breasts

Seek no secret initiation beneath the veil leave alone what is fixed If you want to live poor fool Look only behind you toward empty space

If you succeed in making your intuition First penetrate within Then return toward the outside

15 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Weimars Jubelfest am 3ten September 1825 ed Johann Peter Eckermann (Weimar Hoffmann 1825) sec 1

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX


Then you will be instructed in the best way16


7th day 3 of 9 M Most of this day engaged in the Trustees Meeting - my time is much consumed in the concerns of Society - I often feel discouraged under it mdash

16 ldquoGenius die Buumlste der Natur enthuumlllendrdquo



HDT WHAT INDEX


November 7 Monday Feierlichster Tag for chorus by Johann Nepomuk Hummel to words of Riemer was performed for the initial time in Weimar as part of celebrations for the 50th anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos service to the Weimar court

There was an enormous forest fire in New Brunswick Canada

This was Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as of 1820

TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS


HDT WHAT INDEX


January 12 Thursday Rastlose Liebe D138 a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time in the Vienna Musikverein


5th day 12th of 1 M Our meeting was a season of some favour but not of abounding - The Select Meeting held after the first a very low time to me mdash It was the first meeting of the kind at home I ever set in that Our Frd D Buffum was not present who is confined with a sore leg - Our frd Abigail Robinson was there amp most of the other members who usually attend mdash

July 14 Friday There was a riot on Negro Hill in Boston in which several houses were destroyed

Three songs by Franz Schubert were published by Pennauer as his op56 Willkommen und Abschied to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and And die Leyer and Im Haine both to words of Bruchmann

1826



HDT WHAT INDEX


October 17 Tuesday Gioachino Rossini was named Premier Compositeur du Roi and Inspecteur General du Chant en France by King Charles X

Celebration of the opening of the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay Canal

Thomas Carlyle and Jane Baillie Welsh the popular daughter of a doctor were wed17

17 Eventually someone would commit a particularly vicious and telling piece of humor by commenting that it had been good of God to marry Thomas and Jane Carlyle together ldquoand so make only two people miserable instead of fourrdquo

After his marriage he ldquoresided partly at Comely Bank Edinburgh andfor a year or two at Craigenputtock a wild and solitary farmhouse inthe upper part of Dumfriesshirerdquo at which last place amid barrenheather hills he was visited by our countryman Emerson With Emersonhe still corresponds He was early intimate with Edward Irving andcontinued to be his friend until the latterrsquos death Concerning thisldquofreest brotherliest bravest human soulrdquo and Carlylersquos relation tohim those whom it concerns will do well to consult a notice of hisdeath in Fraserrsquos Magazine for 1835 reprinted in the Miscellanies Healso corresponded with Goethe Latterly we hear the poet Sterling washis only intimate acquaintance in England


WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX


In South China the young Confucian scholar-wannabee Hung Hsiu Chrsquouumlan failed the government Mandarin examinations the 1st time he took them mdash as was ordinarily to be expected

IU-KIAO-LI OR THE TWO FAIR COUSINS A CHINESE NOVEL ( ) FROM THE FRENCH VERSION OF M ABEL REMUSAT IN TWO VOLUMES (London Hunt and Clarke York-Street Covent-Garden)

This would be examined by Thomas Carlyle Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Stendhal

January 11 Thursday An schwager Kronos D369 a song by Franz Schubert to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time in the Musikvereinsaal Vienna


5th day 11th of 1st M 1827 This day was our Select Meeting held as usual at the close of the public Meeting mdash It was a season of some Searching amp I trust proffit mdash

January 31 Wednesday In a letter to Johann Peter Eckermann Johann Wolfgang von Goethe coined the term Weltliteratur to designate an idea that had been being circulated by the likes of Voltaire Johann Georg Hamann and especially by Johann Gottfried von Herder in his notion of Weltpoesie They had previously been referring to this supranational unity of all lettered persons worldwide merely as ldquoThe Republic of Lettersrdquo More and more the spirit of poetry was going to become the common patrimony (Gemeingut the public domain) of humankind revealing itself universally rather than particularly

1827

THE TWO FAIR COUSINS


COMPARATIVE LITERATURE

As you can see from this image the professor was crosseyed


HDT WHAT INDEX


National literature is now rather an unmeaning term the epoch of world literature is at hand

What this has to do with obviously is the conceit that the ldquomajorrdquo of David Henry Thoreau a decade later at Harvard College can most accurately be described by characterizing him as a student in what today would be denominated as a program in ldquoComparative Literaturerdquo Here is what my spouse Rey Chow has had to say about this in her THE AGE OF THE WORLD TARGET (Durham and London Duke UP 2006)

The universalist concept of all the literatures of the worldbeing held together as a totality one that transcendsrestrictive national and linguistic boundaries remains anenormously appealing one to many people nearly two centuriesafter Goethe proclaimed the notion of Weltliteratur in the1820s As Edward Said writes ldquoFor many modern scholars ndashincluding myselfndash Goethersquos grandly utopian vision is consideredto be the foundation of what was to become the field ofcomparative literature whose underlying and perhapsunrealizable rationale was this vast synthesis of the worldrsquosliterary production transcending borders and languages but notin any way effacing their individuality and historicalconcretenessrdquo18 Arising in the historical context of nascentnationalisms in Europe the notion of world literature partookof the aspirations toward global peace cosmopolitical rightand intercultural hospitality that were among the most importantintellectual legacies of that period19 As Susan Bassnett notesldquoWith the advantages of retrospection we can see thatlsquocomparativersquo was set against lsquonationalrsquo and that whilst thestudy of lsquonationalrsquo literatures risked accusations ofpartisanship the study of lsquocomparativersquo literature carried withit a sense of transcendence of the narrowly nationalisticrdquo 20

It was such transcendence toward a general cosmopolitanhumanity that Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett author of the firstbook-length study of comparative literature in the Englishlanguage proposed as the rationale for the discipline ldquothegradual expansion of social life from clan to city from cityto nation from both of these to cosmopolitan humanity [shouldbe adopted] as the proper order of our studies in comparativeliteraturerdquo21

18 Edward W Said ldquoIntroduction to the Fiftieth-Anniversary Editionrdquo in Erich Auerbach MIMESIS THE REPRESENTATION OF REALITY IN WESTERN LITERATURE trans Willard R Trask Fiftieth-Anniversary Edition (Princeton Princeton UP 1953 2003) xvi19 For an example of an influential and controversial philosophical essay on these ideas see Immanuel Kant PERPETUAL PEACE preface by Nicholas Murray Butler (Los Angeles US Library Association Inc 1932) The text of this edition follows the first edition of Kantrsquos essay translated from the German and published in London in 179620 Susan Bassnett COMPARATIVE LITERATURE AN INTRODUCTION (Oxford Blackwell Publishers 1993) 21 Bassnett offers an informative discussion of the origins of comparative literature as a discipline see especially pages 12-3021 Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett COMPARATIVE LITERATURE (New York D Appleton and Company 1896) 86 Posnettrsquos work was published in ldquoThe International Scientific Seriesrdquo with a preface bearing the date January 14 1886


HDT WHAT INDEX


March 2 Friday Diabelli and Co Vienna published Franz Schubertrsquos Mignon songs D877 to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as his op62

The United States federal Congress passed an appropriation bill which included $56710 for the US Navyrsquos squadron in the Atlantic attempting to intercept slave cargos and return black humans to the shore of Africa

ldquoAn Act making appropriations for the support of the Navyrdquo etcldquoFor the agency on the coast of Africardquo etc $56710 STATUTESAT LARGE IV W 206 208

June 23 Saturday Two song by Franz Schubert were published in the Zeitschrift fur Kunst Vienna Trost im Liede D546 to words of Schober and the 2d setting of Wandrers Nachtlied D756 to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE


HDT WHAT INDEX


In order to economize while writing for periodicals Thomas Carlyle moved to a farm at Craigenputtoch

After his marriage he ldquoresided partly at Comely Bank Edinburghand for a year or two at Craigenputtock a wild and solitaryfarmhouse in the upper part of Dumfriesshirerdquo at which lastplace amid barren heather hills he was visited by ourcountryman Emerson With Emerson he still corresponds He wasearly intimate with Edward Irving and continued to be hisfriend until the latterrsquos death Concerning this ldquofreestbrotherliest bravest human soulrdquo and Carlylersquos relation tohim those whom it concerns will do well to consult a notice ofhis death in Fraserrsquos Magazine for 1835 reprinted in theMiscellanies He also corresponded with Goethe Latterly wehear the poet Sterling was his only intimate acquaintance inEngland

His ESSAY ON BURNS appeared in the Edinburgh Review

His London Magazine English translation of 1824 of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos WILHELM MEISTERrsquoS APPRENTICESHIP printed in 3 volumes in this year in Boston by James Monroe would be presented to Henry Thoreau by Waldo Emerson

A wide and every way most important interval dividesldquoWertherrdquo with its skeptical philosophy and ldquohypochondriacalcrotchetsrdquo from Goethersquos next novel ldquoWilhelm MeisterrsquosApprenticeshiprdquo published some twenty years afterwards Thiswork belongs in all senses to the second and sounder periodof Goethersquos life and may indeed serve as the fullest if perhapsnot the purest impress of it being written with dueforethought at various times during a period of no less thanten years Considered as a piece of Art there were much to besaid on ldquoMeisterrdquo all which however lies beyond our presentpurpose We are here looking at the work chiefly as a document

1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


HDT WHAT INDEX


for the writerrsquos history and in this point of view it certainlyseems as contrasted with its more popular precursor to deserveour best attention for the problem which had been stated inldquoWertherrdquo with despair of its solution is here solved Thelofty enthusiasm which wandering wildly over the universefound no resting place has here reached its appointed home andlives in harmony with what long appeared to threaten it withannihilation Anarchy has now become Peace the once gloomy andperturbed spirit is now serene cheerfully vigorous and richin good fruits Neither which is most important of all hasthis Peace been attained by a surrender to Necessity or anycompact with Delusion a seeming blessing such as years anddispiritment will of themselves bring to most men and which isindeed no blessing since even continued battle is better thandestruction or captivity and peace of this sort is like thatof Galgacusrsquos Romans who ldquocalled it peace when they had made adesertrdquo Here the ardent high-aspiring youth has grown into thecalmest man yet with increase and not loss of ardor and withaspirations higher as well as clearer For he has conquered hisunbelief the Ideal has been built on the actual no longerfloats vaguely in darkness and regions of dreams but rests inlight on the firm ground of human interest and business as inits true scene on its true basisIt is wonderful to see with what softness the skepticism ofJarno the commercial spirit of Werner the reposing polishedmanhood of Lothario and the Uncle the unearthly enthusiasm ofthe Harper the gay animal vivacity of Philina the mysticethereal almost spiritual nature of Mignon are blendedtogether in this work how justice is done to each how eachlives freely in his proper element in his proper form and howas Wilhelm himself the mild-hearted all-hoping all-believingWilhelm struggles forward towards his world of Art throughthese curiously complected influences all this unites itselfinto a multifarious yet so harmonious Whole as into a clearpoetic mirror where manrsquos life and business in this age hispassions and purposes the highest equally with the lowest areimaged back to us in beautiful significance Poetry and Proseare no longer at variance for the poetrsquos eyes are opened hesees the changes of many-colored existence and sees theloveliness and deep purport which lies hidden under the verymeanest of them hidden to the vulgar sight but clear to thepoetrsquos because the ldquoopen secretrdquo is no longer a secret to himand he knows that the Universe is full of goodness that whateverhas being has beauty

These paragraphs actually are from _Critical and Miscellaneous Essays_ (1828)


HDT WHAT INDEX


Friend Sarah Helen Power of Providence Rhode Island married with the wellborn poet and writer John Winslow Whitman co-editor of the Boston Spectator and Ladiesrsquo Album and moved to Boston There she would be introduced to Mrs Sarah Josepha Buell Hale and the Transcendentalists and would write essays defending Romantic and Transcendentalist writers including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Percy Bysshe Shelley and Waldo Emerson She became involved in the ldquocausesrdquo of progressive education womanrsquos rights universal manhood suffrage Fourierism and Unitarianism

Captain James DeWolf an uncle of General George DeWolf purchased for $5100 from Commercial Bank the foreclosed ldquoLinden Placerdquo mansion in downtown Bristol Rhode Island that had cost $60000 to erect on land costing more than $3000

SARAH HELEN POWER WHITMAN


HDT WHAT INDEX


BARTLETTrsquoS FAMILIAR QUOTES preserves for us the following snippets of output dating to this particular year

July 11 Friday The traditional (rather than elected) Portuguese Cortes having named him the legal heir of King Joao VI Dom Miguel was crowned King of Portugal in opposition to his brother King Pedro IV The constitutional charter was declared invalid

Franz Schubertrsquos Moments musicaux D780 were published as op94 by Leidesdorf Also published were three of Schubertrsquos songs to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as op87 (later corrected to op92) Der Musensohn Auf dem See and Geistes-Gruss

Clever men are good but they are not the best mdash GOETHE Edinburgh Review 1828

We are firm believers in the maxim that for all right judgment of any man or thing it is useful nay essential to see his good qualities before pronouncing on his bad mdash GOETHE Edinburgh Review 1828

How does the poet speak to men with power but by being still more a man than they mdash BURNS Edinburgh Review 1828

A poet without love were a physical and metaphysical impossibility mdash BURNS Edinburgh Review 1828

His religion at best is an anxious wish mdash like that of Rabelais a great Perhaps mdash BURNS Edinburgh Review 1828

It wasnrsquot me who told them this was the important part
Might this be the remote source from which Milton Mayer coined his famous phrase speak truth to power


HDT WHAT INDEX


February 13 Friday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in a letter to Eckermann disagreed with Friedrich Schillerrsquos German Transcendentalist reluctance to inquire into naturersquos secrets by opinioning that ldquoDie Natur versteht gar keinen Spab sie ist immer wahr immer ernst immer strenge sie hat immer recht und die Fehler und Irrtuumlmer sind immer des Menschen Den Unzulaumlnglichen verschmaumlht sie und nur dem Zulaumlnglichen Wahren und Reinen ergibt sie sich und offenbart ihm ihre Geheimnisserdquo

1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX


April 10 Friday William Booth founder of the Salvation Army was born

Felix Mendelssohn left Berlin to accept an invitation to London He would first travel to Hamburg with his father and sister Rebecka

According to an almanac of the period ldquoFire in Savannah Georgia Fifty buildings destroyedrdquo

Hector Berlioz sent a copy of HUIT SCENES DE FAUST to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The poet after receiving a negative reaction to the work from Carl-Friedrich Zelter would not write back

Charles Valentin Alkan was appointed repetiteur at the Paris Conservatoire (he would soon be appointed as an assistant professor of solfege)


6th day 10th of 4 M 1829 At home all day buisily engaged in writing In the Afternoon Moses Brown called to see us amp passed an hour pleasantly amp to us interstingly mdash In the evening I spent a little time in the girls School amp was much intersted in their exercises mdash

September 29 Tuesday The Greater London Metropolitan Police remodeled by Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel and an Act of Parliament in June began duty mdash think of the people we have now come to term ldquoBobbiesrdquo think ldquoScotland Yardrdquo (their headquarters were established in Scotland Yard near Charing Cross) ldquoConstablerdquo had been an ancient post of authority in the local parishes of England and the incumbent had often been recognized by the staff of office which he carried Each year the justice of the peace would choose a man from the parish to carry this staff apprehend wrongdoers and keep the peace As of this year however in London town these constables were being converted into full-time salaried employees (by 1856 this would be the situation in all the country towns of England)

Nicolograve Paganini visited Johann Wolfgang von Goethe at Weimar

On this day or the following one Pierre Eacutetienne Louis Dumont died at Milan while on an autumn tour

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS



HDT WHAT INDEX


April 24 Saturday Wilhelmine Schroder-Devrient sang Franz Shubertrsquos setting of Erlkonig for the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who reversed his previous negative reaction to the work

June 3 Thursday After an extended stay at the poetrsquos home in Weimar Felix Mendelssohn took his leave of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Goethe was considerably impressed by this young musician and presented him with a page of the original manuscript of FAUST inscribed to my ldquodear young friend FMB powerful gentle master of the pianordquo

A convict ship the Forth set out from England for New South Wales Australia on its 2d such journey This time however it contained no convicts undergoing transportation


5th day 3rd of 6th M 1830 Found my dear Aged Mother as smart amp as comfortable as could be expected considering her Age amp infirmitiesI was glad to meet with friends at our Meeting in Newport where there continues to be an interesting few that gather themselves together I trust in the Name of fear of the Lord My spirit was baptized with some of them amp I trust enabled to feel with them amp my hearty prayers for them are that they may be preserved in the way of Truth amp find a safe hiding place amp sure foundation that will not be shaken by storms or tempests or any machination of the AdversarySpent the Afternoon in making calls on my friend amp took a walk to the Clifton burying ground to see what order it was in

1830



HDT WHAT INDEX


Johann Wolfgang von Goethe noticed that

An individual who followed Goethersquos advice Friend John Cadbury of Birminghamrsquos premier breakfast product ldquoCocoa Nibsrdquo was so successful that he rented a small factory in Crooked Lane Birmingham to produce his own cocoa His brother Friend Benjamin Cadbury would join him later from this beginning the Cadbury chocolate empire would ensue

Phillipe Suchard who opened a confectionerrsquos shop in Neuchatel Switzerland in this year had been first introduced to chocolate when he went to collect a pound of the substance from an apothecary for his ailing mother

October 1 Saturday Hector Berlioz and two colleagues arrived in Naples where he immediately visited the tomb of Virgil

Alexis de Tocqueville had an interview with John Quincy Adams He made a journal entry about the criminal justice system and other issues

Clara Wieck played for Goethe at his Weimar home (the piano bench too low she sat on a cushion to render two works by Henri Herz La Violetta and Bravura Variations op20) He invited her back

1831

[I]t is expected that a person who has distinguished himselfin one field will not venture into one entirely unrelatedShould an individual attempt this no gratitude is shown



HDT WHAT INDEX


October 9 Sunday The 1st head of an independent Greece Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias was assassinated on the steps of his church in Nafplion Greece (therersquos still a bullet hole in a wall of the church that theyrsquoll show you) It was a family revenge killing


1st day 9th of 10th M 1831 Meeting in the Morning was silent amp my mind lean amp destitute - In the Afternoon Wm Almy attended amp preached admirably well amp to the point - but I could not attain to so good a settlement as I could wish -But this eveng a precious covering has attended my feelings for which I desire to be thankful mdash

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka and Nikolai Kuzmich Ivanov departed from Milan for Turin on their tour of Italy

The Head of State of Greece Ioannis Antoniou Kapodistrias was murdered outside a church in Nauplia by a rival Greek faction He would be replaced by Avgoustinos Kapodistrias at the head of a triumvirate With the death of Kapodistrias the Conference of London would rescind the border of September 26th

Clara Wieck played for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe at his home for a 2d time He presented her with a medallion of himself with a handwritten note on the box

gEacute agravex tUumlagrave|aacuteagrave|vtAumlAumlccedil |zAumlccedil z|yagravexw VAumltUumlt j|xv~ACcedil ~|CcedilwAumlccedil UumlxAringxAringuUumltCcedilvx Eacutey bvagraveEacuteuxUuml L DKFDA

jx|AringtUumlA ]AjA ZEacutexagravexA



HDT WHAT INDEX


Part II of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUSTUS was published upon Goethersquos death ndashThe Reverend Octavius Brooks Frothingham has later claimed that

March 22 Thursday Johann Wolfgang von Goethe died in Weimar at the age of 82

1832

No author occupied the cultivated New England mind asmuch

I see that you are turning a broad furrow among thebooks but I trust that some very private journal allthe while holds its own through their midst Books canonly reveal us to ourselves and as often as they dous this service we lay them aside I should say readGoethersquos Autobiography by all means also GibbonrsquosHaydon the Painterrsquosndash amp our Franklinrsquos of courseperhaps also Alfieris Benvenuto Cellinirsquos amp DeQuinceyrsquos Confessions of an Opium Eater ndash since youlike AutobiographyI think you must read Coleridge again amp further ndashskipping all his theology ndash ie if you value precisedefinitions amp a discriminating use of language By theway read De Quinceyrsquos reminiscences of Coleridge ampWordsworth

I donrsquot have a source for this quote


HDT WHAT INDEX


March 26 Monday Charles Marie de Brouckere replaced Felix Armand de Muelenaere as head of government for Belgium

The remains of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were buried in Weimar mdash music for the event was composed and directed by Johann Nepomuk Hummel

Louisa Melvin was born in Concord to Charles Melvin (1) and Betsy Farrar Melvin (she would live until 1897)

October 11 Thursday From the log of the lightkeeper on Matinicus Rock ldquo125 sail in sightrdquo

Die erste Walpurgisnacht a cantata for chorus and orchestra by Felix Mendelssohn to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time privately in his familyrsquos home in Berlin

Der Pole und sein Kind oder Der Feldwebel vom IV Regiment a liederspiel by Albert Lortzing to his own words was performed for the initial time in Osnabruck

In France a stable government was formed in which Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult duc de Dalmatie was first minister (the position had been vacant since May 16th) Victor 3rd duc de Broglie had the foreign office Adolphe Thiers had the home department and Professor Franccedilois Pierre Guillaume Guizot had the department of public instruction (his influence would be felt in the radical expansion of public education for instance in creation of a primary school in each and every French commune)

THE MELVINS OF CONCORD


HDT WHAT INDEX


Sarah Austenrsquos 3-volume translation entitled CHARACTERISTICS OF GOETHE

January 10 Thursday ldquoDie erste Walpurgisnachtrdquo a cantata for chorus and orchestra by Felix Mendelssohn to words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed publicly for the first time in Berlin The press was mixed

August 25 Sunday Felix Mendelssohn and his father left England after a stay of six weeks heading for Rotterdam

CG Jarvis recommended a new working arrangement in regard to Charles Babbagersquos project for a Calculational Engine Since his attention was the limiting item to finish within a reasonable time all the designs and drawings needed to be at his residence under his supervision The working drawings and work orders should go out to different workshops so that the work might proceed more quickly in parallel

Waldo Emerson spent a nice day with Thomas Carlyle at Craigenputtock22

After his marriage he ldquoresided partly at Comely Bank Edinburghand for a year or two at Craigenputtock a wild and desolatefarm-house in the upper part of Dumfriesshirerdquo at which lastplace amid barren heather hills he was visited by ourcountryman Emerson With Emerson he still corresponds He wasearly intimate with Edward Irving and continued to be hisfriend until the latterrsquos death Concerning this ldquofreestbrotherliest bravest human soulrdquo and Carlylersquos relation tohim those whom it concerns will do well to consult a notice ofhis death in Fraserrsquos Magazine for 1835 reprinted in theMiscellanies He also corresponded with Goethe Latterly wehear the poet Sterling was his only intimate acquaintance inEngland

1833

22 [I have not yet been able to resolve this entry against the entry for August 28 which is from Heffer]


HDT WHAT INDEX


Mrs Felicia Hemansrsquos NATIONAL LYRICS AND SONGS FOR MUSIC SCENES AND HYMNS OF LIFE WITH OTHER RELIGIOUS POEMS (dedicated to William Wordsworth) HYMNS FOR CHILDHOOD paper on Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ldquoTorquato Tassordquo as it appeared in New Monthly23

At some point prior to 1835 the Reverend William Ellery Channing visited this poet in her home near Windermere and commented that he had heard her hymn ldquoThe Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New Englandrdquo sung by a large crowd on the spot where allegedly the Pilgrims had landed

But when she asked him about this ldquostern and rock-boundrdquo coast this divine was forced to advise her that it was actually nothing more than a low strip of featureless sand mdash and the poet began to sob One wonders what would have happened had the Reverend gone on to advise her that in addition this American town stood at the mouth of no River Plym24

1834

23 The play had been created in 1790 and would be translated into English in 186124 And what would her reaction have been had she learned that the white Plymouth Rock is a strain of domestic poultry raised for broiler meat and brown eggs (but that wouldnrsquot begin until 1865 when the Dominic strain and the Black Cochin strain of chickens would be crossed to produce the 1st novelty version the Barred Plymouth Rock)



HDT WHAT INDEX


February Over the next seven months Bronson Alcott would read Plato25 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Immanuel Kant Samuel Taylor Coleridge Thomas Carlyle and William Wordsworth in the Loganian Library in Philadelphia and gradually be weaned out of his Lockean empiricism and 18th-Century rationalism into the Platonic idealism which he would maintain for the duration of his long life The pre-existence of the soul and its inherently good godlikeness were at the core of all his subsequent thought Platorsquos doctrine of the paideutic drawing out of pre-existent half-forgotten ideas became the basis of his educational efforts and he began his manuscript OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPIRITUAL NURTURE OF MY CHILDREN Unfortunately over these months of study he became practically estranged for a time from his wife and his little girls and remained so until Abba Alcott had a miscarriage

25 Eventually a group of English educators would come to consider Bronson to be ldquothe Concord Platordquo

Before the evening was half over Jo felt so completely deacutesillusionneacutee that she sat down in a corner to recover herself Mr Bhaer soon joined her looking rather out of his element and presently several of the philosophers each mounted on his hobby came ambling up to hold an intellectual tournament in the recess The conversations were miles beyond Jorsquos comprehension but she enjoyed it though Kant and Hegel were unknown gods the Subjective and Objective unintelligible terms and the only thing lsquoevolved from her inner consciousnessrsquo was a bad headache after it was all over It dawned upon her gradually that the world was being picked to pieces and put together on new and according to the talkers on infinitely better principles than before that religion was in a fair way to be reasoned into nothingness and intellect was to be the only God Jo knew nothing about philosophy or metaphysics of any sort but a curious excitement half pleasurable half painful came over her as she listened with a sense of being turned adrift into time and space like a young balloon out on a holiday

THE ALCOTT FAMILY


HDT WHAT INDEX


May 21 Wednesday At Harvard Collegersquos compulsory morning chapel the prayers became impossible due to the shuffling of student feet and groaning from members of the Sophomore class mdash save for three students the entire class would be ldquorusticatedrdquo that is sent packing with readmission being only a contingent and eventual possibility

Waldo Emerson to his journal

I will thank God of myself amp for that I have I will not manufacture remorse of the pattern of others nor feign their joys I am born tranquil not a stern economist of Time but never a keen sufferer I will not affect to suffer Be my life then a long gratitude I will trust my instincts For always a reason halts after an instinct amp when I have deviated from the instinct comes somebody with a profound theory teaching that I ought to have followed it Some Goethe Swedenborg or Carlyle I stick at scolding the boy yet conformably to rule I scold him By amp by the reprimand is a proven error ldquoOur first amp third thought coinciderdquo I was the true philosopher in college amp Mr Farrar amp Mr Hedge amp Dr Ware the false Yet what seemed then to me less probable


HDT WHAT INDEX


At about this point it was published that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe had dismissed the idea that China was involved in world civilization Johann Peter Eckermann Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos conversational partner pointed out that the lightness of wicker furniture might be the most appropriate symbolic representation for the import of Chinese culture

In Canton in South China the budding scholar Hung Hsiu Chrsquouumlan encountered a fortune-teller who soothed him with ldquoYou will attain the highest rank Do not be anxious about it for anxiety will make you ill I congratulate your virtuous fatherrdquo Then the next day some Christian missionary or other gave him a treatise which described the basic elements of Christianity QUANSHI LIANGYAN or GOOD WORDS TO EXHORT THE AGES The young man did not at this point look at the gift book at all carefully being a whole lot more interested in doing well than in doing good mdash but of course books were valuable items and so he didnrsquot just discard it26

1836

26 This book had been written in 1832 by Liang Afa who had been the very 1st convert in 1828 of the Dr Robert Morrison who had in 1807 been sent to Canton by the London Missionary Society in an American ship with a letter of introduction provided by then Secretary of State James Madison What goes around comes around


HDT WHAT INDEX


In Blackwoodrsquos Magazine Thomas De Quinceyrsquos ldquoThe Revolt of the Tartarsrdquo He supplied articles on Goethe Schiller Shakespeare and Pope to the ENCYCLOPAEligDIA BRITANNICA

The authorrsquos wife Margaret De Quincey died

During this year the author was twice summoned into court on account of his debts

1837


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 3 Monday David Henry Thoreau passed the final exams in German and in Italian at Harvard College (he took the Italian exam along with 13 other students who also had been brought forward by Pietro Bachi)

After this slam-dunk he checked out Waldo Emersonrsquos NATURE from the library of his debating club ldquoInstitute of 1770rdquo (soon he would purchase a copy for himself)


HDT WHAT INDEX


Thoreau supplemented his borrowings by at the same time checking out from his clubrsquos library the 1st and 2d of the dozen volumes of Edward Gibbonrsquos THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (London 1807 1820 1821)27

and the 1st of the three volumes of Thomas Carlylersquos translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos novel WILHELM MEISTERrsquoS APPRENTICESHIP (Edinburgh 1824) (Thoreau would have in his personal library the edition that had been printed in Boston by Wells and Lilly in 1828)

John Burroughs was born near Roxbury New York


2nd day 3rd of 4 M This day I believe this day I have paid all my debts of a pecuniary nature which I owe on my own account - it is a comfortable thing to feel clear of the World amp I believe I am truly thankful therefor mdash My God has been very good to me all my life long

27 We have reason to believe that this was as far as Thoreau got into the famous or infamous ldquoDecline amp Fallrdquo before becoming so distressed with Gibbon that he would switch over entirely to other historical sources having to do with the Roman Empire and this of course brings to mind the Duke of Gloucesterrsquos remark to Edward Gibbon upon being presented in 1787 with this 2d volume ldquoAnother damned thick square book Always scribble scribble scribble mdash eh Mr Gibbonrdquo

GIBBON DECLINE amp FALL IGIBBON DECLINE amp FALL II

WILHELM MEISTER IWILHELM MEISTER IIWILHELM MEISTER III

This does not as yet seem to be electronically available


HDT WHAT INDEX


July 14 Friday David Henry Thoreau supplemented his borrowings from the Harvard Library by checking out from the library of the ldquoInstitute of 1770rdquo LETTERS CONVERSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF ST COLERIDGE (2 volumes London Edward Moxon 1836 New-York Harper and Brothers 1836 a publication that had been reviewed by Edgar Allan Poe)

the 2d of the nine volumes of the Alexander Young edition of LIBRARY OF OLD ENGLISH PROSE WRITERS (containing Sir Philip Sidneyrsquos DEFENSE OF POESY Seldenrsquos TABLE TALK and biographies of these two authors) Henning Gottfried Linbergrsquos translation from the French of INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BY VICTOR COUSIN PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE FACULTY OF LITERATURE AT PARIS (Boston Hilliard Gray Little and Wilkins)

and both volumes of Henry Fothergill Chorleyrsquos MEMORIALS OF MRS HEMANS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF HER LITERARY CHARACTER FROM HER PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE (New-York and London Saunders and Otley 1836)

It has been conjectured by Kenneth Walter Cameron that he checked out John Fordrsquos DRAMATIC WORKS WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY in the 2-volume set made available by Harperrsquos Family Library (New York J amp J Harper 1831)

Thoreau also checked out ldquoA Drama by rdquo and it has been conjectured that this incomplete entry refers to Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos play Goumltz von Berlichingen with the iron hand in an edition published in 1814

COLERIDGErsquoS LETTERS ICOLERIDGErsquoS LETTERS II

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

HEMANS MEMORIALS IHEMANS MEMORIALS II

FORDrsquoS DRAMATIC WORKS IFORDrsquoS DRAMATIC WORKS II


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of a translation by Sir Walter Scott

Fall Henry David Thoreau read Virgil and translated Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ITALIENISCHE REISE into English It would be during this period that a conversation occurred in the Thoreau home if it occurred as reported by Ellery Channing in THOREAU THE POET-NATURALIST as edited by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (Boston MA Houghton Mifflin 1902 page 18) The story is that at this age the age of 20 years Thoreau broke into tears when his mother Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau suggested that he could take up his knapsack and ldquogo abroad to seek his fortunerdquo and was distraught until his sister Helen had proposed that he ldquostay at home and live with usrdquo About the only comment I would be willing to make in regard to Channingrsquos story other than that Channingrsquos perceptions of Thoreaursquos state of mine are in general not to be trusted is that in ldquoThoreaursquos Concordrdquo by Ruth Wheeler in Walter Harding et al HENRY DAVID THOREAU STUDIES AND COMMENTARIES28 the assertion is made that of Thoreaursquos generation of young males in Concord fully half emigrated to the West

October 20 Friday A funeral was held in memory of Johann Nepomuk Hummel in Weimar in the presence of the Grand Ducal court The remains were positioned near those of the ruling family Goethe and Schiller

October 25 Wednesday Henry Thoreau translated out of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos TORQUATO TASSO a copy of which he had in his personal library (this copy is now at the Concord Free Public Library)

Accession No 10407 Inscribed on front free endpaper ldquoDHThoreau H23rdquo Some marginal markings and annotationsPresented by Sophia E Thoreau 1874 Half-bound in sheepskinmarbled paper boards leather spine label

SPRINGOct 25 She appears and we are once more children we commence again our course with the new year Letthe maiden no more return and men will become poets for very grief No sooner has winter left us time to regrether smiles than we yield to the advances of poetic frenzy ldquoThe flowers look kindly at us from the beds withtheir child eyes and in the horizon the snow of the far mountains dissolves into light vaporrdquo mdash GoetheTorquato Tasso

THE POETldquoHe seems to avoid mdash even to flee from usmdashTo seek something which we know notAnd perhaps he himself after all knows notrdquomdashIbid

October 26 Thursday Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal

5th day 26th of 10 M With my Wife amp Mary Williams Rode to Portsmouth amp attended Moy [Monthly] Meeting mdash In the First Meeting Ruth Davis Mary Hicks amp Hannah Hall preached amp Ruth Davis prayedIn the last Meeting it was an exercising amp to me distressing

28 Rutherford NJ Farleigh Dickinson UP 1972 page 27

GOumlTZ VON BERLICHINGEN

TORQUATO TASSO


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Season in that there seemed to be a disposition in some to lay waste our excellent discipline in a manner that I could not unite with mdashWe dined at Susanna Hathaways amp then rode home mdash

Henry Thoreau translated out of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos TORQUATO TASSO a copy of which he had in his personal library (this copy is now at the Concord Free Public Library)

Oct 26 ldquoHis eye hardly rests upon the earthHis ear hears the one-clang of natureWhat history records mdashwhat life gives mdashDirectly and gladly his genius takes it upHis mind collects the widely dispersedAnd his feeling animates the inanimateOften he ennobles what appeared to us commonAnd the prized is as nothing to himIn his own magic circle wandersThe wonderful man and draws usWith him to wander and take part in itHe seems to draw near to us and remains afar from usHe seems to be looking at us and spirits forsoothAppear to him strangely in our placesrdquo mdashIbid

HOW MAN GROWSldquoA noble man has not to thank a private circle for his culture Fatherland and world must work upon him Fameand infamy must he learn to endure He will be constrained to know himself and others Solitude shall no morelull him with her flattery The foe will not the friend dares not spare him Then striving the youth puts forthhis strength feels what he is and feels himself soon a manrdquo

ldquoA talent is builded in solitudeA character in the stream of the worldrdquo

ldquoHe only fears man who knows him not and he who avoids him will soonest misapprehend himrdquo mdashIbid

ARIOSTOldquoAs nature decks her inward rich breast in a green variegated dress so clothes he all that can make menhonorable in the blooming garb of the fable The well of superfluity bubbles near and lets us see variegatedwonder-fishes The air is filled with rare birds the meads and copses with strange herds wit lurks half concealedin the verdure and wisdom from time to time lets sound from a golden cloud sustained words while frenzywildly seems to sweep the well-toned lute yet holds itself measured in perfect timerdquo

BEAUTYldquoThat beauty is transitory which alone you seem to honorrdquo mdash Goethe Torquato Tasso


TORQUATO TASSO


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November We think that probably sometime during this month Waldo Emerson lectured at the 2d Church in Concord on ldquoSlaveryrdquo

Thomas Carlyle oerrsquoreached himself at a dinner party in London outraging a gent Henry Crabb Robinson who had been the foreign editor of The Times of London and had known both Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe by advocating not only the US annexation of the Tejas province of Mejico but also the continuation of negro slavery

Evidently this diatribe of his went on and on getting worse and worse with his rationalization turning out to amount to that

1) skin melanization reflected a natural hierarchy of worthiness

and that

2) it was not only natural but right that the strong should dominate the earth29

Robinson took careful note of that dangerously twisted even vicious pattern of thought and applied your typical Brit solution to it

I found Carlyle so very outrageous in his opinions that I haveno wish to see him again and I avoided saying anything thatlooked like a desire to renew my acquaintance with him

[Hey for once Irsquom siding with a dinner-party snob mdash Irsquod snub this Carlyle dude too But hey what can I tell you Irsquom merely one of those iggerant ldquopresentistsrdquo who so mistakenly retroject the values and PC attitudes of the present in easy condemnation of historical figures who were merely representing the usual sentiments of their time]

November 15 Thursday Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal

5th day 15 of 11 M Our Meeting was a pretty solid good time mdash small we are amp our course as a society attended with discouragement yet not without hope that Zion may yet Arise when I think of the goodly number who once assembled twice a Week in our Meeting house who are now removed from time amp I hope in a far better State of existance amp also many dear friends with whom I used daily to meet in the Streets amp at my own home amp join in Social amp religious concerns I now indeed feel striped amp alone mdashOh how many of my dear associates are removed amp how few remain that are like them mdash I feel it sensibly mdash

29 How could Waldo Emerson possibly correspond with this stone racist Thomas Carlyle fellow treat him as a good rsquool buddy and indeed attempt to model himself as ldquothe Carlyle of Americardquo ndashLen Gougeon in ldquoAbolition The Emersons and 1837rdquo (New England Quarterly 54 [1981] 345-64) offers us some thoughts on this topic

WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



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Henry Thoreau to his journal translating from the 55-volume copy of the 1828-1833 German edition of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos WERKE in Waldo Emersonrsquos library

GOETHENov 15 ldquoAnd now that it is evening a few clouds in the mild atmosphere rest upon the mountains more standstill than move in the heavens and immediately after sunset the chirping of crickets begins to increase thenfeels one once more at home in the world and not as an alien mdash an exile I am contented as though I had beenborn and brought up here and now returned from a Greenland or whaling voyage Even the dust of myFatherland as it is whirled about the wagon which for so long a time I lead not seen is welcome The clock-and-bell jingling of the crickets is very agreeable penetrating and not without a meaning Pleasant is it whenroguish boys whistle in emulation of a field of such songstressesOne imagines that they really enhance each otherThe evening is perfectly mild as the dayShould an inhabitant of the south coming from the south hear of my rapture he would deem me very childishAlas what I here express have I long felt under an unpropitious heaven And now this joy is to me an exceptionwhich I am henceforth to enjoy mdash a necessity of my naturerdquo ndashItaliaumlnische Reise

ITALIENISCHE REISE


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November 16 Thursday Horace Mann Sr began offering annual reports as Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


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Nov 16 There goes the river or rather is ldquoin serpent error wanderingrdquo the jugular vein ofMusketaquid Who knows how much of the proverbial moderation of the inhabitants was caught from its dullcirculation The snow gives the landscape a washing-day appearance mdash here a streak of white there a streakof dark it is spread like a napkin over the hills and meadows This must be a rare drying day to judge from thevapor that floats over the vast clothes-yardA hundred guns are firing and a flag flying in the village in celebration of the whig victory Now a short dullreport mdash the mere disk of a sound shorn of its beams mdash and then a puff of smoke rises in the horizon to joinits misty relatives in the skies

GOETHEHe gives such a glowing description of the old tower that they who had been born and brought up in theneighborhood must needs look over their shoulders ldquothat they might behold with their eyes what I had praisedto their ears and I added nothing not even the ivy which for centuries had decorated the wallsrdquo mdashItaliaumlnische Reise

December Matsushima Kinya offers in regard to Henry Thoreaursquos understanding of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that Robert Sattelmeyer (THOREAUrsquoS READING pages 26-27) has misreported a couple of things

bull Thoreau didnrsquot read IPHIGENIE AUF TAURUSbull At the point in this month at which Thoreau noticed ldquothe fundamental law governing ice

crystallization and vegetationrdquo as yet he hadnrsquot read far enough along in DIE ITALIANISCHE REISE to understand Goethersquos theory of Urfplanze

December 8 Friday Henry Thoreau to his journal

GOETHEDec 8 He is generally satisfied with giving an exact description of objects as they appear to him and his geniusis exhibited in the points he seizes upon and illustrates His description of Venice and her environs as seen fromthe Marcusthurm is that of an unconcerned spectator whose object is faithfully to describe what he sees andthat too for the most part in the order in which he saw it It is this trait which is chiefly to be prized in the bookeven the reflections of the author do not interfere with his descriptionsIt would thus be possible for inferior minds to produce invaluable books


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December 18 Monday The Congressional Globe reported that Joseph Wolff had lectured before a joint session of the federal Congress

Lidian Emerson made a record of the fact that ldquoMr Erdquo was taking to ldquoHenryrdquo with great interest finding him to be ldquouncommon in mind amp characterrdquo by way of contrast with his brother John Thoreau Jr mdash whom Waldo Emerson had evaluated as ldquogood but not uncommonrdquo

GOETHEDec 18 He required that his heroine Iphigenia should say nothing which might not be uttered by the holyAgathe whose picture he contemplated30

IMMORTALITY POSTThe nations assert an immortality post as well as ante The Athenians wore a golden grasshopper as an emblemthat they sprang from the earth and the Arcadians pretended that they were or before the moonThe Platos do not seem to have considered this backreaching tendency of the human mind

THE PRIDE OF ANCESTRYMen are pleased to be called the sons of their fathers mdash so little truth suffices them mdash and whoever addressesthem by this or a similar title is termed a poet The orator appeals to the sons of Greece of Britannia of Franceor of Poland and our fathersrsquo homely name acquires some interest from the fact that Sakai-suna means sons-of-the-Sakai

Undated 1837-47 I hate museums there is nothing so weighs upon my spirits They are the catacombsof nature One green bud of spring one willow catkin one faint trill from a migrating sparrow would set theworld on its legs again The life that is in a single green weed is of more worth than all this death They are deadnature collected by dead men I know not whether I muse most at the bodies stuffed with cotton and sawdust orthose stuffed with bowels and fleshy fibre outside the cases

30 Thoreau would have accessed this in Emersonrsquos 55-volume copy of the 1828-1833 German edition of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos WERKE (unfortunately electronic text is presently available only for the 1840 German edition of the WERKE)

IPHIGENIE AUF TAURIS



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February 27 Tuesday Henry Thoreau translated again from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ldquoHe jogs along at a snails pace but ever mindful that the earth is beneath and the heavens above him His Italy is not merely the fatherland of lazzaroni and maccaroni but a solid turf clad soil His hearty goodwill to all men is most amiablerdquo

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel performed as piano soloist in public for the 1st and only time at a charity concert in Berlin playing her brotherrsquos Piano Concerto in G Minor

Spring Henry Thoreau was reading Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ITALIAN JOURNEY (ITALIANISCHE REISE I-II 1816-1817)

1838



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Margaret Fullerrsquos translation of ECKERMANNrsquoS CONVERSATIONS WITH GOETHE appeared in the bookstores Fuller saw at the Allston Gallery in Boston the statue of Orpheus by Thomas Crawford31

1839

31 She would refer to this in the July 1843 issue of THE DIAL and connect it with Bronson Alcottrsquos ldquoOrphic Sayingsrdquo as ldquolessons in reverencerdquo

Referring to the statuersquos posture of shading its eyes with its hand she wrote a poem which concluded with the following couplet

ECKERMANN AND GOETHE

Orpheus was a lawgiver by theocratic commission Heunderstood nature and made all her forms move to hismusic He told her secrets in the form of hymns natureas seen in the mind of God Then it is the predictionthat to learn and to do all men must be lovers andOrpheus was in a high sense a lover His soul wentforth towards all beings yet could remain sternlyfaithful to a chosen type of excellence Seeking whathe loved he feared not death nor hell neither couldany presence daunt his faith in the power of thecelestial harmony that filled his soul

If he already sees what he must doWell may he shade his eyes from the far-shining view


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The wealthy young Frances Appleton future wife of the celebrant of the humble laborer Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recorded her yearrsquos reading She had studied Marcus Tullius Cicero the Reverend Jared Sparks Sir Francis Bacon and Frances Trollope She had read essays by John Locke the letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge the letters of Abigail Adams and three of the novels of Jane Austen And she had begun Dante Alighierirsquos DIVINE COMEDY after finishing Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUST

In fact the young lady was falling sadly behind in her reading for this year would see

bull William Makepeace Thackerayrsquos PARIS SKETCH BOOKbull Thomas Hoodrsquos UP THE RHINE THE LOVES OF SALLY BROWN AND BEN THE CARPENTER MISS

KILMANSEGG AND HER PRECIOUS LEG (in the New Monthly Magazine)

1840


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April 13 Tuesday Benjamin Pierce was born to Franklin Pierce and Jane Means Appleton Pierce (this child would die in a train accident on January 6 1853 at the age of eleven)

Jean Baptiste Nothomb replaced Jean Louis Joseph Lebeau as head of government for Belgium

The new Hoftheater in Dresden designed by Gottfried Semper opened with a performance of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos Torquato Tasso

December 6 Monday Having previously checked out from Harvard Library the 1st 3rd and 21st volumes of Alexander Chalmersrsquos THE WORKS OF THE ENGLISH POETS FROM CHAUCER TO COWPER Henry Thoreau on this date checked out the 2d and 4th volumes

Thoreau also checked out the three volumes of Joseph Ritsonrsquos ANCIENT ENGLEISH [sic] METRICAL ROMANCES SELECTED AND PUBLISHrsquoD BY JOSEPH RITSON (London printed by W Bulmer and Company for G and W Nicol 1802)

Meanwhile in Cabul Afghanistan the British colonial troops garrisoning Mahomed Shereefrsquos fort sneaked away the men of Her Majestyrsquos 44th foot regiment apparently being the first to abscond Troops of that same regiment who were garrisoning the bazar village were with difficulty prevented from also absconding

Because she had refused for five months to come to court to be questioned in divorce proceedings Maria Petrovna estranged wife of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka was questioned at home She denied that she had gotten married with Nikolai Nikolayevich Vasilchikov

Two orchestral works by Robert Schumann were performed for the first time in Leipzig Symphony no4 (first performed as Symphony no2) and Overture Scherzo and Finale op52 Franz Lisztrsquos Studentenlied aus Goethes Faust for male chorus was performed for the initial time on the same evening Clara Schumann played duets with Liszt who was the star of the evening

1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


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Can you say content provider


HDT WHAT INDEX


July 6 Saturday George Henry Evans declared in his Working Manrsquos Advocate that he had been ldquoa very warm advocate of the abolition of slaveryrdquo even before he had come to appreciate ldquothat there was white slaveryrdquo

The Soldatenlied aus Goethes Faust for male chorus trumpet and timpani by Franz Liszt was performed for the initial time

1844


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January 20 Monday In the middle of an ongoing bout of depression Robert Schumann bdgan wearing an amulet to ward off evil spirits He was working on SCENES FROM GOETHErsquoS FAUST

1845


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Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF GOETHE TRUTH AND POETRY FROM MY LIFE (Ed Parke Godwin 4 volumes in 2 New York Wiley and Putnam) These two volumes would be available to Henry Thoreau in the library of Bronson Alcott and he would comment on such reading after December 2d in his journal

Waldo Emerson also would comment on this autobiographical writing


1846

GOETHErsquoS AUTOBIOGRAPHY



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GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 16 Thursday At this point Henry Thoreau was reading Anacreon Alcaeus and Homer on birds in the spring Bronson Alcott delivered a Conversation at the home of Elizabeth Sherman Hoar in Concord

attended by Thoreau at which the hostess held forth upon the idea that the present teachers of the nations were Jesus Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Thomas Carlyle and Waldo Emerson

This of course would have been strong stuff directed against the evangelicals who would then as now be offended at the lack of a categorical difference in kind let alone a pronounced qualitative difference in degree noticed between Christ Jesus and the influential others ndashmere humansndash on that short list Thoreau however slyly developed this in the other direction by suggesting that Jesus did not belong in the exalted company of these other three important teachers32

32 One might imagine various good defenses of such a position Jesus wrote nothing whereas the other three were writers Jesus spoke only to the individual conditions of persons he encountered whereas the others addressed an unknown mass audience Jesus took considerable risks in engaging in his activities and was eventually punished for them whereas the others engaged in absolutely safe activities and were never at risk of retribution etc


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 2 Wednesday A deed of sale was witnessed by Henry Thoreau for purchase for $123956 of 41 acres at Walden Pond by Waldo Emerson

By this point in time Thoreau had finished his draft account of his visit to Maine the one into which his readings in Herman Melvillersquos TYPEE had been interpolated Eventually this reading would show up in the

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


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published WALDEN OR LIFE IN THE WOODS in masked form as follows

Dec 2nd 23 geese in the pond this morn flew over my house about 10 rsquooclock in morn within gun

WALDEN The manufacturers have learned that this taste is merelywhimsical Of two patterns which differ only by a few threads moreor less of a particular color the one will be sold readily theother lie on the shelf though it frequently happens that afterthe lapse of a season the latter becomes the most fashionableComparatively tattooing is not the hideous custom which it iscalled It is not barbarous merely because the printing is skin-deep and unalterable


HDT WHAT INDEX


shot The ground has been covered with snow since Nov 25th Three-fourths page missing leaf missingadd lest one ray more than usual come into our eyes ndasha little information from the western heavens ndashand whereare wendash ubique gentium sumusndash where are we as it isWho shall say what is He can only say how he seesOne man sees 100 stars in the heavens ndashanother sees 1000ndash There is no doubt of it ndashbut why should they turntheir backs on one another amp join different sectsndash As for the reality no man sees it ndashbut some see more andsome lessndash what ground then is there to quarrel on No man lives in that world which I inhabit ndashor ever camerambling into itndash Nor did I ever journey in any other manrsquosndash Our differences have frequently such foundationas if venus should roll quite near to the orbit of the earth one day ndashand two inhabitants of the respective planetsshould take the opportunity to lecture one anotherI have noticed that if a man thinks he needs 1000 dollars amp cant be convinced that he does not ndashhe will be foundto have it If he lives amp thinks a thousand dollars will be forthcoming ndashthough it be to by shoe-strings ndashtheyhave got to come 1000 mills will be just as hard to come to one who finds it equally hard to convince himselfthat he needs them mdash mdashOf Emersonrsquos Essays I should say that they were not poetry ndashthat they were not written exactly at the right crisisthough inconceivably near to it Poetry is simply a miracle amp we only recognize it receding from us not comingtoward usndash It yields only tints amp hues of thought like the clouds which reflect the sun ndashamp not distinctpropositionsndashIn poetry the sentence is as one word ndashwhose syllables are wordsndash They do not convey thoughts but some ofthe health which he had inspiredndash It does not deal in thoughts ndashthey are indifferent to itndashA poem is one undivided unimpeded expression ndashfallen ripe into literature The poet has opened his heart andstill livesndash And it is undividedly and unimpededly received by those for whom it was matured ndashbut mortal eyecan never dissect itndash while it sees it is blindedThe wisest man ndashthough he should get all the academies in the world to help him cannot add to or subtract onesyllable from the line of poetryIf you can speak what you Three leaves missing and crownings As the youth studies minutely the order andthe degrees in the imperial procession and suffered none of its effect to be lost on him ndashso the man at last secureda rank in society which satisfied his notion of fitness amp respectabilityHe was defrauded of so much which the savage boy enjoysIndeed he himself has occasion to say in this very autobiography when at last he escapes into the woods withoutthe gates ndashldquoThus much is certain that only the undefinable wide-expanding feelings of youth and ofuncultivated nations are adapted to the sublime which whenever it may be excited in us through externalobjects since it is either formless or else moulded into forms which are incomprehensible must surround uswith a grandeur which we find above our reachrdquoHe was even too well-bred to be thoroughly bred He says that he had had no intercourse with the lowest classof his townsmenndash The child should have the full advantage of ignorance as well as of knowledge ndashamp isfortunate if he gets his share of neglect and exposureldquoThe law of nature break the rules of artrdquoHe further says of himself ldquoI had lived among painters from my childhood and had accustomed myself to lookat objects as they did with reference to artrdquo This was his peculiarity in after years His writings are not theinspiration of nature into his soul ndashbut his own observations ratherrdquo

After December 2 When I am stimulated by reading the biographies of literary men to adopt somemethod of educating myself and directing my studies ndashI can only resolve to keep unimpaired the freedom ampwakefulness of my genius I will not seek to accomplish much in breadth and bulk and loose my self in industrybut keep my celestial relations freshNo method or discipline can supersede the necessity of being forever on the alertndash What is a course of Historyndashno matter how well selected ndashor the most admirable routine of life ndashand fairest relation to society ndashwhen oneis reminded that he may be a Seer that to keep his eye constantly on the true and real is a discipline that willabsorb every otherHow can he appear or be seen to be well employed to the mass of men whose profession it is to climb resolutelythe heights of life ndashand never lose a step he has takenLet the youth seize upon the finest and most memorable experience in his life ndashthat which most reconciled himto his unknown destiny ndashand seek to discover in it his future path Let him be sure that that way is his only trueand worthy careerEvery mortal sent into this world has a star in the heavens appointed to guide himndash Its ray he cannot mistakendashIt has sent its beam to him either through clouds and mists faintly or through a serene heavenndash He knows better

VENUS

Whenever and wherever you see this little pencil icon in the pages of this Kouroo Contexture it is marking an extract from the journal of Henry David Thoreau OK


HDT WHAT INDEX


than to seek advice of anyThis world is no place for the exercise of what is called common sense This world would be deniedOf how much improvement a man is susceptible ndashand what are the methodsWhen I meet the engine with its train of cars moving off with planetary motion or say rather like a comet ndashforthe beholder knows not if with that velocity and that direction it will ever revisit this system ndashits steam-cloudlike a banner streaming behind like such a fleecy cloud as I have seen in a summerrsquos day ndashhigh in the heavensunfolding its wreathed masses to the light ndashas if this travelling and aspiring man would ere long take the sunsetsky for his train in livery when he travelled ndash When I have heard the iron horse make the hills echo with hissnort like thunder shaking the earth ndashwith his feet and breathing fire and smokendash It seems to me that the earthhas got a race now that deserves to inhabit it If all were as it seems and men made the elements their servantsfor noble ends If the cloud that hangs over the engine were the perspiration of heroes or as innocent andbeneficent an omen as that which hovers over the parched fields of the farmerIf the elements did not have to lament their time wasted in accompanying men on their errandsIf this enterprise were as noble as it seems The stabler was up early this winter morning by the light of the starsto fodder and harness his steed ndashfire was awakened too to get him offndash If the enterprise were as innocent as itis earlyndash For all the day he flies over the country stopping only that his master may restndash If the enterprise wereas disinterested as it is unweariedndash And I am awakened by its tramp and defiant snort at midnight while insome far glen it fronts the elements encased in ice and snow and will only reach its stall to start once moreIf the enterprise were as important as it is protractedNo doubt there is to follow a moral advantage proportionate to this physical oneAstronomy is that department of physics which answers to Prophesy the Seerrsquos or Poets calling It is a mild apatient deliberate and contemplative science To see more with the physical eye than man has yet seen to seefarther and off the planet ndashinto the system Shall a man stay on this globe without learning something ndashwithoutadding to his knowledge ndashmerely sustaining his body and with morbid anxiety saving his soul This world isnot a place for him who does not discover its lawsDull Despairing and brutish generations have left the race where they found it or in deeper obscurity and nightndashimpatient and restless ones have wasted their lives in seeking after the philosopherrsquos stone and the elixir oflifendash These are indeed within the reach of science ndashbut only of a universal and wise science to which anenlightened generation may one day attain The wise will bring to the task patience humility (serenity) ndashjoy ndashresolute labor and undying faithI had come over the hills on foot and alone in serene summer days travellingearly in the morning and resting at noon in the shade by the side of some stream and resuming my journey inthe cool of the eveningndash With a knapsack on my back which held a few books and a change of clothing and astout staff in my hand I had looked down from Hoosack mountain where the road crosses it upon the village ofNorth Adams in the valley 3 miles away under my feet ndashshowing how uneven the earth sometimes is andmaking us wonder that it should ever be level and convenient for man or any other creatures than birdsAs the mountain which now rose before me in the Southwest so blue and cloudy was my goal I did not stop longin this village but buying a little rice and sugar which I put into my knapsack and a pint tin dipper I began toascend the mt whose summit was 7 or 8 miles distant by the path My rout lay up a long and spacious valleysloping up to the very clouds between the principle ridge and a lower elevation called the Bellows There werea few farms scattered along at different elevations each commanding a noble prospect of the mountains to thenorth and a stream ran down the middle of the valley on which near the head there was a mill It seemed a veryfit rout for the pilgrim to enter upon who is climbing to the gates of heavenndash now I crossed a hay field and nowover the brook upon a slight bridge still gradually ascending all the while with a sort of awe and filled withindefinable expectations as to what kind of inhabitants and what kind of nature I should come to at lastndash Andnow it seemed some advantage that the earth was uneven for you could not imagine a more noble position fora farm and farm house than this vale afforded farther or nearer from its head from all the seclusion of thedeepest glen overlooking the country from a great elevation ndashbetween these two mountain walls It remindedme of the homesteads on Staten Island on the coast of New Jerseyndash This island which is about 18 miles inlength and rises gradually to the height of 3 or 400 feet in the centre commands fine views in every directionwhether on the side of the continent or the ocean ndashand southward it looks over the outer bay of New York toSandy Hook and the Highlands of Neversink and over long island quite to the open sea toward the shore ofeuropeThere are sloping valleys penetrating the island in various directions gradually narrowing and rising to thecentral table land and at the head of these the Hugenots the first settlers placed their houses quite in the land inhealthy and sheltered places from which they looked out serenely through a widening vista over a distant saltprairie and then over miles of the Atlantic ndashto some faint vessel in the horizon almost a days sail on her voyageto Europe whence they had come From these quiet nooks they looked out with equal security on calm and stormon fleets which were spell bound and loitering on the coast for want of wind and on tempest amp shipwreck Ihave been walking in the interior seven or eight miles from the shore in the midst of rural scenery where there

HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX


was as little to remind me of the ocean as amid these N H hills when suddenly through a gap in the hills ndasha cleftor ldquoClove roadrdquo as the Dutch settlers called it I caught sight of a ship under full sail over a corn field 20 or thirtymiles at sea The effect was similar to seeing the objects in a magic lantern passed back and forth by day-lightsince I had no means of measuring distance

December 6 Sunday Hector Berliozrsquos leacutegende dramatique La damnation de Faust for solo voices chorus and orchestra to words of de Nerval Gandonniegravere and the composer after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was performed for the initial time before a half-empty house at the Paris Opeacutera The audience and critics were confused This would be his greatest failure

United States forces were defeated by Mexicans at San Pascual California and retreated to San Diego

Charles Stanton and Franklin Ward Graves of the Donner party made snowshoes in preparation for ldquoanother mountain scrabblerdquo


HDT WHAT INDEX


Fall George William Curtis visited Lake Como and went through the Tyrol to Vienna and Berlin

Back in America near Boston Brook Farm was being officially disbanded

1847

When the Brook Farmers disbanded in the autumn of 1847 a number of thebrightest spirits settled in New York where The Tribune Horace Greeleyrsquospaper welcomed their ideas and gladly made room on its staff for GeorgeRipley their founder New York in the middle of the nineteenth centuryalmost as much perhaps as Boston bubbled with movements of reform withthe notions of the spiritualists the phrenologists the mesmerists andwhat not and the Fourierists especially had found a forum there fordiscussions of ldquoattractional harmonyrdquo and ldquopassional hygienerdquo It was theNew Yorker Albert Brisbane who had met the master himself in Paris whereFourier was working as a clerk with an American firm and paid him forexpounding his system in regular lessons Then Brisbane in turn convertedGreeley and the new ideas had reached Brook Farm where the memberstransformed the society into a Fourierist phalanx The Tribune had playeda decisive part in this as in other intellectual matters for Greeley wasunique among editors in his literary flair Some years before MargaretFuller had come to New York to write for him and among the Brook Farmerson his staff along with ldquoArchonrdquo Ripley were George William Curtis andDana the founder of The Sun The socialistic [William Henry] Channingwas a nephew of the great Boston divine who had also preached and lecturedin New York while Henry James [Senior] a Swedenborgian agreed with theFourierists too and regarded all passions and attractions as a species ofduty As for the still youthful Brisbane who had toured Europe with histutor studying not only with Fourier but with Hegel in Berlin he hadmastered animal magnetism to the point where he could strike a lightmerely by rubbing his fingers over the gas-jet The son of a magnate ofupper New York he had gone abroad at nineteen with the sense of a certaininjustice in his unearned wealth and he had been everywhere received likea bright young travelling prince in Paris Berlin Vienna andConstantinople He had studied philosophy music and art and learned tospeak in Turkish mdashthe language of Fourierrsquos capital of the future worldmdashdriving over Italy with SFB Morse and Horatio Greenough and sitting atthe feet of Victor Cousin also He met and talked with Goethe HeineBalzac Lamennais and Victor Hugo reading Fourier for many weeks withRahel Varnhagen von Ense whom he had inspired with a passion for theldquowonderful planrdquo He had a strong feeling for craftsmanship for he hadwatched the village blacksmith along with the carpenter and the saddlerwhen he was a boy so that he was prepared for these notions of attractivelabor while he had been struck by the chief Red Jacket who had visitedthe village surrounded by white admirers and remnants of his tribe Inthis so-called barbarian he had witnessed aptitudes that impressed himwith the powers and capacities of the natural man and he had long sinceset out to preach the gospel of social reorganization that Fourier hadexplained to him in Paris

Van Wyck Brooksrsquos _The Times of Melville and Whitman_ (Scranton PA EP Dutton amp Co 1947) pages 1-3


HDT WHAT INDEX


At Robert Owenrsquos ldquoWorld Conventionrdquo held in New York in1845 many of the reformersrsquo programmes had foundexpression and since then currents of affinity hadspread from the Unitary Home to the Oneida Community andthe Phalanx at Red Bank The Unitary Home a group ofhouses on East 14th Street with communal parlours andkitchens was an urban Brook Farm where temperance reformand womanrsquos rights were leading themes of conversation andJohn Humphrey Noyes of Oneida was a frequent guest

FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE

HENRY JAMES SRONEIDA COMMUNITY

HORATIO GREENOUGH

GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS

JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES

WILLIAM HENRY CHANNING

SAGOYEWATHA ldquoRED JACKETrdquoJOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE

ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION



HDT WHAT INDEX


June 25 Sunday Rudolf Ludwig Caumlsar von Auerswald replaced Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen as Prime Minister of Prussia

Romanian hospodar George Bibescu abdicated A provisional government was named It was egalitarian and nationalistic

The final section of Scenes from Goethersquos Faust for solo voices chorus and orchestra by Robert Schumann was performed for the initial time in a private performance directed by the composer

1848


HDT WHAT INDEX


August 29 Wednesday On about this day Waldo Emerson recorded in his JOURNAL

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos birth the final section of Robert Schumannrsquos ldquoScenes from Goethersquos Faustrdquo was performed publicly for the initial time simultaneously in Dresden Weimar and Leipzig The composer himself conducted in Dresden

At a meeting of the School Committee of Boston Charles Theodore Russell submitted the REPORT OF THE MINORITY OF THE COMMITTEE UPON THE PETITIONS OF JOHN T HILTON AND OTHERS COLORED CITIZENS OF BOSTON PRAYING FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SMITH SCHOOL AND THAT COLORED CHILDREN MAY BE PERMITTED TO ATTEND THE OTHER SCHOOLS OF THE CITY (Printed by order of the School Committee Boston JH EastburnCity Printer)

1849

Love is the bright foreigner the foreign self

[The Reverend Theodore] Parker thinks that to know Plato you must read Plato thoroughly amp his commentators amp I think Parker would require a good drill in Greek history too I have no objection to hear this urged on any but a Platonist But when erudition is insisted on to Herbert or Henry More I hear it as if to know the tree you should make me eat all the apples It is not granted to one man to express himself adequately more than a few times and I believe fully in spite of sneers in interpreting the French Revolution by anecdotes though not every diner out can do it To know the flavor of tanzy must I eat all the tanzy that grows by the Wall When I asked Mr Thom in Liverpool mdash who is Gilfillan amp who is Mac-Candlish he began at the settlement of the Scotch Kirk in 1300 amp came down with the history to 1848 that I might understand what was Gilfillan or what was Edin Review ampc ampc But if a man cannot answer me in ten words he is not wiserdquo

ABOLITION OF SMITH SCHOOL


HDT WHAT INDEX


Waldo Emerson published the lecture series that he had called ldquoREPRESENTATIVE MANrdquo and during May and June made his first long lecture tour through the West going down the Ohio River and up the Mississippi River to St Louis returning by stage and rail mdash offering copies for sale at the back of every hall

1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX


In Waldorsquos newest book (a copy of which we would discover in the personal library of Henry Thoreau) in the lecture ldquoGoethe or the Writerrdquo

In this REPRESENTATIVE MEN SEVEN LECTURES (Boston Phillips Sampson and Company New York James C Derby) Emerson responded to criticism of his characteristic suck-up-to-the-centrists worship-whatever-powers-there-be attitude by using the analogy of human society to the Pestalozzian school which I have here marked in boldface

QUAKERS

The fiery reformer embodies his aspiration in some rite orcovenant and he and his friends cleave to the form and lose theaspiration The Quaker has established Quakerism the Shaker hasestablished his monastery and his dance and although each prates ofspirit there is no spirit but repetition which is anti-spiritual



HDT WHAT INDEX


hellipThe thoughtful youth laments the superfœtation ofnature ldquoGenerous and handsomerdquo he says ldquois yourhero but look at yonder poor Paddy whose country ishis wheelbarrow look at his whole nation of PaddiesrdquoWhy are the masses from the dawn of history down foodfor knives and powder The idea dignifies a fewleaders who have sentiment opinion love self-devotion and they make war and death sacred mdash butwhat for the wretches whom they hire and kill Thecheapness of man is every dayrsquos tragedy It is as reala loss that others should be low as that we should below for we must have society Is it a reply to thesesuggestions to say society is a Pestalozzian schoolall are teachers and pupils in turn We are equallyserved by receiving and by imparting Men who know thesame things are not long the best company for eachother But bring to each an intelligent person ofanother experience and it is as if you let off waterfrom a lake by cutting a lower basin It seems amechanical advantage and great benefit it is to eachspeaker as he can now paint out his thought tohimself We pass very fast in our personal moods fromdignity to dependence And if any appear never toassume the chair but always to stand and serve it isbecause we do not see the company in a sufficientlylong period for the whole rotation of parts to comeabout As to what we call the masses and common menmdash there are no common men All men are at last of asize and true art is only possible on the convictionthat every talent has its apotheosis somewhere Fairplay and an open field and freshest laurels to allwho have won them But heaven reserves an equal scopefor every creature Each is uneasy until he hasproduced his private ray unto the concave sphere andbeheld his talent also in its last nobility andexaltation


HDT WHAT INDEX


The Reverend George Gilfillan reported in Palladium on Emersonrsquos REPRESENTATIVE MEN SEVEN LECTURES

August 28 Thursday Richard Wagnerrsquos Lohengrin a romantische Oper was performed for the initial time at the Hoftheater in Weimar Germany mdash despite the fact that the author after the failure of the German revolution was still in hiding in Switzerland It was directed by Franz Liszt and this was of course Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos birthday The theater was full of artistic luminaries including Giacomo Meyerbeer Robert Franz Joseph Joachim and Hans von Buumllow

End of the governorship of Major-General Sir Patrick Ross on St Helena

November 21 Thursday Robert Schumannrsquos Requiem fuumlr Mignon for solo voices chorus and orchestra to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Duumlsseldorf

JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI

LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX


Nov 21st For a month past the grass under the pines has been covered with a new carpet of pine leavesIt is remarkable that the old leaves turn amp fall in so short a timeSome of the densest amp most impenetrable clumps of bushes I have seen as well on account of the closeness oftheir branches as of their thorns have been wild apples Its branches as stiff as those of the black spruce on thetops of mountainsI saw a herd of a dozen cows amp young steers amp oxen on Conantum this afternoon running about amp frisking inunwieldly sport like huge ratsndash Any sportiveness in cattle is unexpectedndash They even played like kittens in theirway ndashshook their heads raised their tails amp rushed up amp down the hillThe witch-hazel blossom on Conantum has for the most part lost its ribbons nowSome distant angle in the sun where a lofty and dense white pine wood with mingled grey amp green meets a hillcovered with shrub oaks affects me singularly ndashreinspiring me with all the dreams of my youth It is a place faraway ndashyet actual and where we have beenndash I saw the sun falling on a distant white pine wood whose grey ampmoss covered stems were visible amid the green ndashin an angle where this forest abutted on a hill covered withshrub oaksndash It was like looking into dream landndash It is one of the avenues to my future Certain coincidenceslike this are accompanied by a certain flash as of hazy lightning ndashflooding all the world suddenly with atremulous serene light which it is difficult to see long at a timeI saw Fair Haven pond with its Island amp meadow between the island amp the shore ndashand a strip of perfectly stillamp smooth water in the lee of the island ndashamp two hawks ndashfish-hawks perhaps ndashsailing over it I did not see howit could be improvedndash Yet I do not see what these things can be I begin to see such an object when I cease tounderstand it ndashand see that I did not realize or appreciate it before ndashbut I get no further than this How adaptedthese forms and colors to my eye ndasha meadow amp an island what are these things Yet the hawks amp the duckskeep so aloof and nature is so reserved I am made to love the pond amp the meadow as the wind is made toripple the waterAs I looked on the walden woods eastward across the pond I saw suddenly a white cloud rising above their topsnow here now there marking the progress of the cars which were rolling toward Boston far below ndashbehind manyhills amp woodsOctober must be the month of ripe amp tinted leavesndash Throughout november they are almost entirely withered ampsomber ndashthe few that remain In this month the sun is valued ndashwhen it shines warmer or brighter we are sure toobserve itndash There are not so many colors to attract the eye We begin to remember the summer We walk fastto keep warm For a month past I have sat by a fireEvery sun-set inspires me with the desire to go to a west as distant and as fair as that into which the sun goesdownI get nothing to eat in my walks now but wild-apples ndashsometimes some cranberries ndashamp some walnutsThe squirrels have got the hazlenuts amp chestnuts


HDT WHAT INDEX


The Reverend Frederic Henry Hedge transcribed Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ldquoSong of the Three Archangels Raphaelrdquo from FAUST as ldquoThe Sun Is Still Forever Soundingrdquo

The Reverend William Rounseville Algerrsquos HISTORY OF THE CROSS OF CHRIST was printed in Cambridge by the firm of J Munroe

1851

HISTORY OF THE CROSS


HDT WHAT INDEX


September 1 Wednesday Heinrich August Marschnerrsquos Natur und Kunst allegorisches Festspiel zur Einweihung des neuen hannoverschen Hoftheaters 1852 to words of Waterford-Perglass was performed for the initial time in Hanover It was staged as an intermezzo with Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos Tasso

Henry Thoreau extrapolated material from the Reverend William Gilpinrsquos 1808 edition of OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL PARTS OF GREAT BRITAIN PARTICULARLY THE HIGH-LANDS OF SCOTLAND RELATIVE CHIEFLY TO PICTURESQUE BEAUTY MADE IN THE YEAR 1776 that he would use in WALDEN

September 1 Wednesday Some tragedy at least some dwelling on or even exaggeration of the tragicside of life is necessary for contrast or relief to the picture The genius of the writer may be such a colored glassas Gilpin describes the use of which is ldquoto give a greater depth to the shades by which the effect is shown withmore forcerdquo The whole of life is seen by some through this darker medium - partakes of the tragic - and itsbright and splendid lights become thus lurid4 P M mdashTo WaldenPaddling over it I see large schools of perch only an inch long yet easily distinguished by their transverse barsGreat is the beauty of a wooded shore seen from the water for the trees have ample room to expand on that sideand each puts forth its most vigorous bough to fringe and adorn the pond It is rare that you see so natural anedge to the forest Hence a pond like this surrounded by hills wooded down to the edge of the water is the bestplace to observe the tints of the autumnal foliage Moreover such as stand in or near to the water change earlierthan elsewhere This is a very warm and serene evening and the surface of the pond is perfectly smooth except where the skaterdimple it for at equal intervals they are scattered over its whole extent and looking west they make a finesparkle in the sun Here and there is a thistle()-down floating on its surface which the fishes dart at and dimplethe water mdash delicate hint of approaching autumn when the first thistle-down descends on some smooth lakersquossurface full of reflections in the woods sign to the fishes of the ripening year These white fairy vessels areannually wafted over the cope of their sky Bethink thyself O man when the first thistle-down is in the airBuoyantly it floated high in air over hills and fields all day and now weighed down with evening dewsperchance it sinks gently to the surface of the lake Nothing can stay the thistle-down but with Septemberwinds it unfailingly sets sail The irresistible revolution of time It but comes down upon the sea in its ship andis still perchance wafted to the shore with its delicate sails The thistle-down is in the air Tell me is thy fruitalso there Dost thou approach maturity Do gales shake windfalls from thy tree But I see no dust here as onthe riverSome of the leaves of the rough hawkweed are purple now especially beneathI see a yet smoother darker water separated from this abruptly as if by an invisible cobweb resting on thesurface I view it from Heywoodrsquos Peak How rich and autumnal the haze which blues the distant hills and fillsthe valleys The lakes look better in this haze which confines our view more to their reflected heavens and

1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN

WALDEN William Gilpin who is so admirable in all that relatesto landscapes and usually so correct standing at the headof Loch Fyne in Scotland which he describes as ldquoa bay of saltwater sixty or seventy fathoms deep four miles in breadthrdquo andabout fifty miles long surrounded by mountains observes ldquoIf wecould have seen it immediately after the diluvian crashor whatever convulsion of Nature occasioned it before the watersgushed in what a horrid chasm it must have appeared

WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX


makes the shore-line more indistinct Viewed from the hilltop it reflects the color of the sky Some have referredthe vivid greenness next the shores to the reflection of the verdure but it is equally green there against therailroad sand-bank and in the spring before the leaves are expanded Beyond the deep reflecting surface nearthe shore where the bottom is seen it is a vivid green I see two or three small maples already scarlet acrossthe pond beneath where the white stems of three birches diverge at the point of a promontory next the watera distinct scarlet tint a quarter of a mile off Ah many a tale their color tells of Indian times mdash and autumn wells[] mdash primeval dells The beautifully varied shores of Walden mdash the western indented with deep bays the boldnorthern shore the gracefully sweeping curve of the eastern and above all the beautifully scalloped southernshore where successive capes overlap each other and suggest unexplored coves between Its shore is justirregular enough not to be monotonous From this peak I can see a fish leap in almost any part of the pond fornot a pickerel or shiner picks an insect from this smooth surface but it manifestly disturbs the equilibrium of thelake It is wonderful with what elaborateness this simple fact is advertised This piscine murder will out andfrom my distant perch I distinguish the circling undulations when they are now half a dozen rods in diameterMethinks I distinguish Fair Haven Pond from this point elevated by a mirage in its seething valley like a coinin a basin [At this point Thoreau placed a question mark in the margin] They cannot fatally injure Walden withan axe for they have done their worst and failed We see things in the reflection which we do not see in thesubstance In the reflected woods of Pine Hill there is a vista through which I see the sky but I am indebted tothe water for this advantage for from this point the actual wood affords no such vistaBidens connata () not quite out I see the Hieracium venosum still but slightly veined Have I not madeanother species of this variety Aster undulatus () like a many-flowered amplexicaulis with leaves narrowedbelow a few days Amphicarpœa monoica like the ground-nut but ternate out of July or August Pods justforming Desmodium rotundifolium just going out of bloom Last two side of Heywoodrsquos PeakGilpin who is usually so correct standing at the head of Loch Fyne in Scotland which he describes as ldquoa bayof salt water sixty or seventy fathoms deep four miles in breadthrdquo and about fifty miles long surrounded bymountains observes ldquoIf we could have seen it immediately after the diluvian crash or whatever convulsion ofnature occasioned it before the waters gushed in what a horrid chasm must it have appeared

ldquoSo high as heaved the tumid hills so lowDown sunk a hollow bottom broad and deepCapacious bed of watersmdashmdashrdquo

But if we apply these proportions to Walden which as we have seen appears already in a transverse sectionlike a shallow plate it will appear four times as shallow So much for the increased horrors of the emptied chasmof Loch Fyne No doubt many a smiling valley with its extended fields of corn occupies exactly such a ldquohorridchasmrdquo from which the waters have receded though it requires the insight of the geologist to convince theunsuspicious inhabitants of the fact Most ponds being emptied would leave a meadow no more hollow thanwe frequently see I have seen many a village situated in the midst of a plain which the geologist has at lengthaffirmed must have been levelled by water where the observing eye might still detect the shores of a lake in thehorizon and no subsequent elevation of the plain was necessary to conceal the factThus it is only by emphasis and exaggeration that real effects are described What Gilpin says in other place isperfectly applicable to this case though he says that that which he is about to disclose is so bold a truth ldquothatit ought only perhaps to be opened to the initiatedrdquo ldquoIn the exhibition of distant mountains on paper orcanvasrdquo says he ldquounless you make them exceed their real or proportional size they have no effect It isinconceivable how objects lessen by distance Examine any distance closed by mountains in a camera and youwill easily see what a poor diminutive appearance the mountains make By the power of perspective they arelessened to nothing Should you represent them in your landscape in so (diminutive a form all dignity andgrandeur of idea would be lostrdquo


HDT WHAT INDEX


The blasting and smelting of the deposit of bog iron that had been discovered in the foothills of Mount Ktaadn in Maine in 1843 was moving into a period of decline No longer would the pigs of iron produced by these backwoods furnaces be continually being dragged out of the woods over the snow on sleds during each Maine winter No longer would the furnaces on the slopes of Ktaadn be consuming in the form of charcoal a thousand acres of woods per year Other furnaces less remotely located were supplying the market at lower cost freeing this locale for less important and less remunerative human activities

ldquoWe are what we readrdquo As Professor Lawrence Buell of Harvard University has seen fit to point out on many occasions and on page 57 of his ENVIRONMENTAL IMAGINATION in regard to the manifest influence of existing hike literature and peak-experiences literature upon Henry Thoreau

1856

Had the Alps not been lyricized by Johann Wolfgang von GoetheByron Wordsworth and the Shellys Henry Thoreau might havebeen less drawn to Saddleback and Katahdin as literary subjects


HDT WHAT INDEX


With H Grimmrsquos ESSAY UEBER GOETHE UND SHAKESPEARE published in Leipzig Waldo Emersonrsquos writings began to become available in German translation

Delia Baconrsquos THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE UNFOLDED proposed that the plays had actually been authored by none other than Francis Bacon

This Baconian hypothesis would be supported to some extent both by Waldo and by Nathaniel Hawthorne

At an exhibition Nathaniel viewed John Millaisrsquos painting ldquoAutumn Leavesrdquo which would appear in THE MARBLE FAUN The painting is now at the Manchester City Art Gallery

NathanielrsquoS A RILL FROM THE TOWN-PUMP WITH REMARKS BY TELBA

1857


(He kept themunder his hat)


HDT WHAT INDEX


Henry Peter Brougham founded the Social Science Association

September 3 Friday Weimars Volkslied by Franz Liszt to words of Cornelius was performed for the initial time in Weimar for the dedication of the Goethe and Schiller Memorial

The 14th anniversary of Frederick Douglassrsquos freedom which we may well elect to celebrate in lieu of an unknown slave birthday

ldquoIt has been a source of great annoyance to me never to have a birthdayrdquo


HDT WHAT INDEX


September 5 Saturday Two orchestral works by Franz Liszt were performed for the first time in Weimar conducted by the composer the symphonic poem Die Ideale and Eine Faust-Symphonie in drei Charakterbilden They celebrate the unveiling today of the Goethe-Schiller Monument in Weimar One of those in attendance Hans Christian Andersen an admirer of Liszt the performer was less enthusiastic about his music ldquo[Lisztrsquos music] was wild melodious and turbid At times there was a crash of cymbals When I first heard it I thought a plate had fallen down I went home tired What a damned sort of musicrdquo

Charles Darwin wrote to the Harvard botanist Dr Asa Gray (Fisher Professor of Natural History 1842-1873) in a semi-legible scrawl ldquoI will enclose the briefest abstract of my notions on the means by which nature makes her species I ask you not to mention my doctrinerdquo Professor Gray would be the first person in North America to be so informed of Darwinrsquos ideas on natural selection

ldquoIf ever you do read it amp can screw out the time to sendmehowever short a noteI should be extremely gratefulrdquo

ldquoI cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explainso many classes of factsrdquo

September 5 Saturday I now see those brown shaving-like stipules33 of the white pine leaves whichare falling i e the stipules and caught in cobwebsRiver falls suddenly having been high all summer

1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 27 Sunday French and British warships opened fire on Canton Their bombardment lasted 27 hours and set the city on fire

It was on about this date that Modest Musorgsky began musical studies with Mily Balakirev in St Petersburg

Retired for only a month Louis Spohr tripped on the steps at the museum in Kassel and broke an arm Although he would recover he would never again be able to perform on the violin in public

Gesang der Geister uumlber den Wassern for male octet and strings by Franz Schubert to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Vienna

December 27 A clear pleasant day PM ndashTo Goose PondTree sparrows about the weeds in the yard A snowball on every pine plume for there has been no wind to shakeit down The pitch pines look like trees heavily laden with snow oranges The snowballs on their plumes arelike a white fruit When I thoughtlessly strike at a limb with my hatchet in my surveying down comes a suddenshower of snow whitening my coat and getting into my neck You must be careful how you approach and jarthe trees thus supporting a light snowPartridges [Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus (Partridge)] dash away through the pines jarring down thesnowMice have been abroad in the night We are almost ready to believe that they have been shut up in the earth allthe rest of the year because we have not seen their tracks I see where by the shore of Goose Pond one haspushed up just far enough to open a window through the snow three quarters of an inch across but has not beenforth Elsewhere when on the pond I see in several places where one has made a circuit out on to the pond arod or more returning to the shore again Such a track may by what we call accident be preserved for ageological period or be obliterated by the melting of the snow

Goose Pond is not thickly frozen yet Near the north shore it cracks under the snow as I walk and in many placeswater has oozed out and spread over the ice mixing with the snow and making dark places Walden is almostentirely skimmed over It will probably be completely frozen over to-night34

I frequently hear a dog bark at some distance in the night which strange as it may seem reminds me of thecooing or crowing of a ring dove which I heard every night a year ago at Perth Amboy It was sure to coo onthe slightest noise in the house as good as a watch-dog The crowing of cocks too reminds me of it and nowI think of it it was precisely the intonation and accent of the cat owlrsquos hoo-hoo-hoo-oo dwelling in each casesonorously on the last syllable They get the pitch and break ground with the first note and then prolong andswell it in the last The commonest and cheapest sounds as the barking of a dog produce the same effect onfresh and healthy ears that the rarest music does It depends on your appetite for sound Just as a crust is sweeterto a healthy appetite than confectionery to a pampered or diseased one It is better that these cheap sounds bemusic to us than that we have the rarest ears for music in any other sense I have lain awake at night many atime to think of the barking of a dog which I had heard long before bathing my being again in those waves ofsound as a frequenter of the opera might lie awake remembering the music he had heardAs my mother made my pockets once of Fatherrsquos old fire-bags with the date of the formation of the Fire Societyon them ndash1794 ndashthough they made but rotten pockets ndashso we put our meaning into those old mythologies Iam sure that the Greeks were commonly innocent of any such double-entendre as we attribute to themOne while we do not wonder that so many commit suicide life is so barren and worthless we only live on byan effort of the will Suddenly our condition is ameliorated and even the barking of a dog is a pleasure to usSo closely is our happiness bound up with our physical condition and one reacts on the otherDo not despair oflife You have no doubt farce enough to overcome your obstacles Think of the fox prowling through wood andfield in a winter night for something to satisfy his hunger Notwithstanding cold and the hounds and traps his

34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX


race survives I do not believe any of them ever committed suicide I saw this afternoon where probably a foxhad rolled some small carcass in the snowI cut a blueberry bush this afternoon a venerable-looking one bending over Goose Pond with a gray flat scalybark the bark split into long narrow closely adhering scales the inner bark dull-reddish At several feet fromthe ground it was one and five sixteenths inches in diameter and I counted about twenty-nine indistinct ringsIt seems a very close-grained wood It appears then that some of those old gray blueberry bushes whichoverhang the pond-holes have attained half the age of manI am disappointed by most essays and lectures I find that I had expected the authors would have some life somevery private experience to report which would make it comparatively unimportant in what style they expressedthemselves but commonly they have only a talent to exhibit The new magazine which all have been expectingmay contain only another love story as naturally told as the last perchance but without the slightest novelty init It may be a mere vehicle for Yankee phrasesWhat interesting contrasts our climate affords In July you rush panting into [a] pond to cool yourself in thetepid water when the stones on the bank are so heated that you cannot hold one tightly in your hand and horsesare melting on the road Now you walk on the same pond frozen amid the snow with numbed fingers and feetand see the water-target bleached and stiff in the ice


HDT WHAT INDEX


March 19 Saturday Faust an opeacutera dialogueacute by Charles Gounod to words of Barbier and Carreacute after Goethe was performed for the initial time at the Theacuteacirctre-Lyrique Paris Among the onlookers were Hector Berlioz Daniel-Franccedilois-Esprit Auber and Eugene Delacroix The critics were undecided but this would establish Gounodrsquos reputation

March 19 7 AM Fair weather and a very strong southwest wind the water not quite so high as daybefore yesterday ndash just about as high as yesterday morning ndash notwithstanding yesterdayrsquos rain which waspretty copiousP M ndash To Tarbellrsquos via J P BrownrsquosThe wind blows very strongly from the southwest and the course of the river being northeast it must help thewater to run off very much If it blew with equal violence from the north the river would probably have risenon account of yesterdayrsquos rain On the northeast sides of the broadest expanses the waves run very high quitesea-like and their tumult is exciting both [TO] see and [TO] hear All sorts of lumber is afloat Rails planksand timber etc which the unthrifty neglected to secure now change hands Much railroad lumber is floated offWhile one end rests on the land it is the railroadrsquos but as soon as it is afloat it is made the property of him whosaves it I see some poor neighbors as earnest as the railroad employees are negligent to secure it It blows sohard that you walk aslant against the wind Your very beard if you wear a full one is a serious cause ofdetention Or if you are fortunate enough to go before the wind your carriage can hardly be said to be naturalto youA new ravine has begun at Clamshell this spring That other which began with a crack in the frozen ground Istood at the head of and looked down and out through the other day It not only was itself a new feature in thelandscape but it gave to the landscape seen through [IT] a new and remarkable character as does the Deep Cuton the railroad It faces the water and you look down on the shore and the flooded meadows between its twosloping sides as between the frame of a picture It affected me like the descriptions or representations of muchmore stupendous scenery and to my eyes the dimensions of this ravine were quite indefinite and in that moodI could not have guessed if it were twenty or fifty feet wide The landscape has a strange and picturesqueappearance seen through it and it is itself no mean feature in it But a short time ago I detected here a crack inthe frozen ground Now I look with delight as it were at a new landscape through a broad gap in the hillWalking afterward on the side of the hill behind Abel Hosmerrsquos overlooking the russet interval the groundbeing bare where corn was cultivated last year I see that the sandy soil has been washed far down the hill forits whole length by the recent rains combined with the melting snow and it forms on the nearly level ground atthe base very distinct flat yellow sands with a convex edge contrasting with the darker soil there

Such slopes must lose a great deal of this soil in a single spring and I should think that was a sound reason inmany cases for leaving them woodland and never exposing and breaking the surface This plainly is one reasonwhy the brows of such hills are commonly so barren They lose much more than they gain annually It is aquestion whether the farmer will not lose more by the wash in such cases than he will gain by manuringThe meadows are all in commotion The ducks are now concealed by the waves if there are any floating thereWhile the sun is behind a cloud the surface of the flood is almost uniformly yellowish or blue but when thesun comes out from behind the cloud a myriad dazzling white crests to the waves are seen The wind makessuch a din about your ears that conversation is difficult your words are blown away and do not strike the earthey were aimed at If you walk by the water the tumult of the waves confuses you If you go by a tree or enterthe woods the din is yet greater Nevertheless this universal commotion is very interesting and exciting Thewhite pines in the horizon either single trees or whole woods a mile off in the southwest or west are

1859


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particularly interesting You not only see the regular bilateral form of the tree all the branches distinct like thefrond of a fern or a feather (for the pine even at this distance has not merely beauty of outline and color ndash it isnot merely an amorphous and homogeneous or continuous mass of green ndash but shows a regular succession offlattish leafy boughs or stages in flakes one above another like the veins of a leaf or the leafets of a frond it isthis richness and symmetry of detail which more than its outline charms us) but that fine silvery light reflectedfrom its needles (perhaps their under sides) incessantly in motion As a tree bends and waves like a feather inthe gale I see it alternately dark and light as the sides of the needles which reflect the cool sheen are alternatelywithdrawn from and restored to the proper angle and the light appears to flash upward from the base of the treeincessantly In the intervals of the flash it is often as if the tree were withdrawn altogether from sight I see onelarge pine wood over whose whole top these cold electric flashes are incessantly passing off harmlessly into theair above I thought at first of some fine spray dashed upward but it is rather like broad flashes of pale coldlight Surely you can never see a pine wood so expressive so speaking This reflection of light from the wavingcrests of the earth is like the play and flashing of electricity No deciduous tree exhibits these fine effects oflight Literally incessant sheets not of heat-but cold-lightning you would say were flashing there Seeing somejust over the roof of a house which was far on this side I thought at first that it was something like smoke evenndashthough a rare kind of smokendash that went up from the house In short you see a play of light over the whole pinesimilar in its cause but far grander in its effects than that seen in a waving field of grain Is not this wind anawaking to life and light [OF] the pines after their winter slumber The wind is making passes over themmagnetizing and electrifying them Seen at midday even it is still the light of dewy morning alone that isreflected from the needles of the pine This is the brightening and awakening of the pines a phenomenonperchance connected with the flow of sap in them I feel somewhat like the young Astyanax at sight of hisfatherrsquos flashing crest As if in this wind-storm of March a certain electricity was passing from heaven to earththrough the pines and calling them to lifeThat first general exposure of the russet earth March 16th after the soaking rain of the day before whichwashed off most of the snow and ice is a remarkable era in an ordinary spring The earth casting off her whitemantle and appearing in her homely russet garb This russet ndashincluding the leather-color of oak leavesndash ispeculiar and not like the russet of the fall and winter for it reflects the spring light or sun as if there were a sortof sap in it When the strong northwest winds first blow drying up the superabundant moisture the witheredgrass and leaves do not present a merely weather-beaten appearance but a washed and combed springlike faceThe knolls forming islands in our meadowy flood are never more interesting than then This is when the earthis as it were re-created raised up to the sun which was buried under snow and iceTo continue the account of the weather [SEVEN] pages back To-day it has cleared off to a very strongsouthwest wind which began last evening after the rain ndash strong as ever blows all day stronger than thenorthwest wind of the 16th and hardly so warm with flitting wind-clouds only It differs from the 16th in beingyet drier and barer ndashthe earth ndashscarcely any snow or ice to be found and such being the direction of the windyou can hardly find a place in the afternoon which is both sunny and sheltered from the wind and there is a yetgreater commotion in the waterWe are interested in the phenomena of Nature mainly as children are or as we are in games of chance They aremore or less exciting Our appetite for novelty is insatiable We do not attend to ordinary things though theyare most important but to extraordinary ones While it is only moderately hot or cold or wet or dry nobodyattends to it but when Nature goes to an extreme in any of these directions we are all on the alert withexcitement Not that we care about the philosophy or the effects of this phenomenon Eg when I went toBoston in the early train the coldest morning of last winter two topics mainly occupied the attention of thepassengers Morphyrsquos chess victories and Naturersquos victorious cold that morning The inhabitants of varioustowns were comparing notes and that one whose door opened upon a greater degree of cold than any of hisneighborsrsquo doors chuckled not a little Almost every one I met asked me almost before our salutations were overldquohow the glass stoodrdquo at my house or in my town ndash the librarian of the college the registrar of deeds atCambridgeport ndash a total stranger to me whose form of inquiry made me think of another sort of glass ndash andeach rubbed his hands with pretended horror but real delight if I named a higher figure than he had yet heardIt was plain that one object which the cold was given us for was our amusement a passing excitement It wouldbe perfectly consistent and American to bet on the coldness of our respective towns of [sic] the morning thatis to come Thus a greater degree of cold may be said to warm us more than a less one We hear with ill-concealed disgust the figures reported from some localities where they never enjoy the luxury of severe coldThis is a perfectly legitimate amusement only we should know that each day is peculiar and has its kindredexcitementsIn those wet days like the 12th and the 15th when the browns culminated the sun being concealed I was drawntoward and worshipped the brownish light in the sod ndash the withered grass etc on barren hills I felt as if I couldeat the very crust of the earth I never felt so terrene never sympathized so with the surface of the earth Fromwhatever source the light and heat come thither we look with love


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The newspapers state that a man in Connecticut lately shot ninety-three musquash in one dayMelvin says that in skinning a mink you must cut round the parts containing the musk else the operation willbe an offensive one that Wetherbee has already baited some pigeons (he hears) that he last year found a hen-hawkrsquos egg in March and thinks that woodcocks are now laying


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January 13 Monday Scenes from Goethersquos Faust for solo voices chorus and orchestra by Robert Schumann to words of Goethe was performed completely for the first time in Cologne

The Reverend Moncure Daniel Conway wrote from Washington DC to James M Stone to turn down a request to speak at an Emancipation League function

That evening entertainment was offered at the Town Hall of Concord with proceeds to go to the Soldiersrsquo Aid Society

According to the Reverend Issachar J Roberts (we have little evidence from any other source in regard to this and the various accounts by the missionary do differ substantially from one another as his story evolved) while he was residing in the home of the Kanwang ldquoShield Kingrdquo of the Chinese Christian Taipings Hung Jen-Kan the Shield King (or maybe it was the Shield Kingrsquos brother) entered his quarters and cut down a ldquoboyrdquo servant who was residing with the Reverend with his sword (or maybe hit him with a stick) and stomped his head while he was on the floor killing him (apparently but maybe not) The Shield King (or maybe his brother) then turned on the Reverend himself seizing the bench on which he was sitting throwing the dregs of his cup of tea in his face and striking him first on one cheek and then on the other The Reverend fled leaving behind his personal effects (which would later of course be forwarded to him) The only admission the Shield King would make in regard to this incident in later years would be that the incident had occurred but had been merely a ldquoslight misunderstandingrdquo

During my period in office I was assisted by a foreigner whoacted as my interpreter when occasion led me to call for hisservices The person in question lived with me and received myhospitality for a long time but from some slightmisunderstanding one day he made a precipitate flight from thecity and every effort failed to win him back

1862

US CIVIL WAR


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December 18 Friday Three works of vocal chamber music by Johannes Brahms were performed for the initial time in Vienna Wechsellied zum Tanz op311 for vocal quartet to words of Goethe Die Nonne und der Ritter op281 for alto baritone and piano to words of Eichendorff and Vor der Tuumlr op282 for alto baritone and piano to words of an old German poet translated by Wenzig

The New York Evening Post under ldquoNew Booksrdquo in reviewing Ticknor amp Fieldsrsquos fancy $3 leatherbound edition HOUSEHOLD FRIENDS A BOOK FOR ALL SEASONS ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL mentioned material from the ldquoWinter Animalsrdquo chapter of WALDEN by Henry D Thoreau

(This included among its fine steel engravings the initial portrait of Thoreau ever to be published)

1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


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George William Curtis was actively involved in the elections of this year and was chosen as delegate-at-large to the Convention for revising the New York State Constitution

Thomas Hicks painted his ldquoAuthors of the United Statesrdquo as a name-dropping set piece to show off various of the portraits of prominent personages he had painted at his studio in New-York We have no idea as to the present whereabouts of the original of this but an engraving of it was made by AH Ritchie We note that the statues on the upper balcony are of course of founding literary giants Johann Wolfgang von Goethe William Shakespeare and Dante Alighieri Henry Thoreau is of course as always not noticeably absent since he would

1866


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not emerge into his present renown until well into the 20th Century

The personages depicted are 1=Washington Irving 2=William Cullen Bryant 3=James Fenimore Cooper 4=Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5=Miss Sedgwick 6=Mrs Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney 7=Mrs EDEN Southworth 8=Mitchell 9=Nathaniel Parker Willis 10=Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr 11=Kennedy 12=Mrs Mowatt Ritchie 13=Alice Carey 14=Prentice 15=GW Kendall 16=Morris 17=Edgar Allan Poe 18=Frederick Goddard Tuckerman 19=Nathaniel Hawthorne 20=Simms 21=P Pendelton Cooke 22=Hoffman 23=William H Prescott 24=George Bancroft 25=Parke Godwin 26=John Lothrop Motley 27=Reverend Henry Ward Beecher 28=George William Curtis 29=Ralph Waldo Emerson 30=Richard Henry Dana Jr


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31=Margaret Fuller marchesa drsquoOssoli 32=Reverend William Ellery Channing 33=Harriet Beecher Stowe 34=Mrs Kirkland 35=Friend John Greenleaf Whittier 36=James Russell Lowell 37=Boker 38=Bayard Taylor 39=Saxe 40=Stoddard 41=Mrs Amelia Welby 42=Gallagher 43=Cozzens 44=Halleck

November 17 Saturday Mignon an opeacutera comique by Ambroise Thomas to words of Barbier and Carreacute after Goethe was performed for the initial time at the Theacuteacirctre Favart Paris


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Friedrich Gerstaumlckerrsquos HUumlBEN UND DRUumlBEN DIE MISSIONAumlRE and NEUE REISEN

The Reverend Frederic Henry Hedge translated Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ldquoChrist ist erstandenrdquo from FAUST as ldquoChrist Hath Arisenrdquo and ldquoVent Sancte Spiritusrdquo as ldquoHoly Spirit Fire Divinerdquo

January 5 Sunday Parts of Franz Schubertrsquos unfinished opera Ruumldiger D791 were performed for the initial time in the Vienna Redoutensaal 45 years after the music had been composed Also heard for the 1st time on this evening was Sehnsucht D656 for male vocal quintet to words of Goethe 49 years after it had been composed

1868


HDT WHAT INDEX


February 28 Sunday Johannes Brahmsrsquos cantata Rinaldo to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in the Groszliger Redoutensaal Vienna conducted by the composer

Georges Bizetrsquos Roma symphony was performed for the initial time at the Cirque Napoleacuteon Paris

March 5 Friday Two works for alto baritone and piano by Johannes Brahms were performed for the first time in Vienna Es rauscht das Wasser op283 to words of Goethe and Der Jaumlger und sein Liebchen op284 to words of Hoffmann von Fallersleben

December 12 Sunday Giovanni Lanza replaced Federico Luigi Count Menabrea as prime minister of Italy

Islamey an oriental fantasy for piano by Mily Balakirev was performed for the initial time in St Petersburg

In Vienna Im Gaumlgenwartigen Vergangenes D710 for male vocal quartet and piano by Franz Schubert to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time 48 years after it had been composed

1869


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March 3 Thursday March 3 Rhapsody for alto male chorus and orchestra op53 by Johannes Brahms to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in the Rosensaal Jena

April 7 Thursday None but the Lonely Heart op66 a song for voice and piano by Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky to words of Lev Mei after Goethe was performed for the initial time in Moscow

1870


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October 4 Monday A revised version of Mefistofele by Arrigo Boito to his own words after Goethe was performed much more successfully than the premiere in Teatro Comunale Bologna

1875


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May 28 Sunday At the request of the composer Johannes Brahms presently in Vienna Julius Stockhausen sang from manuscript two of his new songs for Clara Schumann at her home in Berlin Alte Liebe to words of Candidus and Unuberwindlich to words of Goethe

1876


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 15 Saturday A patent for a ldquophonographrdquo was granted to Mr Thomas Alva Edison

Visiting the library of the Dogersquos Palace in Venice Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky noticed a rare 1581 publication of three Euripides plays in Latin mdash and stole it

Two songs by Johannes Brahms were performed for the 1st time in Vienna Lerchengesang op702 to words of Candidus and Serenade op704 to words of Goethe

1877


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 2 Monday Invading British troops defeated an Afghan force 6 times their size at the Peiwar Kotal

Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky arrived in Florence and took up residence in an apartment provided for him by Nadezhda von Meck (her own apartment was just two doors down)

Unuberwindlich op725 a song by Johannes Brahms to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Hamburg

1878


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 20 Tuesday The USS Constellation arrived off Queenstown to offload its cargo of potatoes and flour onto lighters for relief of the Irish famine The vessel would take on ballast for the return trip and after return would be re-fitted for its training mission and depart on its annual midshipman cruise

In Central Asia a symphonic poem by Alyeksandr Borodin composed for the silver jubilee of Tsar Alyeksandr II was performed for the initial time in Kononov Hall St Petersburg conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Also premiered were the closing scene from Modest Musorgskyrsquos opera Khovanshchina along with the premiere of Musorgskyrsquos Mephistophelesrsquo Song of the Flea for solo voice and piano to words of Goethe (tr Strugovshchikov)

1880


HDT WHAT INDEX


Reprinting unchanged of the 1867 edition of Dr John Aitken Carlylersquos ldquoEnglish proserdquo version of Dante Alighierirsquos INFERNO

The Reverend Frederic Henry Hedge edited and annotated a metrical translation by Miss Anna Swanwick of Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos FAUST

December 10 Sunday Gesang des Parzen op89 for chorus and orchestra to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Basel conducted by its composer Johannes Brahms

1882

CARLYLErsquoS THE INFERNO

MISS SWANWICKrsquoS FAUST


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February 9 Friday The Reverend Moncure Daniel Conway addressed the Royal Institution in London on ldquoEmerson and his Views of Naturerdquo He attempted to advise this competent audience that on April 27 1854 Waldo Emerson had delivered a talk on poetry in a public room at the Harvard Theological School at Conwayrsquos request in which Emerson had spoken of arrested and progressive development in a manner which quite anticipated the 1859 theory of Mr Charles Darwinrsquos ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES Darwin it seems wasnrsquot simply mistaken as Professor Louis Agassiz had been waxing apoplectic at the time and as he died still insisting but simply hadnrsquot been original mdash it had been Agassizrsquos buddy Emerson who had been the original he had known it all along while the good professor of biology simply hadnrsquot noticed this wonderful thing about his buddy

What Emerson had said about the primary theoretical framework of the science of biology Conway reported was ldquoThe electric word pronounced by [Doctor] John Hunter [1728-1793] a hundred years ago mdash arrested and progressive development mdash indicating the way upward from the invisible protoplasm to the highest organism mdash gave the poetic key to natural science mdash of which the theories of [Isidore] Geoffroy St Hilaire [1805-1861] of Lorenz Oken [1779-1851] of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [1749-1832] of [Professor] Louis Agassiz [1807-1873] and [Sir] Richard Owen [1804-1892] and [Doctor] Erasmus Darwin [1731-1802] in

1883

ldquoWhat does this proverdquo ldquoThis is truly monstrousrdquo


HDT WHAT INDEX


zooumllogy and botany are the fruits mdash a hint whose power is not exhausted showing unity and perfect order in physicsrdquo ndashWhich of course was not Darwinism but far from it and in opposition to it It was in fact the obsolete mental universe of hierarchy and superiority of Naturphilosophie the great ladder of being which Mr Charles Darwin had been struggling to supersede

Evidently Waldo had been referring to Saint-Hilairersquos 1832-1837 HISTOIRE GENERALE ET PARTICULIERE DES ANOMALIES DE LrsquoORGANISATION CHEZ LrsquoHOMME ET LES ANIMAUX hellip OU TRAITE DE TERATOLOGIE hellip or perhaps to the English version of Volume I of this by Palmer which had appeared in 1835 Evidently also the assembled Brits were so tolerant toward this venturesome American minister that he was able to mistake their politeness At any rate in his relentlessly self-promotional autobiography of 1904 he would proclaim that his audience had been ldquomuch startledrdquo

In LOUIS AGASSIZ A LIFE IN SCIENCE (Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP 1988 Edward Lurie would report in regard to this sort of total misunderstanding on his pages 282-290 that

Moses Ashley Curtis told his botanist friend ldquoI am alwayssuspicious of Agassiz He has an enormous amount of facts mdashheis incomparable in the discovery of factsmdash but I am becomingcontinually more dissatisfied with him as a generalizerrdquo Onereason why the academicians and laymen of Boston were so wellinformed on major aspects of the new biology was that Agassizhad spent so much time and effort contradicting these ideasBefore 1859 Agassiz had argued with almost every majorassumption of the forthcoming Darwinian analysis As [Asa] Grayknew and Agassiz indicated by his protestations the world wasprepared for a revival of the ldquodevelopmentrdquo theory But thiswould be in a form that as Gray predicted would obviate manyof the older arguments against it In Agassizrsquos view every oldargument was just as valid as ever Darwinrsquos work supplied nonew mechanism or interpretation but was simply a rehash ofLamarck [Lorenz] Oken and the VESTIGES It was hardly worth thebother it seemed for the director of the Harvard museum torefute the arguments again but bother he must because hiscolleagues would not let the matter rest

Agassizrsquos cosmic philosophy shaped his entire reaction to theevolution idea His definition of the relation of naturalhistory to transcendental conceptions was that such conceptionswere basic to understanding and were supported by evidence Thushe could assert

There is a system in nature to which the different[classification] systems of authors are successiveapproximations This growing coincidence between oursystems and that of nature shows the identity of theoperations of the human and the Divine intellectespecially when it is remembered to what anextraordinary degree many a priori conceptionsrelating to nature have in the end proved to agree withreality in spite of every objection at first offeredto them by empiric observers

THE SCIENCE OF 1883


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An attitude such as this made Agassiz appear to his critics anexponent of a traditional idealism whose German education in thespirit of Naturphilosophie prevented him from admitting thevalidity of an objective interpretation of nature based onobservable secondary phenomena This was an understandablereaction to Agassiz There was an unbroken thread connecting hismental outlook with a view of nature stretching back to Platoa view intellectually close to a concept of being in which theimmaterial world was considered the essence of realityExemplifying this intellectual tradition Agassiz saw naturalhistory as the earthly representation of spirit and thought ofthe Creative Power as having engineered a timeless all-encompassing plan for the universe This scheme of creation wasrational because nature past and present illustrated thecreative intention All facts could be subsumed under thismaster plan that had been fashioned in the beginning and allapparent change explained as indicative of a predictable fixedorder in the universe Species the individual units of identityin nature were types of thought reflecting an ideal immaterialinspiration The same was true of the larger taxonomiccategories mdash genera families orders branches and kingdomsAll such categories had no real existence in nature Realitycould be discovered only in the character of the individualanimals and plants that had inhabited and were now inhabitingthe material world The individual fossil or living formrepresented on earth the categories of divine thought rangingfrom species to kingdom and ultimately symbolized a completeidentity with the highest concept of being God

For Agassiz there was only one method by which an insight couldbe gained into this creative process and that was the methodof the natural scientist The naturalist had an understandingvastly superior to the theologian it was his expert knowledgeof the data of the material world that could provide continualand ever more impressive verification of the power and grandeurimplicit in the plan of creation The fact that Agassiz thoughtof himself as possessing this ability provided him with theintellectual drive to achieve superior knowledge It was thislife role moreover that prevented a simple espousal oftraditional idealism Without constant empirical study Agassizwould have been deprived of a basis for offering the world newdemonstrations of the work of the Creative Power such as theIce Age In drawing a spiritual lesson from his study Agassizhad to create ldquospeciesrdquo that did not exist because he could notadmit variation and had to interpret the glacial epoch asanother event in a long chain of divinely inspired catastrophesIt was this intellectual quality that made Agassiz such aformidable and perplexing opponent for men like Darwin and GrayHe was quite capable of making the most admirable scientificdiscoveries reflecting complete devotion to scientific methodbut he would then interpret the data through the medium of whatseemed to be the most absurd metaphysics Faced with this kindof mentality Darwin and his defenders understandably labeledAgassiz the advocate of an outworn idealism


HDT WHAT INDEX


The tragedy of Agassizrsquos relationship to Darwinrsquos ideas was thatin a crucial decade of transformation in natural historyinterpretation he had given too little thought to justifyinghis own viewpoint When Agassiz finally published an integratedstatement of his philosophy in 1857 the ldquoEssay onClassificationrdquo represented ideas that had little value for histimes

This publication demonstrated however that Agassiz was by thistime entirely certain that the teachings of Naturphilosophiewere incompatible with special creationism He therefore equatedthis concept with the false notion that ldquoall animals formed butone simple continuous seriesrdquo an idea that could readilyldquobecome the foundation of a system of the philosophy of naturewhich suggests all animals as [being] the different degrees ofdevelopment of a few primitive typesrdquo It was but a short stepfrom such a view to one that interpreted animal forms as sharinga unity of origin and genetic derivation illustrating thetransformation of one form into another through modificationfrom ldquophysicalrdquo causes Unable to tolerate this idea Agassizfound it necessary to abjure what he felt were these largertendencies of Naturphilosophie all the while retaining themental attitude once derived from its idealism the ability tointerpret the data of experience as significant of a meaningabove and beyond experience

Naturphilosophie seemed a threat to Agassizrsquos specialcreationism primarily because it assumed a continuity in organiccreation Agassiz and his honored master Cuvier on the otherhand deeply believed that the creative plan was so ordered asto illustrate discontinuity and the independence of naturalcategories Thus catastrophes had operated to break the threadof natural history on many occasions Moreover since speciesand the larger units of identity were symbolic of divineintelligence they were immutable and could never be said toillustrate material connection with each other Individualsrepresenting the divine plan were created independently andseparately This discontinuous view of creation gave the Deitymuch more power than believers in ldquodevelopmentrdquo were ever ableto allow Multiple and new creations were symbolic of thediscontinuity ordained by the creator

Agassiz did believe however in one particular concept ofcontinuity and development Indebted to his German educationfrom Dollinger he affirmed that change was to be discerned inthe life-history of the individual form namely the ontogenetictransformations revealed by embryology The development of theindividual from egg to adult signified to Agassiz aprogressive unfolding evolution along a path predetermined bythe potentiality of the original egg and ending in a fixed formthat was the permanent character of the individual Change anddevelopment were in this view transitory stages in theachievement of permanence Schelling employed this concept todemonstrate the existence of a supreme being who could ordainthe potentiality of highest perfection from the beginning


HDT WHAT INDEX


Agassiz drew similar comfort from embryology synthesizingempiricism and idealism by insisting that the naturalist had toobserve the development of the egg under the microscope toexperience demonstrations of absolute power UnderstandablyAgassiz insisted that embryology provided ldquothe most trustworthystandard to determine relative rank among animalsrdquo This sciencewas the necessary basis for all classification since study ofindividual development revealed how the animal conformed to theessence of its type Individual growth reflected an unfoldingof the higher categories of identity and by studying a singlefish Agassiz could see the entire scale of being from speciesto branch in the animal kingdom

Embryology thus illustrated the entire history of life Agassiztherefore could never understand why the evolution concept ofDarwin required such a great amount of time to accomplish changein species or types when he could observe change and evolutionthat occurred rapidly in the individual If such change was sosudden in the history of life from egg to adult it wasincomprehensible why great periods were required to effectchanges in classes orders or types To Agassiz change wasdynamic and catastrophic in embryology just as it was ingeology In each instance sudden change resulted inpreordained final purpose

Agassiz could not understand the evolutionary process becausehe confused two different kinds of evolution He made the commonerror of his time of equating the history of the individual mdashontogenymdash with the history of the type or racemdashphylogenyAgassiz believed that the various phases of embryologicaldevelopment or ontogeny were in fact determined by the inherentrace history that each individual form contained within its germas a kind of preview of things to come Thus the embryology ofthe animal revealed in successive stages the predetermined scaleof categories to which it belongedmdashspecies genus family andso on

Agassiz was consequently very impressed with the ldquobiogeneticlawrdquo that ontogeny or individual development is arecapitulation of phylogeny or racial history the history ofthe type being the cause of the history of the individual Hisstudent Joseph Le Conte claimed that Agassiz had discovered thisldquolawrdquo This was an unfounded assertion because the concept hadbeen known since the late eighteenth century and Agassiz hadlearned it from his teacher Tiedemann Agassizrsquos specificcontribution to the recapitulation concept was empirical In hisown words ldquoI have shown that there is a correspondence betweenthe succession of Fishes in geological times and the differentstages of growth in their egg that is allrdquo

Analysts such as Le Conte and others claimed that Agassizrsquosassociation with the recapitulation idea made him a notableforerunner of Darwin Nothing could be further from the truthAgassizrsquos interpretation of the facts of embryology was a cosmic


HDT WHAT INDEX


one

The leading thought which runs through the successionof all organized beings in past ages is manifested againin new combinations in the phases of development of theliving representatives of these different types Itexhibits everywhere the working of the same creativeMind through all times and upon the surface of thewhole globe

Moreover Agassiz emphatically contradicted the wider uses ofthe recapitulation concept by men of his generation aninterpretation that viewed the separate examples of ontogeny asproof of a long history of causally connected phylogenetictransformations in an ascending scale of development from lowerto higher forms beginning with the earliest ancestor and endingwith contemporary creation

Agassiz insisted therefore that embryology showed arecapitulation of phylogeny only in the repetition of thenatural history of the particular and separate type-plan towhich the individual belonged In so doing he reflected hisdisapproval of the assumptions of Naturphilosophie that therewas an ascending and unbroken scale of development from lowerto higher forms He was explicit on this point

It has been maintained that the higher animals passduring their development through all the phasescharacteristic of the inferior classes Put in thisform no statement can be further from the truth andyet there are decided relations within certain limitsbetween the embryonic stages of growth of higher animalsand the permanent characters of others of an inferiorgrade As eggs in their primitive conditionanimals do not differ one from the other but as soonas the embryo has begun to show any characteristicfeatures it presents such peculiarities as distinguishits branch It cannot therefore be said that anyanimal passes through the phases of development whichare not included within the limits of its own branchNo Vertebrate is or resembles at any time anArticulate no Articulate a Mollusk Whatevercorrelations between the young of higher animals and theperfect condition of inferior ones may be traced theyare always limited to representatives of the samebranch No higher animal passes through phases ofdevelopment recalling all the lower types of the animalkingdom

Agassizrsquos interpretation of the recapitulation idea hadconsequences for the concept of evolution From the firstAgassiz was much more radical in regard to recapitulation thanthe embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer Agassiz believed thatontogeny was a recapitulation of adult ancestral forms whileVon Baer would grant only that recapitulation was limited to arepetition of young or intermediate forms in the life-history


HDT WHAT INDEX


of ancestors and that the individual deviated from theseresemblances in a progressive fashion during its growth In 1859Darwin cited Agassizrsquos concept of adult recapitulation andAgassizrsquos belief that this process of repetition in theindividual signified the history of the race For Darwin thisconcept ldquoaccords well with the theory of natural selectionrdquo andhe hoped it would be proved in the future Subsequently Darwinaccepted the Agassiz view without qualification Agassizrsquos viewof recapitulation as a direct repetition of final adult formswas erroneous Darwinrsquos acceptance of it had unfortunate resultsfor the later history of the evolution doctrine Von Baerrsquosview on the other hand laid the groundwork for the modernscience of embryology by stressing the fact of individualdevelopment from egg to adult and the very limitedrecapitulation of younger forms in such development Had Darwinfollowed Von Baer and not Agassiz modern embryology would nothave had to rescue Von Baerrsquos interpretations from the obscurityin which they were placed by the triumph of Darwinism and by theideas of such subsequent advocates of the Agassiz position asErnst Haeckel Von Baer of course opposed evolution fromidealistic presuppositions and vacillated a good deal in hisown relationship to Darwinism Nevertheless when modernembryologists who were intellectually equipped to separate VonBaer the idealist from Von Baer the embryologist perceived thevalue of his view of recapitulation they could employ it as ameans of understanding phylogeny as the result of individualontogeny in particular periods of natural history

To call Agassiz a precursor of Darwin on the basis of Darwinrsquosill-considered use of an erroneous Agassiz conception is a vastmistake In fact when Von Baer criticized Darwin for his useof the recapitulation concept he was in effect criticizingAgassiz Agassiz was wrong on recapitulation and Darwin madethe same error Darwin made other errors too but despite gapsin his knowledge despite ignorance of the mechanism ofheredity and despite Agassiz Darwin was right He was rightbecause the evolution idea did not require the recapitulationtheory for its general validity Darwin after all understoodphylogeny and Agassiz did not

Regardless of the erroneous Agassiz belief that individualdevelopment was determined by previous ancestral history it ismost nearly accurate to say that the history of types and racesis the result of separate modified individual transformationsOntogeny ldquocausesrdquo phylogeny in the large sense rather than thereverse of this process as Agassiz believed Phylogenymoreover is best understood through knowledge of the historyof life Organic development occurs through the introduction andpreservation of new and useful variations and the consequentinfluence of such transformations on the character of subsequentpopulations

In Von Baerrsquos criticisms Darwin paid a heavy price for his useor Agassizrsquos interpretation of recapitulation To make mattersworse Darwin did not realize that Agassiz had expressed strong


HDT WHAT INDEX


reservations about the very recapitulation idea he advocated andDarwin used Agassiz criticized recapitulation moreoverbefore 1859 and his criticism was both empirical andidealistic

Agassiz did so because of a growing realization that the conceptwas useful to advocates of the development hypothesisRecapitulation sometimes put forward as proof of a longcontinuous sweep of natural history with types and racestransformed into more advanced types was a view of phylogenyAgassiz could never accept Consequently he cast doubt uponsuch continuity taking issue with the logical extension of anidea he had advocated by citing evidence that demonstrated thatontogeny did not always recapitulate phylogeny in directrepetition since many characters appeared in the individual ina sequence different from that in which they had appeared in thehistory of the type Agassiz joined Von Baer both before andafter 1859 in opposing concepts of development with the weaponsof idealism For Agassiz the reality of the plan of creationwas threatened by a historical view of the evolution of typesand races permanence of type was also threatened by a conceptof transmutation made possible through the agency of physicalprocesses Hence recapitulation to Agassiz had to provethought and premeditation


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Philip Henry Gossersquos THE MYSTERIES OF GOD A SERIES OF EXPOSITIONS OF HOLY SCRIPTURE

The Reverend Frederic Henry Hedgersquos ATHEISM IN PHILOSOPHY AND OTHER ESSAYS (Boston Roberts Brothers University Press John Wilson and Son Cambridge 390 pages)

He and Professor L Noa edited and revised the Reverend Alexander James William Morrison MArsquos translations into English of GOETHErsquoS LETTERS FROM SWITZERLAND AND TRAVELS IN ITALY (Boston SE Cassino and Company)

February 5 Tuesday Two vocal duets by Johannes Brahms were performed for the initial time in Basel Phaumlnomen op613 to words of Goethe and Die Boten der Liebe op614 to anonymous Czech words translated by Wenzig

1884

ATHEISM IN PHILOSOPHY

SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX


January 27 Tuesday The six Songs and Romances op93a for unaccompanied chorus by Johannes Brahms to words of Anonymous Arnim Ruumlckert and Goethe were performed completely for the initial time in Krefeld

July 18 Saturday The Reverend Frederic Henry Hedge of Cambridge Massachusetts lectured at the Concord Institute of Philosophy on ldquoGoethe and his lsquoMaumlrchenrsquordquo

December 1 Tuesday Porfirio de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz replaced Manuel del Refugio Gonzaacutelez Flores as President of Mexico He would not relinquish the office for 27 years

A treaty was signed in Washington by representatives of Nicaragua and the United States It provided for a canal across Nicaragua The treaty would be rejected by the Senate and withdrawn by the new Cleveland administration

Franklin Benjamin Sanborn ed THE LIFE AND GENIUS OF GOETHE LECTURES AT THE CONCORD SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY (July 17 1885 Mrs Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney of Boston ldquoDas Ewig-Weiblicherdquo July 18 1885 John Albee of New Castle New Hampshire ldquoGoethersquos Self-Culturerdquo July 18 1885 Reverend Doctor Cyrus Augustus Bartol of Boston ldquoGoethe and Schillerrdquo July 18 1885 Reverend Frederic Henry Hedge of Cambridge Massachusetts ldquoGoethe and his lsquoMaumlrchenrsquordquo July 20 1885 Franklin Benjamin Sanborn of Concord Massachusetts ldquoGoethersquos Relation to English Literaturerdquo July 20 1885 Professor William Torrey Harris ldquoGoethersquos Faustrdquo July 21 1885 Horatio Stevens White of Cornell University ldquoGoethersquos Youthrdquo July 21 1885 Mrs Caroline Kempton Sherman of Chicago Illinois ldquoChild Life as portrayed by Goetherdquo July 22 1885 Mrs Samuel Hopkins Emery Jr of Concord Massachusetts ldquoThe Elective Affinitiesrdquo July 23 1885 Professor WT Hewett of Cornell University ldquoGoethe at Weimarrdquo July 25 1885 Professor Thomas Davidson of Orange New Jersey ldquoGoethersquos Titanismrdquo July 27 1885 Mr William Ordway Partridge of Brooklyn New York ldquoGoethe as Playwrightrdquo July 27 1885 Professor William Torrey Harris ldquoThe Novellettes in lsquoWilhelm Meisterrsquordquo July 28 1885 A Conversation conducted by Mr Snider and Professor Harris ldquoGoethe as a Man of Sciencerdquo July 28 1885 Mr Denton Jaques Snider of Cincinnati Ohio ldquoHistory of the Faust Poemrdquo July 29 1885 Mr CW Ernst of Boston ldquoThe Style of Goetherdquo August 1 1885 Mrs Julia Ward Howe of Boston ldquoGoethersquos Womenrdquo (Boston Ticknor and Company 1886)

1885

CONCORD SCHOOL OF PHIL


HDT WHAT INDEX


March 8 Sunday Wandrers Sturmlied op14 for chorus and orchestra by Richard Strauss to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Cologne conducted by the composer

Henry Ward Beecher died in Brooklyn ldquoNow comes the mysteryrdquo

1887


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 27 Tuesday Werther a drame lyrique by Jules Massenet to words of Blau Milliet and Hartman after Goethe was performed for the initial time in French at Geneva

Let Us Rise Up and Build for solo voices chorus brass timpani and organ by Horatio Parker to words from the Bible was performed for the initial time at the laying of the cornerstone of the Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York

1892


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March 22 Wednesday In Vienna Die Liebende schreibt op475 a song by Johannes Brahms to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time

1893


HDT WHAT INDEX


May 28 Monday In Hamburg Daumlmrsquorung senkte sich von oben op591 a song by Johannes Brahms to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time 24 years after it had been composed

1894


HDT WHAT INDEX


January 31 Sunday In a concert setting in Paris Briseacuteiumls ou Les amants de Corinthe an unfinished drame lyrique by Emanuel Chabrier to words of Mendegraves and Mikhaeumll after Goethe was performed for the initial time

1897


HDT WHAT INDEX


January 14 Saturday At the Royal Opera House in Berlin Briseacuteiumls ou Les amants de Corinthe an unfinished drame lyrique by Emmanuel Chabrier to words of Mendegraves and Mikhaeumll after Goethe was staged for the initial time conducted by Richard Strauss

1899


HDT WHAT INDEX


September 12 Monday Symphony no8 ldquoof a thousandrdquo for 3 sopranos 2 altos tenor baritone bass boys chorus mixed chorus and orchestra to the medieval hymn Veni Creator Spiritus and words of Goethe was performed for the initial time at the Neue Musik Festhalle Muumlnchen conducted by its composer Gustav Mahler The performers included 8 soloists 170 in the orchestra (plus organ) and 850 singers (children and adults) In the audience were Richard Strauss and Thomas Mann Mann would send Mahler a copy of his new book Koumlnigliche Hoheit ldquoit must weigh as light as a feather in the hands of the man who embodies as I believe I discern the most serious and sacred artistic will of our timerdquo This would turn out to be the final time that Mahler and Strauss would meet

1910


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 26 Saturday Act I of Franz Schubertrsquos singspiel Claudine von Villa Bella to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time to piano accompaniment at the Vienna Gemeindehaus Wieden 98 years after it had been composed

1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX


Fredrick B Wahrrsquos EMERSON AND GOETHE (Ann Arbor George Wahr)

ldquoA Review From Professor Rossrsquos Seminarrdquo

ROMANTICISM

Chapter One ldquoPhases of the Romantic Revoltrdquo I ldquoNew England Transcendentalismrdquo

A good chapter even if you are not interested in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe forbackground on European Romanticism and its influence on New EnglandTranscendentalism Wahr describes Transcendentalism as a religious philosophicaland literary Renaissance It is the revolt against Unitarianism and the sensualismof John Locke The Transcendentalists trusted intuition of the soul which is a partof divine nature For them the immediate moment contained the meaning of all pastand future experience And they believed in the reality of spirit and theflexibility of sense In Europe Romanticism was a reaction against the rationalthought of the Enlightenment Emotions became more important than the senses duringthe ldquoSturm und Drangrdquo period the philosophers of the time preferred to experiencerather than analyze The philosophy of Romanticism reason is the basis ofknowledge was expressed in Kantrsquos ldquoPure Reasonrdquo

The European revolt was mainly philosophical and literary while in New England itwas religious The Unitarian movement which started about 1785 was a reactionagainst Calvinism and prepared the way for Transcendentalism Its philosophers wereLocke and Hume it was conservative and lacked fire enthusiasm emotional depthand the spark of the divine It was an analytic theology rather than an ldquointuitionof eternal ideasrdquo And there was little originality and much repetition

William Ellery Channingrsquos sermon ldquoUnitarian Christianityrdquo (1819) marks thebeginning of the Transcendental movement With Waldo Emersonrsquos ldquoDivinity SchoolAddressrdquo nineteen years later Transcendentalism ldquohad ceased to be a theologicalway of looking at things and had become more purely spiritualrdquo TheTranscendentalists found support and encouragement from Germany Samuel Coleridgeand Thomas Carlyle were largely responsible for introducing German idealism toEngland and America Also German ideas became popular through scholars studying atGoumlttingen and other German universities and through translations of Madame deStaelrsquos ldquoDe lrsquoAllemangerdquo and other articles on German art and thought However theorthodox party regarded Germany and German writers as ldquohot-beds of doubt anddissension full of contamination moral laxity and godlessnessrdquo Arenrsquot thoseorthodox people wonderful

Wahr then discusses the differences between the Romantic movements in EnglandFrance Germany and America The English and French Romantics were essentiallyliterary the Germans critical and philosophical American Romanticism orTranscendentalism started out as religious and became more philosophical under theinfluence of the ldquonew viewsrdquo from Europe Yet it was always ldquoRomanticism on Puritangroundrdquo


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II ldquoGoethe and German Romanticismrdquo Johann Wolfgang von Goethe differed from the other German Romantics in that heremained largely independent of their philosophical movement he was not given tometaphysical speculation and he preferred study in the concrete to that in theabstract He was objective and a realist content to revere the realm of theunknown He did not care to systemize his knowledge and stressed the syntheses notthe analysis of ideas His interest was nature and its processes and through thishe hoped to find a clue to the meaning of life As an artist he was a hellenistand classicist

In contrast the Romantics were interested in Idealistic philosophy mdash in Kant andFichte According to the early Romanticists the solution of the fundamentalquestions of life could be arrived at only through the mastery of theTranscendental-ego They sought to fit the empirical world into their metaphysicalscheme whereas Goethe sought to arrive at the principles and laws that govern allbeing through observation of the empirical world They sought to realize the idealwhile Goethe sought to idealize the real

The Romantics objected to Goethersquos stress on the practical details of life and hisworldliness Also they could not appreciate his resignation and self-denialHowever they hailed him as the greatest literary genius of the age Novelisrsquocriticism of Goethe is typically Romantic he calls Goethe a practical author andaccuses him of dealing only with material things while forgetting nature andmysticism in WILHELM MEISTER

Thus Wahr concludes that Goethe is one of the leading figures of Romanticism butcannot be intimately associated with any one of its more distinctive phasesLikewise Waldo Emerson represents the noblest type of the AmericanTranscendentalist however he was of the movement but not always in it

(Katherine A OrsquoMeara May 25 1989)


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Chapter Three ldquoEmerson and Goetherdquo I ldquoEmersonrsquos Reading of Goetherdquo

Waldo Emersonrsquos reading was wide and various at Harvard mdash his favorites were seriousbooks mdash but on the whole little had an influence on his thoughts according toWahr He was interested in the Bible Shakespeare Plato Montaigne and PlutarchHe was probably first introduced to German thought while in college he attendedthe lectures of Tickner and Everett both of whom had been students in GermanyAnd he made references in his Journals to Madame de Staelrsquos ldquoGermanyrdquo His brotherWilliam studied at Goumlttingen where he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Emerson readCarlyle in 1829-1830 and in 1830 Carlylersquos translation of Wilhelm Meister is thefirst of Goethersquos works to be mentioned in the Journals During this time he alsoread Lessing Schiller Fichte and Novalis however none of these German authorsimpressed him more profoundly than did Goethe The excerpts from Goethe in hisJournals before 1833 bear directly upon Emersonrsquos own ideas concerning manrsquosspiritual dependence and Self-reliance From 1834-1836 Emerson admired Goethethe poet and writer but censured Goethe the ldquoman of the worldrdquo and egotist Hewas the ldquowise but sensual loved and hated Goetherdquo

Emersonrsquos interest in Goethe began to fail in 1838 when he wrote in his Journalthat ldquoGoethe Schleiermacher lie at home unreadrdquo And in 1840 he wrote to Carlylethat he had not looked into Goethe for a long time A statement from ldquoExperiencerdquoseems to express his opinion of Goethe after 1840 ldquoOnce I took such delight inMontaigne that I thought I should not need any other book before that inShakespeare then in Plutarch then in Plotinus at one time in Bacon afterwardsin Goethe even in Bettine but now I turn the pages of either of them languidlywhilst I still cherish their geniesrdquo After 1840 there is less mention of Goethein the Journals but his criticism has lost its harshness Emerson no longeractively wrestled with Goethersquos genius as he did from 1834 to 1839 when he struggledbetween his judgement of Goethe the man and Goethe the philosopher Wahr observesthat ldquoAs the years passed however his admiration for Goethe the constructivethinker gradually gained precedence and though he never could prevail uponhimself to approve of Goethe the man we feel that his aversion was steadilywaningrdquo

Emerson continued to read Goethe after 1840 but his interest was primarily in theldquowisdomrdquo of Goethe Goethersquos influence on Emerson was strongest during the yearswhen Goethe was widely read and discussed in New England and Transcendentalism wasat its peak It was during this time that Emerson collected portraits and statuettesof the German author and even his daughterrsquos cat was named Goethe



HDT WHAT INDEX


June 27 Friday Gustav Holst arrived in Paris from Faenza

The stunning news of the Juilliard bequest appeared on the front page of the New York Times

Three Lieder op67246 by Richard Strauss to words of Goethe were performed for the 1st time in Dresden

1919


HDT WHAT INDEX


October 6 Wednesday Two works for voice and orchestra or piano by Ferruccio Busoni to words of Goethe were performed for the 1st time in Zuumlrich Tonhalle Lied des Mephistopheles op492 and Lied des Unmuts

1920


HDT WHAT INDEX


June 8 Thursday Three songs by Charles Edward Ives were performed for the first time in St James Parish House Danbury Connecticut Ilmenau to words of Goethe The White Gulls to words of Morris and Spring Song to words of his wife Harmony Twichell

1922


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 27 Friday Gustav Holst and his wife arrive in New York from England

Zigeunerlied op552 for voice and orchestra by Ferruccio Busoni to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Philharmonic Hall Berlin

1923


HDT WHAT INDEX


May 9 Sunday Americans Richard E Byrd and Floyd Bennett become the first humans to fly over the North Pole In a three engine Fokker monoplane the Josephine Ford they fly 2486 kilometer to and from Kingrsquos Bay Spitsbergen in 15 hours and 30 minutes

French planes bomb Damascus a second time during the Syrian revolt

Incidental music to Goethersquos play Der Triumph der Empfindsamkeit by Ernst Krenek was performed for the initial time in the Kassel Staatstheater conducted by the composer

1926


HDT WHAT INDEX


December 7 Wednesday Four acappella choruses by Ernst Krenek to words of Goethe were performed for the initial time in the Vienna Mittlerer Konzerthaussaal

1927


HDT WHAT INDEX


February 15 Thursday After analysis of aerial photographs of the Dresden raid American planes bombed the city again hoping to kill firefighters It was estimated that somewhere between 25000 and 100000 people mostly women and children lost their lives in Dresden Richard Strauss wrote ldquoI am in a mood of despair The Goethehaus the worldrsquos greatest sanctuary destroyed My lovely Dresden mdash Weimar mdash Muumlnchen all gonerdquo

Lederle Laboratories Inc announced in New York the development of penicillin which could be taken orally

Uruguay and Venezuela announced a state of war with Germany and Japan

Army forces were landed in the Mariveles Harbor area of Bataan Peninsula Luzon Philippine Islands by naval task group (Rear Admiral AD Struble)

United States naval vessel sunk

bull Submarine Swordfish (SS-193) Pacific Ocean area reported as presumed lost

United States naval vessel damaged

bull Motor minesweeper YMS-46 by coastal defense gun 14 degrees 23 minutes North 120 degrees 36 minutes East

1945


HDT WHAT INDEX


Vivian Hopkinsrsquos ldquoThe Influence of Goethe on Emersonrsquos Aesthetic Theoryrdquo Philological Quarterly 27

1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44


ROMANTICISMHopkins claims that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe influenced Waldo Emerson especiallyduring the years 1833-1840 when Emerson was shaping his philosophy of art as wellas of nature In this article she argues against Fredrick Wahrrsquos theory expressedin his study on EMERSON AND GOETHE (1915) that Emerson failed to truly appreciateGoethe because of the wide gulf between Emersonrsquos Calvinistic idealism and Goethersquosrealistic aestheticism It is true she says that Emersonrsquos censure of Goethe inldquoRepresentative Manrdquo has a moral basis But she believes that ldquoAs Emerson worksout his own aesthetic theory the ideas of Goethe act sometimes as a stimulantsometimes as a counter-irritant to the growth of his own conceptionsrdquo She thendiscusses how Goethe acted as a guide for Emerson in his first trip to EuropeEmerson brought Goethersquos ldquoTravels in Italyrdquo with him and Goethe helped him toappreciate form in sculpture and architecture increased his sensitivity to colorin painting and awakened an admiration for Michael Angelo However Emerson diddisagree with Goethersquos romantic view of Naples (he found it dirty and was disgustedwith the beggars)

Emerson was especially interested in Goethersquos description of the aqueduct Goetheemphasized the lasting quality which made it seem as eternal as nature Thecomparison between natural and architectural forms in Goethe becomes a significantelement in Emersonrsquos aesthetic theory For example he describes the Gothiccathedral as an imitation of natural forest arches in his essay on ldquoHistoryrdquo Hediffered from Goethe however in his idea that the finest material productionscan never measure up to the Universal Spirit While Goethe was searching for thenovel form in architecture Emerson was searching for the spirit behind thearchitecture

A similarity exists in their theories of organic form mdash the theory that everyeffective art form must have its roots in nature mdash and Emerson further developsthis into his conception that the best art form is achieved by the artistrsquossubmission to Divine Reason Goethersquos theory of the ldquoUr-Pflanzerdquo also confirmedEmersonrsquos theory of the Each-in-All At first Emerson seems to share Goethersquosconcept that spirit and matter perfectly balanced is the perfect artistic symbolhowever he later revises this idea so that spirit dominates matter

Goethe and Emerson both make a distinction between Reason (intuition) andUnderstanding (ordinary knowledge) with Reason superior to Understanding Emersonalso agrees with Goethersquos view that both thought and action are necessary for theartist in the world although he is skeptical of Goethersquos idea of the ldquolonelygeniusrdquo Goethe supports Emersonrsquos theory of aesthetic self-reliance with itsparadox that makes the artist emotionally dependent on the outer world whileremaining independent in thought In a journal entry from 1837 Emerson notes thealmost unconscious influence of Goethe upon his own writing at the same time thatGoethersquos theory about the creative mind is leading him towards a greater aestheticself-reliance This influence is what makes Goethe a great author for Emersonbecause he believes that until a work of art has made an impact on some mind itcannot really be said to live


HDT WHAT INDEX


May 25 Tuesday Israeli forces assaulted Latrun commanding the JerusalemRamla road They retreated in disorderly fashion with high casualties

Haacuterom Weoumlres-dal three songs for voice and piano by Gyoumlrgy Ligeti to words of Weoumlres were performed for the initial time in Budapest with the composer himself at the keyboard

Lob der Torheit a cantata for vocal soloists chorus and orchestra by Bernd Alois Zimmermann to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Cologne


Waldo Emerson appreciates Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos ability to make thesubjective objective to find something he had experienced clarified and made realTo help Emerson enjoy art Goethe liberalized his moral judgement and encouragedhim to study the whole work of art to carry on art criticism in the presence ofthe works and to read ldquowith the spirit more than the eyesrdquo Emerson found Goethersquosobservation that one might submit completely to the spell of a book on a firstreading only to return to it and find the magic quite vanished accurate mdashespecially in his experience with reading Goethe

Emerson borrows some of Goethersquos terms for analyzing literature and art mdash healthyvs sick antique vs modern and classic vs romantic Like Goethe Emerson findsthe cause of modern sickness to be a lack of faith However his skepticism preventshim from offering a substitute for the religion he has helped destroy Emersonexpands on Goethersquos definition of the antique he includes in his definition themodern who comes close to nature He believes that a new birth of the spirittranscends time as well as space Both authors define the classic as ldquohealthyrdquo andthe romantic as ldquosickrdquo But Emerson is subjective rather than analytical in hisuse of these terms What he likes is classic what he doesnrsquot is romantic

Hopkins concludes that Goethe represented the greatest single influence onEmersonrsquos aesthetic theory by heightening his aesthetic consciousness helping himto shape his theory of organic form and stimulating his reflections about thecreative and receptive mind Yet after 1840 Emersonrsquos journals show fewerquotations from Goethe and he censures the German author for egotism lack ofidealism and blunted moral perception However he always retains the love for fineart that Goethe encouraged and his respect for Goethersquos idea of the ldquoUr-PflanzerdquoThroughout his life Emerson continued to think of Goethe as a master critic of artand literature



HDT WHAT INDEX


February 6 Sunday Chor gefangener Trojer for chorus and orchestra by Hans Werner Henze to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Bielefeld

1949


HDT WHAT INDEX


April 28 Tuesday Goethe-Lieder for female voice and three clarinets by Luigi Dallapiccola was performed for the initial time in Boston

The Niagara Falls School District wanted to erect its new edifice of K-12 education atop the Love Canal toxic dumpsite Officials of the Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation concerned for the health of the children had escorted members of said school board to the site and there drilled bore holes and displayed to them the toxicity that lay beneath this innocent-appearing cover of soil and vegetation35 The response by the board was to threaten to condemn andor expropriate the property The corporation agreed to transfer the property by means of a ldquosale for one dollarrdquo covering its ass (or so its lawyers supposed) by alerting the purchaser in writing that the area must be sealed off ldquoso as to prevent the possibility of persons or animals coming in contact with the dumped materialsrdquo and by inserting into the transfer document a full and clear description of the dangers of any construction there and a full and clear statement of purchaserrsquos sole liability

Prior to the delivery of this instrument of conveyance thegrantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premisesabove described have been filled in whole or in part to thepresent grade level thereof with waste products resulting fromthe manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor at its plant inthe City of Niagara Falls New York and the grantee assumes allrisk and liability incident to the use thereof It is thereforeunderstood and agreed that as a part of the consideration forthis conveyance and as a condition thereof no claim suitaction or demand of any nature whatsoever shall ever be made bythe grantee its successors or assigns against the grantor itssuccessors or assigns for injury to a person or personsincluding death resulting therefrom or loss of or damage toproperty caused by in connection with or by reason of thepresence of said industrial wastes It is further agreed as acondition hereof that each subsequent conveyance of theaforesaid lands shall be made subject to the foregoingprovisions and conditions

Oh well OK then Whatever

1953

35 The canal had been begun by William T Love To preserve the Niagara Falls as a sightseeing attraction Congress had barred the removal of water from the Niagara River Also the project was in serious trouble due to the range limitations of direct current (DC) power transmission as envisioned by Thomas Edison in competition with the alternating current (AC) power transmission scheme envisioned by Nicholas Tesla Love had expanded his plan to provide a shipping lane bypassing the Niagara Falls to reach Lake Ontario but only about a mile of the canal was dug 50 feet wide and 10 to 40 feet deep stretching northward from the Niagara River when the Panic of 1893 dealt the death blow to his project In the 1920s the City of Niagara Falls began to dump its municipal refuse into the mile of canal that had been dug In 1942 the electrochemical corporation founded by Elon Hooker was granted permission by the Niagara Power and Development Company to dump its electrochemical wastes in the canal for which purpose the canal was drained and lined with thick clay Hooker began burying 55-gallon drums and fiber barrels full of its filth During WWII the US Army dumped war wastes there including some waste from the Manhattan Project In 1947 the Hooker corporation bought the canal and 70-foot-wide banks on either side In 1948 it became sole user of the dumpsite and disposed in total of some 21000 tons of ldquocaustics alkalines fatty acids and chlorinated hydrocarbons from the manufacturing of dyes perfumes solvents for rubber and synthetic resinsrdquo The waste was covered over with 20 to 25 feet of soil


HDT WHAT INDEX


Kenneth Walter Cameronrsquos EMERSON THE ESSAYIST AN OUTLINE OF HIS PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 1836 WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE SOURCES AND INTERPRETATION OF NATURE ALSO BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDICES OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL INTEREST TO STUDENTS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE EMPHASIZING THOREAU EMERSON THE BOSTON LIBRARY SOCIETY AND SELECTED DOCUMENTS OF NEW ENGLAND TRANSCENDENTALISM (Hartford Connecticut Box A Station A Hartford 06126 Transcendental Books)

Ronald Earl Clapper received his BA from UCLA the University of California ndash Los Angeles He had studied American literature under Professors Leon Howard Blake R Nevius and Robert P Falk

Perry Millerrsquos ldquoThoreau in the Context of International Romanticismrdquo New England Quarterly 34 (June 1961) 147-159

YOUR GARDEN-VARIETY ACADEMIC HISTORIAN INVITES YOU TO CLIMB

1961


In the introduction to his article Miller states that Emerson like many laterThoreauvians thought of Thoreau mainly as a Naturalist He then traces thedevelopment of Romanticism in Europe and America focusing on Wordsworth and JohannWolfgang von Goethe Wordsworth was rebelling against the poetic diction of theNeoclassical age against the ldquoformalized and stereotyped abstract adjectives ofPope and Samuel Johnsonrdquo He believed that poetry should use ldquothe real language ofmenrdquo However he was not a Realist he believed that poetry should have form andthat passion comes into literature as ldquoemotion recollected in tranquilityrdquo Andone of Goethersquos contributions to Romanticism is in ldquogiving an exact description ofobjects as they appear to himrdquo so that ldquoeven the reflections of the author do notinterfere with his descriptionsrdquo

Americans were initially hostile to Wordsworth His gaining popularity resultedin part from the Hudson River School of landscape painting The artistsespecially Asher Durand dramatized Wordsworthrsquos great ldquoIdeardquo of the balancebetween the fact and the idea between the specific and general in their ldquounion ofgraphic detail and organizing designrdquo According to Miller the challenge ofRomanticism is in striking and maintaining the delicate balance between object andreflection of fact and truth of minute observation and generalized conceptrdquo ButThoreau achieves this through his ldquoduality of visionrdquo He inspects nature in minutedetail and yet makes experience intelligible through typology He was aTranscendentalist as well as a Natural Historian

(Katherine A OrsquoMeara April 14 1989)


HDT WHAT INDEX


ABOARD A HOVERING TIME MACHINE TO SKIM IN METATIME BACK ACROSS THE GEOLOGY OF OUR PAST TIMESLICES WHILE OFFERING UP A GARDEN VARIETY OF COGENT ASSESSMENTS OF OUR PROGRESSION WHAT A LOAD OF CRAP YOU SHOULD REFUSE THIS HELICOPTERISH





HDT WHAT INDEX


Ronald Earl Clapper copyrighted his dissertation ldquoThe Development of WALDEN A Genetic Textrdquo Since then it has been being printed from the microfilm ldquoonesy-twosy fashionrdquo for the use of individual scholars by University Microfilms Inc of Ann Arbor (Dr Clapper has now been located and thanked mdash and we found out that he had kept up his good work well beyond his point of this publication)

Kenneth Walter Cameronrsquos ldquoWhat Thoreau Taught in 1837rdquo (Emerson Society Quarterly 52 100)

Cameron undoubtedly the most industrious literary archeologistworking in the American Renaissance reprints yet anotherobscure document relating to Thoreau a page from the reportsent to Boston by the School Committeemen of the Concord CommonSchools in 1838 The report lists all of the texts Thoreau wouldhave used during his 2-week stint as teacher at the CenterSchool In addition a statistical report includes enrollmentattendance composition of the faculty by gender (7 male 3female in winter 9 female 1 male in summer) Interestinglythe average monthly salary for a male teacher was $32 ($1080

for a female teacher) this means that Thoreaursquos annual salaryof $500 was much greater than average [John Barz March 1992]

1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX


Norman Foersterrsquos ldquoThe Intellectual Heritage of Thoreaurdquo in TWENTIETH CENTURY INTERPRETATIONS OF WALDEN (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall)

Translation of Thoreau materials into Portuguese in Brazil A DESOBEDIEcircNCIA CIVIL E OUTROS ENSAIOS SELECcedilAtildeO INTRODUCcedilAtildeO TRADUCcedilAtildeO E NOTAS DE JOSEacute PAULO PAES Conteacutem ldquoA desobediecircncia civilrdquo ldquoA vida sem princiacutepiordquo ldquoParaiacuteso (a ser) recobradordquo ldquoUm apelo em prol do Capitatildeo John Brownrdquo Satildeo Paulo Cultrix


Foerster reminds us at the beginning of his essay that ldquoEvery man is a bundle ofhis ancestorsrdquo (34) The most significant ancestors that Thoreau possessedaccording to Foerster were his intellectual ones Foerster goes on to write thatThoreau was deeply indebted to Emerson who almost experienced orthodoxy and thendoubts for him who struggled with some issues so that Thoreau could avoid themThoreau inherited Transcendentalism which had grown out of Unitarianism which inturn had grown out of Calvinism

Foerster goes on to point out the indebtedness of New England Transcendentalism toEurope to Rousseau the French Revolution Kant and the Romantic movement (bothin Germany and England) It is also indebted to the Classics Foerster seesTranscendentalism as a complex movement it was defined by Emerson as Idealismand contrasted with ldquothe skeptical philosophy of Locke which insisted that therewas nothing in the intellect which was not previously in the experience of thesensesrdquo (35) The Transcendentalists expanded on Kantrsquos conception ofTranscendental forms Therefore

[T]he possibility of transcending the ordinary experience ofthe senses is constant mdash since the divine is immanent in theworld and the soul of the individual has access to the soul ofthe whole or Oversoul as Emerson called it (36)

Foerster points out that this Transcendentalism was Thoreaursquos heritage as was hisclassical education Channing writes of Thoreau

He had no favorites among the French and Germans and I do notrecall a modern writer except Carlyle and Ruskin whom he valuedmuch (38)

Foerster points out that Thoreau was well read in the English literature of theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries especially Wordsworth Coleridge andCarlyle Foerster conjectures that Thoreaursquos interest in Goethe however smallcame from Emerson (I wondered from other reading if it hadnrsquot come from MargaretFuller)

Foerster points out Thoreaursquos evident provincialism and then counters with theEastern influence in his life and his ldquoextensive reading in the lore of the NorthAmerican Indian and other savage peoplerdquo

Finally Foerster looks more closely at works with which Thoreau would have beenfamiliar Shakespeare Chaucer etc from the Elizabethan period and hisldquoinsistent commitment to the Classicsrdquo (48) Foerster points out serious gaps inThoreaursquos reading and closes by saying that much of what Thoreau read was judgedthrough his Transcendental environment

Mary Ellen Ashcroft 1989


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1968 130 pages Also WALDEN INTRODUCcedilAtildeO DE BROOKS ATKINSON TRADUCcedilAtildeO DE E C CALDAS Rio de Janeiro Ediccedilotildees de Ouro 350 pages

Republication of Thoreaursquos ldquoRESISTANCE TO CIVIL GOVERNMENTrdquo (Elizabeth Peabodyrsquos AEligSTHETIC PAPERS Volume I 1849)

Professor Walter Roy Harding WALDEN AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE THE VARIORUM EDITIONS NY Washington Square P 1968

Thomas Woodsonrsquos ldquoThe Two Beginnings of WALDEN A Distinction in Stylesrdquo ELH 35 (1968)440-73




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


The two beginnings which Woodson refers to are the early lecture ldquoThe History ofMyselfrdquo delivered in February 1847 and the journal entries for July 5-6 1845which grew into ldquoWhere I Lived and What I Lived Forrdquo These two beginnings are seento represent two distinct styles the private (Where) and the public (Economy)which are distinguished by the following contrasts personalsocial narrativeexpository Walden-directedConcord-directed syntheticanalytic mythopoeicrhetorical Woodson finds that the musing and meditative private beginning isembodied in a loose paratactic and highly metaphorical style which reaches out toldquocreate the vital facts of a new mythologyrdquo Revisions make the final version lesspersonal and less mythical than earlier drafts While the private style isdescribed as ldquospontaneousrdquo and ldquonaturalrdquo the public style is considered ldquoartfulrdquoand ldquocontrivedrdquo There is a conscious intent to focus the audiencersquos attention onlanguage definition precise diction and the use of puns are characteristic ofthe public style Personae are sometimes adopted to control the relationshipbetween Thoreau and his audience After discussing the public and private stylesWoodson attempts to place them in a broader literary perspective examining theirorigins in ancient literature and then considering them in light of 19th centuryliterature (Patti S Bleifus March 14 1986)

TIMELINE OF WALDEN



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James McIntoshrsquos THOREAU AS ROMANTIC NATURALIST HIS SHIFTING STANCE TOWARD NATURE (Ithaca NY Cornell UP) offered material on Henry Thoreau and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1974


McIntosh writes in his preface that ldquoThis book is an attempt to read certain ofHenry Thoreaursquos writings by calling attention to his divided attitudes towardnature Instead of smoothing over inconsistencies conflicts and uncertaintiesit makes the most of them Yet it also underscores the steadiness of his commitmentto the romantic idea of naturerdquo McIntosh believes that Thoreaursquos greatestinfluences on his reverence for nature besides Waldo Emerson are Johann Wolfgangvon Goethe and Wordsworth About twenty pages of the ldquoIntroductionrdquo show Emersonrsquosinfluences

In the second chapter ldquoThoreau and Romanticismrdquo (the ldquoIntroductionrdquo is the firstchapter) McIntosh shows how Thoreaursquos romanticism differs from the Europeansrsquospecifically that of Goethe and Wordsworth He says ldquoFor nineteenth-century NewEnglanders Wordsworth was the poet of naturerdquo and ldquoGoethe provided a model ofpoet-scientist and writer who would have the patience to see the particulars ofnature accurately and lovinglyrdquo

Concerning the question of Thoreaursquos shifting stance McIntosh says ldquoA preliminaryanswer might run thus The nature which Thoreau found around him was chaoticvarious and ever changing but was nevertheless also a single organic world everthe same In order to love it accurately he learned to perceive its changes byadopting continually different stances toward it he worked in his writing toexpress his shifting responses to a single yet mutable realityrdquo His book expandsthis preliminary answer

McIntosh focuses primarily on Thoreaursquos early work mdash WALDEN and before The titlesof his chapters are ldquoEarly Reflections and Excursionsrdquo ldquoThe WEEK A Journeythrough New England and Beyondrdquo ldquoKtaadn The Wanderer in PhusisrdquoldquolsquoThe Shipwreckrsquo A Shaped Happeningrdquo ldquo WALDEN Activity in Balancerdquo andldquoThoreaursquos Last Nature Essaysrdquo

The first two chapters place Thoreau in the context of international romanticismI found the analysis of the connection to European romantics especially helpfulIn the third chapter ldquoEarly Reflections and Excursionsrdquo McIntosh discussesThoreaursquos three different modes of dealing with nature

He calls them ldquothe mode of involvement the mode of detachment and the mode ofcomprehensive understanding He shows how Thoreau moves back and forth betweenthese different modes McIntosh says ldquo[Thoreau] tires to give nature a formalstructure a personality and spirit so that he may imagine a meaningful relationwith it Yet despite the intensity of his with for a relation an intermittentskepticism tends to erode his faith in a combining imagination and prompts him tolook for truth in utter factualityrdquo


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Laura Dassow Walls reports that although Thoreaursquos brand of natural history has usually been linked with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the German Naturphilosophen perhaps by way of Samuel Taylor Coleridgersquos THEORY OF LIFE in fact neither Goethe nor Coleridge offer any link between ldquothe Wholerdquo that they endeavored to grasp and the ldquogritty specificsrdquo which Thoreau found alone to be of value

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for all his loyalty to the actualconcentrated on reducing forms to ideal ldquotypesrdquo His idealismencouraged him to neglect or ignore details which provedinconvenient and Goethersquos science has come down to us primarilyas an interesting curiosity The same is even more true ofColeridge whose ideas derived from Naturphilosophie expressvitalistic theories dating to the 1600s and whose fascinatingessay is purified of any reference to specific living organismsWhereas Goethe and Coleridge invented ideal systems in theirstudies Henry Thoreau was in the fields of Concord observingand speculating about individual plants animals and phenomenawith a specificity unknown to any of the great RomanticsWordsworth is teased for his pond ldquothree feet long and two feetwiderdquo ( ldquoThe Thornrdquo) Thoreau might have measured it to theinch and its depth too in fact he did so measure Walden Pond



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ldquoGrizzlyrdquo Adams was played by the actor Dan Haggerty in the Hollywood film The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams

This movie offers that Adams went into the mountains because he had been unjustly accused of a crime


HDT WHAT INDEX


Peter A Obuchowskirsquos ldquoEmersonrsquos Science An Analysisrdquo Philological Quarterly 54 (1975) 624-32

1975


Obuchowski presents Waldo Emersonrsquos thought in the context of two contendingldquostreamsrdquo of 19th-century scientific thought ldquooptimismrdquo and positivism Theproponents of what Obuchowski calls ldquooptimismrdquo believed that the findings ofscience were entirely reconcilable with prevailing religious views The proponentsof positivism held that metaphysical views were entirely irrelevant to scientificstudy Obuchowski says that the Emersonian ideal was the poet-scientist ldquothe manwho is able to wed the facts of science to the spiritual dimension of experiencewithout violating the validity of those factsrdquo (625) While Emerson admired thediscipline and accuracy of scientific method the scientists who ldquocaptured [his]imagination and elicited his praiserdquo were St Hilaire Davy Agassiz and JohannWolfgang von Goethe all of whom sought not only to ldquoincorporate their facts intoa system but also recognized the applicability of their work to other branches ofknowledgerdquo (628)

Obuchowskirsquos idea that Emersonrsquos life-long ldquosearch for the spiritual monisticvisionhellip mirrors the pervasive influence of sciencerdquo upon 19th-century thought isan interesting idea (631) It seems to posit Emerson as a ldquorepresentative manrdquo ofsorts struggling with major currents of thought in his day mdash poised between theGerman nature-philosophers and the later-century positivists

Obuchowski claims that ldquoAn understanding of the role of science in his thought canlet us see more clearly not only the coherent outline of his total vision but mostimportant the keen awareness on Emersonrsquos part of what was needed to make thatvision wholerdquo (632) While I am convinced that Emerson was not simply naive in hisattempts to negotiate the apparent dualisms of poetryscience spiritmatter etcand to reconcile everything into a spiritual monism I am not convinced thatEmersonrsquos vision was (or for that matter should have been) as coherent orconsistent as Obuchowski claims

[Cecily F Brown March 1992]


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November 13 Sunday In Thailand military dictator Sagnad Chaloryu became Chairman of the National Policy Council while Kriangsak Chomanan became Prime Minister

The Somali government ended its friendship treaty with the USSR expelling all Soviet advisors and breaking relations with Cuba

Book of Hours and Seasons for mezzo-soprano flute cello and piano by John Harbison to words of Goethe was performed for the initial time in Cambridge Massachusetts

1977


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May 9 Thursday Crossfire for orchestra by Charles Wuorinen was performed for the initial time in Meyerhoff Hall Baltimore

Faust for soprano tenor bass chorus chamber orchestra and Sundanese gamelan degung by Lou Harrison to words of Foley after Goethe was performed for the initial time at the University of California at Santa Cruz

1985


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J Lasley Dameronrsquos ldquoEmersonrsquos lsquoEach and Allrsquo and Goethersquos lsquoEin und Allesrsquordquo English Studies 67 (August 1986) 327-30

1986


Dameronrsquos theory is that John S Dwightrsquos translation of ldquoEin und Allesrdquo in theApril 1839 issue of The North American Review influenced Waldo Emersonrsquos idea ofthe reciprocal relationship of the part and the whole When Emerson revised hispoem in 1847 he changed the title from ldquoEach in Allrdquo to ldquoEach and Allrdquo which iscloser to Johann Wolfgang von Goethersquos title ldquoEin und Allesrdquo And according toNorman Miller Emerson struggled with the exact relationship between the part andthe whole from 1836 until 1839 After 1839 he conceived of the part and the wholeas a single entity

The part which on the one hand seems to be only a fragmentaryelement or fact of reality becomes to Emerson an organic signof the whole in a universe that is forever renewing itselfThus the part and the whole are not disparate entitiesjust as fact and spirit the real and the ideal aremanifestations of unity in nature

Both poems stress the totality of nature and in both the universe is organicdynamic ever-changing The part and the whole coexist in mutual relationshipthe ldquoeachrdquo is not merely a part of the whole



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Milan Kundera in his novel IMMORTALITY explored the life and literary relationships of Bettina Brentano von Arnim particularly her relationship with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe




1990




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Professor Pierre Hadotrsquos LA CITADELLE INTERIEUR INTRODUCTION AUX PENSEacuteES DE MARC AUREgraveLE (Paris) the Stoic exercises his concentration ldquoon the present instant which consists on the one hand in living as if we were seeing the world for the first and for the last time and on the other hand in being conscious that in this lived presence of the instant we have access to the totality of time and of the worldrdquo There are individuals who combine the characteristics of the Stoic with the characteristics of the Epicurean merging the Stoic ldquocommunion with naturerdquo with the Epicurean ldquosensualismrdquo practicing not only the Stoic spiritual exercises of vigilance but also the Epicurean spiritual exercises aimed at the true pleasure of simply existing Eventually the professor would be using as his type cases for this sort of mental merger the figures of Goethe Rousseau and Thoreau

Hadot apparently has been the first modern to have recognizedthat the preserved aphorisms of the emperor Marcus AureliusAntoninus first made public in the West by the Zurich humanistAndreas Gesner in 15581559 in a book now mistitled MEDITATIONS(a better translator he insists would have rendered this asEXHORTATIONS TO HIMSELF) actually belonged to an antique type ofwriting known as hypomnemata (a day-to-day record of onersquosstruggles with oneself in a special private ledger) ldquoMarcuswrote day to day without trying to compose a work intended forthe public his MEDITATIONS are for the most part exhortations tohimself a dialogue with himselfrdquo Clearly then the emperorhad been composing these sound bytes within a prefabricated andlimiting set of options and in order to separate that formatfrom whatever novel content which he had been pouring into itwe need to understand what that format had been ldquoOne willtherefore only be able to understand the sense of this work whenone has discovered among other things the prefabricatedschemata that were imposed on itrdquo Our real interest is in thechoices made and we evaluate those choices against possiblechoices that werenrsquot made ldquoBefore presenting the interpretationof a text one should first begin by trying to distinguishbetween on the one hand the traditional elements one couldsay prefabricated that the author employs and on the otherhand what he wants to do with them Failing to make thisdistinction one will consider as symptomatic formulas orattitudes which are not at all such because they do not emanatefrom the personality of the author but are imposed on him bytradition One must search for what the author wishes to saybut also for what he can or cannot say what he must or must notsay as a function of the traditions and the circumstances thatare imposed on himrdquo

[E]ach time Marcus wrote down one of his MEDITATIONS heknew exactly what he was doing he was exhorting himselfto practice one of the disciplines either that ofdesire of action or of assent At the same time hewas exhorting himself to practice philosophy itself inits divisions of physics ethics and logic

1992


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March 22 Thursday Sofia Gubaidulina was awarded the Goethe Medal in Weimar

Epistle of Love for soprano and piano by John Tavener to Serbian poetry was performed for the initial time in St Johnrsquos Smith Square London

Marvelous Invention (Songbook for a New Century) for mezzo-soprano and piano by John Corigliano to words of Adamo was performed for the initial time in Kaye Playhouse New York

Rhyme a song for voice and piano by William Bolcom to words of Tillinghast was performed for the initial time in New York

The Axe Manual for piano and percussion by Harrison Birtwistle was performed for the initial time in Chicago

2001


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June 3 Sunday Goethe-Lieder for tenor and piano by Wolfgang Rihm was performed for the initial time in Folkwang Hochschule Essen

August 15 Wednesday Goethe-Lieder a cycle for voice and piano by Wolfgang Rihm was performed for the initial time in Bad Reichenhall Germany

2007


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January 26 Saturday Mariel for cello and orchestra by Osvaldo Golijov to words of Goethe Ruumlckert and von Collin was performed for the initial time in Carnegie Hall New York

2008


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September 8 Tuesday A most interesting article by Carl Zimmer led off the ldquoScience Timesrdquo section of The New York Times The article was a report on research into the origins of flowering plants driven both by the discovery of new fossils and by the development of a new field of research paleobotany one based upon genetic experiments in laboratories In Henry Thoreaursquos day Charles Darwin hadnrsquot been able to understand flowers because the mechanics of genetics hadnrsquot yet been sufficiently worked out The best available work in the field had been done in 1790 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his ldquoUrpflanzerdquo in VERSUCH DIE METAMORPHOSE DER PFLANZEN ZU ERKLAumlREN (AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PLANTS) Well guess who was greatly impressed by Goethersquos theorizing mdashHenry That was where Henryrsquos section on the sandbank in WALDEN OR LIFE IN THE WOODS came from Goethe had formed the idea that nature creates the novelty of various apparently greatly different plant structures in a basically simple manner and began to suspect that what we need to do in order to understand this complexity of development is recover that underlying simplicity of origin His grand concept had been that all plant organs including the various parts of the various flowers all had started out as leaves

From first to last the plant is nothing but a leaf

Half a century later while Darwin was still puzzling Thoreau was incorporated Goethersquos insight into WALDEN Thoreaursquos version was

The maker of this earth but patented a leaf

httpwwwnytimescompagesscience

The newspaper article mentioned that Darwin had failed to grasp Goethersquos profound insight but ndashthis goes without sayingndash it omitted to mention that a contemporary of Darwin Thoreau had not failed to grasp Goethersquos profound insight

2009


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PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


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COPYRIGHT NOTICE In addition to the property of otherssuch as extensive quotations and reproductions ofimages this ldquoread-onlyrdquo computer file contains a greatdeal of special work product of Austin Meredithcopyright 2016 Access to these interim materials willeventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup someof the costs of preparation My hypercontext buttoninvention which instead of creating a hypertext leapthrough hyperspace mdashresulting in navigation problemsmdashallows for an utter alteration of the context withinwhich one is experiencing a specific content alreadybeing viewed is claimed as proprietary to AustinMeredith mdash and therefore freely available for use byall Limited permission to copy such files or anymaterial from such files must be obtained in advancein writing from the ldquoStack of the Artist of KouroordquoProject 833 Berkeley St Durham NC 27705 Pleasecontact the project at ltkourookourooinfogt

Prepared February 7 2016

ldquoItrsquos all now you see Yesterday wonrsquot be over untiltomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years agordquo

ndash Remark by character ldquoGarin Stevensrdquoin William Faulknerrsquos INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Well tomorrow is such and such a date and so it began on that date in like 8000BC Why 8000BC because it was the beginning of the current interglacial -- or what
Bearing in mind that this is America where everything belongs the primary intent of such a notice is to prevent some person or corporate entity from misappropriating the materials and sequestering them as property for censorship or for profit


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ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by ahuman Such is not the case Instead someone has requested thatwe pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of theshoulder of our pet parrot ldquoLaurardquo (as above) What thesechronological lists are they are research reports compiled byARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term theKouroo Contexture (this is data mining) To respond to such arequest for information we merely push a button


HDT WHAT INDEX


Commonly the first output of the algorithm has obviousdeficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored inthe contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking and then weneed to punch that button again and recompile the chronology mdashbut there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinaryldquowriterlyrdquo process you know and love As the contents of thisoriginating contexture improve and as the programming improvesand as funding becomes available (to date no funding whateverhas been needed in the creation of this facility the entireoperation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminishedneed to do such tweaking and recompiling and we fully expectto achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring roboticresearch librarian Onward and upward in this brave new world

First come first serve There is no chargePlace requests with ltkourookourooinfogt Arrgh

The People of A Week Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009


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GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


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GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


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PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1585



PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


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HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1763



HDT WHAT INDEX




1765



HDT WHAT INDEX




1768



HDT WHAT INDEX







1774



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Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4





Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7



Edith Piaf 4 8


Linda Hunt 4 9


Mother Teresa 4 10








Joan of Arc 4 11






Clara Barton 5 0


Andrew Carnegie 5 0



Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0



HDT WHAT INDEX



Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0






John Keats 5 34



Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2



Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2



William Walker 5 2






Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3




Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3





HDT WHAT INDEX





Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4




Alan Ladd 5 412



Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5





Charles Dickens 5 6



James Smithson 5 6













Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7




HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8












Andrew Johnson 5 10


Thomas Paine 5 10

















Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0






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John Brown 6 0 (+)




Venture Smith 6 112


Crispus Attucks 6 2





Gabriel Prosser 6 2
























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1775


HDT WHAT INDEX




5 Ibid


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1778


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1781



HDT WHAT INDEX






1783



HDT WHAT INDEX





1786





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WILLIAM PALEY


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PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX







PLANTS



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1789



HDT WHAT INDEX






1790


BOTANIZING





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PLANTS


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1791



HDT WHAT INDEX





mdash Shakespeare

1792


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1794



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX



1795







HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1796



HDT WHAT INDEX








1798



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX






1806




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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY


LIVERPOOL



LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE


1808



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ARE





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------







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1810


HDT WHAT INDEX









1812



HDT WHAT INDEX






1813



HDT WHAT INDEX












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John Constable



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1814


CRIMPING


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



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HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX







1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


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1817




HDT WHAT INDEX




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1819




HDT WHAT INDEX









1820



HDT WHAT INDEX










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ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX












1821



HDT WHAT INDEX














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1822




HDT WHAT INDEX








1823



HDT WHAT INDEX






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1824


HDT WHAT INDEX









1825



HDT WHAT INDEX




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PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1826



HDT WHAT INDEX








WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX









1827






HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


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HDT WHAT INDEX



1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX







1830



HDT WHAT INDEX








1831




HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX




1832





HDT WHAT INDEX











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1833



HDT WHAT INDEX





1834




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THE ALCOTT FAMILY


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1836



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1837


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TORQUATO TASSO


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TORQUATO TASSO


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and that








WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



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ITALIENISCHE REISE


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GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


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HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX





1838



HDT WHAT INDEX



1839







HDT WHAT INDEX






1840


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1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


HDT WHAT INDEX




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1844


HDT WHAT INDEX



1845


HDT WHAT INDEX





1846




HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


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VENUS



HDT WHAT INDEX



HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX







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1847




HDT WHAT INDEX



FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE


HORATIO GREENOUGH


JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES






HDT WHAT INDEX





1848


HDT WHAT INDEX





1849





HDT WHAT INDEX



1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX




QUAKERS




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1851



HDT WHAT INDEX





1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1856



HDT WHAT INDEX







1857




HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX









34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





1859


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







1862

US CIVIL WAR


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX





1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX




1866


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1868


HDT WHAT INDEX








1869


HDT WHAT INDEX




1870


HDT WHAT INDEX



1875


HDT WHAT INDEX



1876


HDT WHAT INDEX





1877


HDT WHAT INDEX





1878


HDT WHAT INDEX




1880


HDT WHAT INDEX





1882




HDT WHAT INDEX




1883



HDT WHAT INDEX








THE SCIENCE OF 1883


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX


one







HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






1884


SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX







1885



HDT WHAT INDEX




1887


HDT WHAT INDEX




1892


HDT WHAT INDEX



1893


HDT WHAT INDEX



1894


HDT WHAT INDEX



1897


HDT WHAT INDEX



1899


HDT WHAT INDEX



1910


HDT WHAT INDEX



1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX




ROMANTICISM







HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX





1919


HDT WHAT INDEX



1920


HDT WHAT INDEX



1922


HDT WHAT INDEX




1923


HDT WHAT INDEX





1926


HDT WHAT INDEX



1927


HDT WHAT INDEX










1945


HDT WHAT INDEX



1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44







HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX



1949


HDT WHAT INDEX






1953



HDT WHAT INDEX






1961






HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX









TIMELINE OF WALDEN



TIMELINE OF WALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1974









HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX



1975







HDT WHAT INDEX





1977


HDT WHAT INDEX




1985


HDT WHAT INDEX



1986







HDT WHAT INDEX






1990




HDT WHAT INDEX





1992


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX







2001


HDT WHAT INDEX




2007


HDT WHAT INDEX



2008


HDT WHAT INDEX








2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



GENERATION HOTLINE



HDT WHAT INDEX





1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX



PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1585



PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1763



HDT WHAT INDEX




1765



HDT WHAT INDEX




1768



HDT WHAT INDEX







1774



HDT WHAT INDEX


Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4





Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7



Edith Piaf 4 8


Linda Hunt 4 9


Mother Teresa 4 10








Joan of Arc 4 11






Clara Barton 5 0


Andrew Carnegie 5 0



Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0



HDT WHAT INDEX



Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0






John Keats 5 34



Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2



Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2



William Walker 5 2






Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3




Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3





HDT WHAT INDEX





Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4




Alan Ladd 5 412



Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5





Charles Dickens 5 6



James Smithson 5 6













Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7




HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8












Andrew Johnson 5 10


Thomas Paine 5 10

















Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0






HDT WHAT INDEX








John Brown 6 0 (+)




Venture Smith 6 112


Crispus Attucks 6 2





Gabriel Prosser 6 2
























HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX









1775


HDT WHAT INDEX




5 Ibid


HDT WHAT INDEX





1778


HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1781



HDT WHAT INDEX






1783



HDT WHAT INDEX





1786





HDT WHAT INDEX



WILLIAM PALEY


HDT WHAT INDEX





PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX







PLANTS



HDT WHAT INDEX





1789



HDT WHAT INDEX






1790


BOTANIZING





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX








PLANTS


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX








1791



HDT WHAT INDEX





mdash Shakespeare

1792


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1794



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX



1795







HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1796



HDT WHAT INDEX








1798



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX






1806




HDT WHAT INDEX




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY


LIVERPOOL



LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE


1808



HDT WHAT INDEX


ARE





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------







HDT WHAT INDEX




1810


HDT WHAT INDEX









1812



HDT WHAT INDEX






1813



HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



John Constable



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX






1814


CRIMPING


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX







1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


HDT WHAT INDEX








1817




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX











1819




HDT WHAT INDEX









1820



HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX







ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX












1821



HDT WHAT INDEX














HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX










1822




HDT WHAT INDEX








1823



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





1824


HDT WHAT INDEX









1825



HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX









PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1826



HDT WHAT INDEX








WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX









1827






HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX



1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX







1830



HDT WHAT INDEX








1831




HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX




1832





HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX








1833



HDT WHAT INDEX





1834




HDT WHAT INDEX





THE ALCOTT FAMILY


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1836



HDT WHAT INDEX





1837


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX













TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX











TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX






and that








WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



HDT WHAT INDEX




ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX






GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX





1838



HDT WHAT INDEX



1839







HDT WHAT INDEX






1840


HDT WHAT INDEX










1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1844


HDT WHAT INDEX



1845


HDT WHAT INDEX





1846




HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




VENUS



HDT WHAT INDEX



HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1847




HDT WHAT INDEX



FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE


HORATIO GREENOUGH


JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES






HDT WHAT INDEX





1848


HDT WHAT INDEX





1849





HDT WHAT INDEX



1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX




QUAKERS




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1851



HDT WHAT INDEX





1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1856



HDT WHAT INDEX







1857




HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX









34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





1859


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







1862

US CIVIL WAR


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX





1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX




1866


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1868


HDT WHAT INDEX








1869


HDT WHAT INDEX




1870


HDT WHAT INDEX



1875


HDT WHAT INDEX



1876


HDT WHAT INDEX





1877


HDT WHAT INDEX





1878


HDT WHAT INDEX




1880


HDT WHAT INDEX





1882




HDT WHAT INDEX




1883



HDT WHAT INDEX








THE SCIENCE OF 1883


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX


one







HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






1884


SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX







1885



HDT WHAT INDEX




1887


HDT WHAT INDEX




1892


HDT WHAT INDEX



1893


HDT WHAT INDEX



1894


HDT WHAT INDEX



1897


HDT WHAT INDEX



1899


HDT WHAT INDEX



1910


HDT WHAT INDEX



1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX




ROMANTICISM







HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX





1919


HDT WHAT INDEX



1920


HDT WHAT INDEX



1922


HDT WHAT INDEX




1923


HDT WHAT INDEX





1926


HDT WHAT INDEX



1927


HDT WHAT INDEX










1945


HDT WHAT INDEX



1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44







HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX



1949


HDT WHAT INDEX






1953



HDT WHAT INDEX






1961






HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX









TIMELINE OF WALDEN



TIMELINE OF WALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1974









HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX



1975







HDT WHAT INDEX





1977


HDT WHAT INDEX




1985


HDT WHAT INDEX



1986







HDT WHAT INDEX






1990




HDT WHAT INDEX





1992


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX







2001


HDT WHAT INDEX




2007


HDT WHAT INDEX



2008


HDT WHAT INDEX








2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



GENERATION HOTLINE



HDT WHAT INDEX





1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009


HDT WHAT INDEX



PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1585



PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1763



HDT WHAT INDEX




1765



HDT WHAT INDEX




1768



HDT WHAT INDEX







1774



HDT WHAT INDEX


Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4





Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7



Edith Piaf 4 8


Linda Hunt 4 9


Mother Teresa 4 10








Joan of Arc 4 11






Clara Barton 5 0


Andrew Carnegie 5 0



Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0



HDT WHAT INDEX



Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0






John Keats 5 34



Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2



Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2



William Walker 5 2






Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3




Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3





HDT WHAT INDEX





Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4




Alan Ladd 5 412



Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5





Charles Dickens 5 6



James Smithson 5 6













Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7




HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8












Andrew Johnson 5 10


Thomas Paine 5 10

















Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0






HDT WHAT INDEX








John Brown 6 0 (+)




Venture Smith 6 112


Crispus Attucks 6 2





Gabriel Prosser 6 2
























HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX









1775


HDT WHAT INDEX




5 Ibid


HDT WHAT INDEX





1778


HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1781



HDT WHAT INDEX






1783



HDT WHAT INDEX





1786





HDT WHAT INDEX



WILLIAM PALEY


HDT WHAT INDEX





PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX







PLANTS



HDT WHAT INDEX





1789



HDT WHAT INDEX






1790


BOTANIZING





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX








PLANTS


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX








1791



HDT WHAT INDEX





mdash Shakespeare

1792


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1794



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX



1795







HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1796



HDT WHAT INDEX








1798



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX






1806




HDT WHAT INDEX




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY


LIVERPOOL



LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE


1808



HDT WHAT INDEX


ARE





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------







HDT WHAT INDEX




1810


HDT WHAT INDEX









1812



HDT WHAT INDEX






1813



HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



John Constable



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX






1814


CRIMPING


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX







1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


HDT WHAT INDEX








1817




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX











1819




HDT WHAT INDEX









1820



HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX







ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX












1821



HDT WHAT INDEX














HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX










1822




HDT WHAT INDEX








1823



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





1824


HDT WHAT INDEX









1825



HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX









PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1826



HDT WHAT INDEX








WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX









1827






HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX



1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX







1830



HDT WHAT INDEX








1831




HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX




1832





HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX








1833



HDT WHAT INDEX





1834




HDT WHAT INDEX





THE ALCOTT FAMILY


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1836



HDT WHAT INDEX





1837


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX













TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX











TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX






and that








WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



HDT WHAT INDEX




ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX






GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX





1838



HDT WHAT INDEX



1839







HDT WHAT INDEX






1840


HDT WHAT INDEX










1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1844


HDT WHAT INDEX



1845


HDT WHAT INDEX





1846




HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




VENUS



HDT WHAT INDEX



HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1847




HDT WHAT INDEX



FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE


HORATIO GREENOUGH


JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES






HDT WHAT INDEX





1848


HDT WHAT INDEX





1849





HDT WHAT INDEX



1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX




QUAKERS




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1851



HDT WHAT INDEX





1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1856



HDT WHAT INDEX







1857




HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX









34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





1859


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







1862

US CIVIL WAR


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX





1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX




1866


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1868


HDT WHAT INDEX








1869


HDT WHAT INDEX




1870


HDT WHAT INDEX



1875


HDT WHAT INDEX



1876


HDT WHAT INDEX





1877


HDT WHAT INDEX





1878


HDT WHAT INDEX




1880


HDT WHAT INDEX





1882




HDT WHAT INDEX




1883



HDT WHAT INDEX








THE SCIENCE OF 1883


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX


one







HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






1884


SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX







1885



HDT WHAT INDEX




1887


HDT WHAT INDEX




1892


HDT WHAT INDEX



1893


HDT WHAT INDEX



1894


HDT WHAT INDEX



1897


HDT WHAT INDEX



1899


HDT WHAT INDEX



1910


HDT WHAT INDEX



1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX




ROMANTICISM







HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX





1919


HDT WHAT INDEX



1920


HDT WHAT INDEX



1922


HDT WHAT INDEX




1923


HDT WHAT INDEX





1926


HDT WHAT INDEX



1927


HDT WHAT INDEX










1945


HDT WHAT INDEX



1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44







HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX



1949


HDT WHAT INDEX






1953



HDT WHAT INDEX






1961






HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX









TIMELINE OF WALDEN



TIMELINE OF WALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1974









HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX



1975







HDT WHAT INDEX





1977


HDT WHAT INDEX




1985


HDT WHAT INDEX



1986







HDT WHAT INDEX






1990




HDT WHAT INDEX





1992


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX







2001


HDT WHAT INDEX




2007


HDT WHAT INDEX



2008


HDT WHAT INDEX








2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



GENERATION HOTLINE



HDT WHAT INDEX





1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009


HDT WHAT INDEX



1585



PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1763



HDT WHAT INDEX




1765



HDT WHAT INDEX




1768



HDT WHAT INDEX







1774



HDT WHAT INDEX


Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4





Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7



Edith Piaf 4 8


Linda Hunt 4 9


Mother Teresa 4 10








Joan of Arc 4 11






Clara Barton 5 0


Andrew Carnegie 5 0



Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0



HDT WHAT INDEX



Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0






John Keats 5 34



Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2



Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2



William Walker 5 2






Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3




Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3





HDT WHAT INDEX





Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4




Alan Ladd 5 412



Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5





Charles Dickens 5 6



James Smithson 5 6













Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7




HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8












Andrew Johnson 5 10


Thomas Paine 5 10

















Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0






HDT WHAT INDEX








John Brown 6 0 (+)




Venture Smith 6 112


Crispus Attucks 6 2





Gabriel Prosser 6 2
























HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX









1775


HDT WHAT INDEX




5 Ibid


HDT WHAT INDEX





1778


HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1781



HDT WHAT INDEX






1783



HDT WHAT INDEX





1786





HDT WHAT INDEX



WILLIAM PALEY


HDT WHAT INDEX





PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX







PLANTS



HDT WHAT INDEX





1789



HDT WHAT INDEX






1790


BOTANIZING





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX








PLANTS


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX








1791



HDT WHAT INDEX





mdash Shakespeare

1792


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1794



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX



1795







HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1796



HDT WHAT INDEX








1798



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX






1806




HDT WHAT INDEX




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY


LIVERPOOL



LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE


1808



HDT WHAT INDEX


ARE





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------







HDT WHAT INDEX




1810


HDT WHAT INDEX









1812



HDT WHAT INDEX






1813



HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



John Constable



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX






1814


CRIMPING


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX







1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


HDT WHAT INDEX








1817




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX











1819




HDT WHAT INDEX









1820



HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX







ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX












1821



HDT WHAT INDEX














HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX










1822




HDT WHAT INDEX








1823



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





1824


HDT WHAT INDEX









1825



HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX









PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1826



HDT WHAT INDEX








WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX









1827






HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX



1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX







1830



HDT WHAT INDEX








1831




HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX




1832





HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX








1833



HDT WHAT INDEX





1834




HDT WHAT INDEX





THE ALCOTT FAMILY


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1836



HDT WHAT INDEX





1837


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX













TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX











TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX






and that








WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



HDT WHAT INDEX




ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX






GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX





1838



HDT WHAT INDEX



1839







HDT WHAT INDEX






1840


HDT WHAT INDEX










1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1844


HDT WHAT INDEX



1845


HDT WHAT INDEX





1846




HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




VENUS



HDT WHAT INDEX



HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1847




HDT WHAT INDEX



FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE


HORATIO GREENOUGH


JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES






HDT WHAT INDEX





1848


HDT WHAT INDEX





1849





HDT WHAT INDEX



1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX




QUAKERS




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1851



HDT WHAT INDEX





1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1856



HDT WHAT INDEX







1857




HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX









34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





1859


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







1862

US CIVIL WAR


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX





1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX




1866


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1868


HDT WHAT INDEX








1869


HDT WHAT INDEX




1870


HDT WHAT INDEX



1875


HDT WHAT INDEX



1876


HDT WHAT INDEX





1877


HDT WHAT INDEX





1878


HDT WHAT INDEX




1880


HDT WHAT INDEX





1882




HDT WHAT INDEX




1883



HDT WHAT INDEX








THE SCIENCE OF 1883


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX


one







HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






1884


SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX







1885



HDT WHAT INDEX




1887


HDT WHAT INDEX




1892


HDT WHAT INDEX



1893


HDT WHAT INDEX



1894


HDT WHAT INDEX



1897


HDT WHAT INDEX



1899


HDT WHAT INDEX



1910


HDT WHAT INDEX



1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX




ROMANTICISM







HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX





1919


HDT WHAT INDEX



1920


HDT WHAT INDEX



1922


HDT WHAT INDEX




1923


HDT WHAT INDEX





1926


HDT WHAT INDEX



1927


HDT WHAT INDEX










1945


HDT WHAT INDEX



1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44







HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX



1949


HDT WHAT INDEX






1953



HDT WHAT INDEX






1961






HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX









TIMELINE OF WALDEN



TIMELINE OF WALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1974









HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX



1975







HDT WHAT INDEX





1977


HDT WHAT INDEX




1985


HDT WHAT INDEX



1986







HDT WHAT INDEX






1990




HDT WHAT INDEX





1992


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX







2001


HDT WHAT INDEX




2007


HDT WHAT INDEX



2008


HDT WHAT INDEX








2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



GENERATION HOTLINE



HDT WHAT INDEX





1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1763



HDT WHAT INDEX




1765



HDT WHAT INDEX




1768



HDT WHAT INDEX







1774



HDT WHAT INDEX


Table of Altitudes

Yoda 2 0

Lavinia Warren 2 8

Tom Thumb Jr 3 4





Alexander Pope 4 6

Benjamin Lay 4 7



Edith Piaf 4 8


Linda Hunt 4 9


Mother Teresa 4 10








Joan of Arc 4 11






Clara Barton 5 0


Andrew Carnegie 5 0



Danny DeVito 5 0

Immanuel Kant 5 0



HDT WHAT INDEX



Dollie Parton 5 0

Mae West 5 0

Pia Zadora 5 0

Deng Xiaoping 5 0






John Keats 5 34



Bette Midler 5 1

Dudley Moore 5 2



Sally Field 5 2

Jemmy Button 5 2

Margaret Mead 5 2



William Walker 5 2






Voltaire 5 3

Mohandas Gandhi 5 3

Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Kahlil Gibran 5 3




Sammy Davis Jr 5 3

Truman Capote 5 3





HDT WHAT INDEX





Alan Ladd 5 4

Pablo Picasso 5 4

Truman Capote 5 4

Queen Elizabeth 5 4




Alan Ladd 5 412



Charles Manson 5 5

Audie Murphy 5 5

Harry Houdini 5 5





Charles Dickens 5 6



James Smithson 5 6













Ulysses S Grant 5 7

Henry Thoreau 5 7




HDT WHAT INDEX


Edgar Allan Poe 5 8












Andrew Johnson 5 10


Thomas Paine 5 10

















Anthony Burns 6 0

Waldo Emerson 6 0

Joseph Smith Jr 6 0

David Walker 6 0






HDT WHAT INDEX








John Brown 6 0 (+)




Venture Smith 6 112


Crispus Attucks 6 2





Gabriel Prosser 6 2
























HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX









1775


HDT WHAT INDEX




5 Ibid


HDT WHAT INDEX





1778


HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1781



HDT WHAT INDEX






1783



HDT WHAT INDEX





1786





HDT WHAT INDEX



WILLIAM PALEY


HDT WHAT INDEX





PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX







PLANTS



HDT WHAT INDEX





1789



HDT WHAT INDEX






1790


BOTANIZING





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX








PLANTS


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX








1791



HDT WHAT INDEX





mdash Shakespeare

1792


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1794



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX



1795







HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX





1796



HDT WHAT INDEX








1798



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1799

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX






1806




HDT WHAT INDEX




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POEMS

BY


LIVERPOOL



LONDON

1808

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(DEDICATION)

TO

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE PRINCE OF WALES

THE


1808



HDT WHAT INDEX


ARE





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------







HDT WHAT INDEX




1810


HDT WHAT INDEX









1812



HDT WHAT INDEX






1813



HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



John Constable



HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX






1814


CRIMPING


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX




1815


PEOPLE OFWALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX







1816

ERIE CANAL

CANALS


HDT WHAT INDEX








1817




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX











1819




HDT WHAT INDEX









1820



HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX







ELECTRICWALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX












1821



HDT WHAT INDEX














HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX










1822




HDT WHAT INDEX








1823



HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





1824


HDT WHAT INDEX









1825



HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX









PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1826



HDT WHAT INDEX








WALDO EMERSON


HDT WHAT INDEX









1827






HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX







1828


ROBERT BURNS

SCOTLAND


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX



1829

ISIS

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


ISIS

EGYPT



HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX







1830



HDT WHAT INDEX








1831




HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX




1832





HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX








1833



HDT WHAT INDEX





1834




HDT WHAT INDEX





THE ALCOTT FAMILY


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1836



HDT WHAT INDEX





1837


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX













TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX











TORQUATO TASSO


HDT WHAT INDEX






and that








WAR ON MEXICO

RACISM



HDT WHAT INDEX




ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX






GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK

ITALIENISCHE REISE


HDT WHAT INDEX










HDT WHAT INDEX












HDT WHAT INDEX





1838



HDT WHAT INDEX



1839







HDT WHAT INDEX






1840


HDT WHAT INDEX










1841

PERUSE VOLUME II

PERUSE VOLUME IV


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1844


HDT WHAT INDEX



1845


HDT WHAT INDEX





1846




HDT WHAT INDEX




GOETHE

PEOPLE OFA WEEK


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




VENUS



HDT WHAT INDEX



HUGUENOTS


HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX




1847




HDT WHAT INDEX



FOURIERISM

GWF HEGEL

GEORGE RIPLEY

EAGLESWOOD

UNITARY HOME

VICTOR HUGO

HORACE GREELEY

VICTOR COUSIN

CHARLES A DANA

ALBERT BRISBANE

ROBERT DALE OWEN

SAMUEL FB MORSE


HORATIO GREENOUGH


JOHN HUMPHREY NOYES






HDT WHAT INDEX





1848


HDT WHAT INDEX





1849





HDT WHAT INDEX



1850

ESSAYS 1ST SERIES


HDT WHAT INDEX




QUAKERS




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







LISTEN TO IT NOW


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




1851



HDT WHAT INDEX





1852

PEOPLE OFWALDEN


WILLIAM GILPIN


HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX




1856



HDT WHAT INDEX







1857




HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX







1857

33 Sheaths


HDT WHAT INDEX









34Yes

DOG


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX





1859


HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX




HDT WHAT INDEX







1862

US CIVIL WAR


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX





1863

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX




1866


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX





1868


HDT WHAT INDEX








1869


HDT WHAT INDEX




1870


HDT WHAT INDEX



1875


HDT WHAT INDEX



1876


HDT WHAT INDEX





1877


HDT WHAT INDEX





1878


HDT WHAT INDEX




1880


HDT WHAT INDEX





1882




HDT WHAT INDEX




1883



HDT WHAT INDEX








THE SCIENCE OF 1883


HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX


one







HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX






1884


SWITZERLAND ITALY


HDT WHAT INDEX







1885



HDT WHAT INDEX




1887


HDT WHAT INDEX




1892


HDT WHAT INDEX



1893


HDT WHAT INDEX



1894


HDT WHAT INDEX



1897


HDT WHAT INDEX



1899


HDT WHAT INDEX



1910


HDT WHAT INDEX



1913


HDT WHAT INDEX


1915


HDT WHAT INDEX




ROMANTICISM







HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX









HDT WHAT INDEX





1919


HDT WHAT INDEX



1920


HDT WHAT INDEX



1922


HDT WHAT INDEX




1923


HDT WHAT INDEX





1926


HDT WHAT INDEX



1927


HDT WHAT INDEX










1945


HDT WHAT INDEX



1948


HDT WHAT INDEX


(1948) 325-44







HDT WHAT INDEX











HDT WHAT INDEX



1949


HDT WHAT INDEX






1953



HDT WHAT INDEX






1961






HDT WHAT INDEX







HDT WHAT INDEX






1968

TIMELINE OF WALDEN


HDT WHAT INDEX















HDT WHAT INDEX









TIMELINE OF WALDEN



TIMELINE OF WALDEN



HDT WHAT INDEX



1974









HDT WHAT INDEX






HDT WHAT INDEX





HDT WHAT INDEX



1975







HDT WHAT INDEX





1977


HDT WHAT INDEX




1985


HDT WHAT INDEX



1986







HDT WHAT INDEX






1990




HDT WHAT INDEX





1992


HDT WHAT INDEX



HDT WHAT INDEX







2001


HDT WHAT INDEX




2007


HDT WHAT INDEX



2008


HDT WHAT INDEX








2009


HDT WHAT INDEX




PEOPLE OFWALDEN

GEOLOGY


HDT WHAT INDEX








HDT WHAT INDEX



GENERATION HOTLINE



HDT WHAT INDEX





1585

1763

1765

1768

1774

1775

1778

1781

1783

1786

1789

1790

1791

1792

1794

1795

1796

1798

1799

1806

1808

1810

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1856

1857

1857

1859

1862

1863

1866

1868

1869

1870

1875

1876

1877

1878

1880

1882

1883

1884

1885

1887

1892

1893

1894

1897

1899

1910

1913

1915

1919

1920

1922

1923

1926

1927

1945

1948

1949

1953

1961

1968

1974

1975

1977

1985

1986

1990

1992

2001

2007

2008

2009

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK

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Transcript of PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK