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PENULISAN LAPORAN PENYELIDIKAN
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Writing the research report requires a smoothness and economy of expression.Smoothness – avoid ambiguity, unexpected,
tense, all of which add to confusion of the readers.Economy of expression – being frugal (sederhana)
with words. Eliminate redundancy, wordiness, jargon, evasiveness (berdolak dalik), overuse of the passive voice,circumlocation (memerihal dengan panjang
lebar), and clumsy prose (overly detailed description of any part of the research such participants or procedures.
Use correct grammar
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BahasaFree from demeaning attitudes (keterlaluan) and
biased assumption.Specificity – choose accurate and clear wordsLabels – participants should be called what they prefer
to be called. Participation – write about the participants in your
study in a way that acknowledges their participation (in term of subjects, use more descriptive terms such as research participants, children, high school students) Gender, sexual orientation, racial and ethnic identity,
disabilities, age.
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ItalicsAbbreviations (IQ, e.g., etc, i.e., vs., sec., kg,
…)Headings – five different levels of headings
(e.g. level 1 – centered main heading in uppercase letters)
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All citations in the text of research report must be cited accurately and completely in the reference list so that it is possible for readers to locate the works.
Typing – double spacing, serif typeface, preferred 12-points Times Roman. Margin 1” top, bottom, left, right of every page.
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REFERENCE FORMAT
American Psychological Association (APA)(from the 3rd edition of the Publication manual of APA)
Chin, Y.(1988). This is the title of a book. (2nd Ed). City: Publisher.
Goff, A. M. (1987). This is the title of a journal article. Journal of Experimental Results, 1(3), 1-22.
Johnson, R.S. (1989, October 1). This is the title of a newspaper article. The New Strait Times, pp. 1, Column 6-8.
Miller, G.M. (1988). This is the title of a master’s thesis. Unpublished master’s thesis. Any University, City, State.
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DIFFERENCE REFERENCE STYLES
APATURABIANCBE (COUNCIL OF BIOLOGY EDITORS)MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION)ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY)
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Seven Major Section
1. Title page2. Abstract3. Introduction4. Method5. Results6. Discussion7. references
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FORMAT UMUM
I. Bahagian PermulaanII. Teks
1. Bab 12. Bab 23. Bab 34. Bab 45. Bab 5
III. Muka Surat Tambahan
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I. Bahagian Permulaan
i. Muka surat tajuk
ii. Muka surat penghargaan
iii. Muka surat kandungan
iv. Senarai jadual
v. Senarai rajah
vi. abstrak
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Format penulisan selepas muka hadapan1. Kertas kosong (blank page)2. Muka surat
Mempunyai tajuk penuh (HURUF BESAR)Nama penuh penyelidik (kumpulan penyelidik)
(HURUF BESAR)Nama organisasi, Jabatan, Kementerian dll & UPM:
Projek Penyelidikan dikemukan untuk Fakulti Penga
3. Dedikasi (Jika ada)- 2-3 baris sahaja
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4. Abstrak Bahasa Inggeris5. Abstrak Bahasa Melayu
Abstrak hendaklah:• Mengumpulkan semua maklumat penting dapatan tesis
tanpa rujukan.• Tidak melebihi 350 patah perkataan (untuk tesis).• Abstrak adalah ringkasan kepada keseluruhan tesis
dengan menonjolkan sesuatu yang menarik. Ianya mesti meliputi;TujuanReka bentuk penyelidikanRingkasan penemuan kajian,KesimpulanKesan penemuan terhadap kegunaannya yang relevan
dengan masyarakat
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Abstraks
A comprehensive summary of the contents of the research report.
Should not exceed 120 words (for journal articles)
No paragraph indentionShould be accurate, concise, specificShould include:
Brief statement of problem.A description of the research participant, a summary
of the method used – including a description of the instruments and the procedure used for data collection, the findings or results of the study – including statistical significance levels, and any conclusions and implications.
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Penghargaan kepada sesiapa yang terlibat membantu melakukan penyelidikan ini
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Jadual kandungan Senarai jadual
Senaraikan semua jadual: bilangan, tajuk dan muka surat jadual itu berada.
Senarai rajahSenataikan semua rajah: bilangan, tajuk dan
muka surat rajah itu berada.
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II. Teks
Bab 1 :Pengenalan1. Pengenalan
2. Pernyataan masalah dan rasional penyelidikan.
3. Tujuan, objektif dan hipotesis/soalan penyelidikan.
4. Batasan kajian.
5. Definisi konstitutif dan operasional bagi konsep dan gagasan yang digunakan.
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Pengenalan
Bahagian ini akan mengajak pembaca mengenali lebih dekat isu kajian
Menceritakan latar belakang masalah kajian dan menceritakan kenapa kajian ini dilakukan
Bermula daripada umum kepada lebih spesifik mengenai isu yang ingin dikaji
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Pengenalan..
‘persuade’ pembaca kenapa kajian ini penting dan sangat menarik untuk dilakukan sebagai tambahan kepada pengetahuan. Pastikan setiap ‘kenyataan’ ada rujukannya menggunakan APA, cth;Morgan dan John, (2007) dalam teks; John et al. (2007) – tulis semua pengarang
sekiranya pertama kali digunakan. Penggunaan seterusnya bolehlah digunakan et al.
Jelaskan latar belakang tentang konsep dan isu yang dikaji.
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Pengenalan..
Sentuh secara ringkas teori yang digunakan (teori yang sepenuhnya akan ditulis dalam sorotan kajian)
Kepentingan kajian dengan kehidupan harian perlu diketengahkan
Latarbelakang dan permasalahan kajian boleh disekalikan atau diasingkan
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Pengenalan..(Objektif)
Objektif kajian yang diutarakan yang mengandungi objektif umum dan objektif spesifikObjektif umum – melibatkan satu pernyataan
keseluruhan teras kajian iaitu boleh merangkumi semua objektif khusus. Penyataan ini mengandungi pembolehubah-pembolehubah yang dikaji serta subjek dan organisasi yang dikaji…. “Untuk mengkaji perkaitan” “ Untuk meninjau persepsi…” atau “untuk melihat perbezaan…”
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Pengenalan..(Objektif)
Objektif Khusus – Penyataan-pernyataan terperinci setiap pemboleh ubah yang dikaji. Pengukuran data memerlukan kenyataan seperti “Untuk menentukan perkaitan…” “Untuk mengukur pengetahuan…” “Untuk mengenal pasti ciri-ciri….”
Pastikan objektif kajian selaras dengan pemasalahan kajian yang lebih berunsur kepada persoalan “Adakah terdapat…” “Apakah tahap….”
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Pengenalan.. (Soalan Kajian/hipotesis)
Soalan kajian, selepas objektif kajian soalan kajian atau hipotesis kajian akan diajukan dalam bentuk persoalan.
Penyelidik boleh menggunakan hipotesis kajian sebagai menggantikan Soalan kajian menggunakan hipotesis null atau alternatif.
Kepentingan kajian. Kepentingan kajian ditulis untuk menjelaskan bahawa kesan kajian ini terhadap masyarakat.
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Pengenalan.. (Kepentingan Kajian)
Kepentingan kajian. Kepentingan kajian ditulis untuk menjelaskan bahawa kesan kajian ini terhadap masyarakat.
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Pengenalan.. (Batasan Kajian)
Batasan kajianA limitation identifies potential weaknesses
of the study. Think about your analysis, the nature of self-report, your instruments, the sample. Think about threats to internal validity that may have been impossible to avoid or minimize--explain.
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Pengenalan.. (Definisi)
Definisi operasional – Pastikan anda mempunyai rujukan yang lengkap bagi definisi operasional
The study utilized specific terminology that is described in this section. Further definitions of terminology frequently used in the study can be found within the study.
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Pengenalan.. (kerangka konseptual)
Kerangka konseptual…konsep yang dibuat melalui pembacaan literatur tentang jangkaan apa akan terjadi dengan kajian ini.
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Bab 2 : Sorotan Literatur
Bab ini dimulakan dengan ‘Pengenalan’
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Sorotan Literatur..
Sorotan literatur sepatutnya membantu penyelidik memahami kajian, tunjukkan bahawa pengkaji lain memang menganggap kajian ini penting, dan telah menunjukkan bahawa pengkaji telah mengkaji dengan mendalam tentang dokumen-dokumen yang telah diterbitkan mengenai isu yang dikaji.
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Sorotan Literatur..
Ianya membantu penyelidik memahami isu kajian dan masalah kajian yang hendak dikaji daripada kajian terdahulu.
Pastikan bahawa “a literature review is NOT a summary” tetapi ianya adalah critical analysis of the relevant literature.
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Sorotan Literatur..
Sorotan literatur juga penting bagi membantu pembaca memahami objektif kajian kerana membaca sorotan literatur akan membantu pembaca menerima dan memahami objektif kajian
Sorotan literatur mestilah berciri dan berlandaskan objektif dan persoalan kajian atau hipotesis kajian.
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Sorotan literatur sudah boleh menjawab persoalan kajian hasil kajian-kajian lepas. Cuma kajian baharu ini dengan populasi dan kaedah yang berbeza.
Pastikan bahawa sorotan literatur tidak pernah berakhir, kerana setiap kali terjumpa dapatan baru, maka sorotan literatur mengenainya perlu ditambah.
Sorotan Literatur..
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Tulisan juga perlu berkisar pada tema-tema, tajuk, pemboleh ubah berdasarkan persoalan kajian dan objektif kajian. Pilihlah sub topik yang sesuai agar ianya boleh menjawab persoalan kajian.
Pastikan kenyataan mempunyai rujukan.Perincian tajuk perlu bagi membolehkan
perbincangan boleh dibuat mengenai dapatan tersebut.
Sorotan Literatur..
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Sorotan Literatur..
Susunan dapatan daripada literatur mengikut sub tema dan membincangkan secara kritis dapatan yang menyokong dan berlawanan dan rumuskan dapatan tersebut supaya boleh dikaitkan dengan kajian dibuat
Perlu bincang konsep utama, pemboleh ubah yang dikaji, teori dan model yang berkaitan
Rujuk dapatan utama, jurang dan isu yang dikaji secara menyeluruh.
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Bab 3: Metodologi
1. Pengenalan
2. Reka bentuk penyelidikan
3. Populasi dan persampelan
4. Instrumentasi kajian, kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen
5. Tatacara kajianParticipants
Apparatus or instruments
ProcedureMetodologi2
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Metodologi Kajian
Metodologi adalah “What you did”With what and howWhat are the design of your procedure
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Metodologi Kajian..
On what/whom the research was performed?Subject/respondent background (age, sex,
edu, occupation, race plus the issues that you want to search)
Sampling Pastikan persampelan dijelaskan dengan
terperinci bagaimana sampel dipilih (Cth: Formula Krecjie & Morgan)
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• Nyatakan dengan detail bagaimana ianya dilakukan (jika eksperimental bagaimana). Jika bukan eksperimental bagaimana anda lakukan dengan membincangkan kesahan dan kebolehpercayaannya.
• Terangkan kenapa gunakan cara ini tidak cara lain.
• Penggunaan gambar dan rajah membantu.
Metodologi Kajian..(Reka bentuk)
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• Terangkan instrumen yang digunakan• Nyatakan kesahannya.• Jika tinjauan letakkan contoh soalan.• Jika terlalu banyak masukkan dalam lampiran.• Adakah instrumen yang digunakan telah dinilai
kesahan dan kebolehpercayaannya?• Ceritakan bagaimana instrumen diubah suai
melalui kajian rintis
Metodologi Kajian.. (Instrumen)
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Nyatakan populasi kajianAdakah populasi diterangkan dengan
terperinci. Adakah kaedah persampelan populasi
digunakan?Sekiranya persampelan diperlukan,
nyatakan kaedah persampelan dengan jelasBilangan sampel mengikut kaedah tertentu
(cth: jadual Krecjie dan Morgan…)
Metodologi Kajian.. (populasi dan sampel)
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• Ceritakan tatacara dilakukan seperti mendapatkan kebenaran daripada pihak tertentu
• Bagaimana pentadbiran soal selidik atau temubual dan lain-lain cara pengumpulan data dilakukan serta pengumpulan data
Metodologi Kajian.. (Tatacara kajian)
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• Terangkan dengan jelas berdasarkan persoalan kajian apakah jenis analisis yang akan dilakukan untuk setiap persoalan kajian
• Adakah analisis dan bersesuaian dengan objektif dan persoalan kajian?
• Adakah analisis diterangkan dengan terperinci dengan objektif dan persoalan kajian?
Metodologi Kajian.. (Analisis data)
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• Bagaimana kajian rintis dilakukan?o Sampel kajian rintis (terdiri daripada subjek yang tidak
terlibat dalam populasi kajian)o Digunakan untuk tujuan membuat kesahan o Digunakan untuk mengira kebolehpercayaano Jenis kebolehpercayaan, hasil analisis seperti nilai
alfa Cronbach dll.
Perlu juga diperjelaskan di bahagian instrumen kajian….
Metodologi Kajian.. (Kajian rintis)
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Bab 4: Dapatan Kajian dan Perbincangan
Memaparkan hasil analisis data Memerlukan jadual-jadual yang meringkaskan
dapatan hasil analisisSub topik adalah mengikut objektif dan soalan
kajian/hipotesis Membuat tafsiran kepada hasil analisis data dan
membincangkan dapatan kajian ini dengan kajian sebelumnya. (Disyorkan penulisan bahagian ini dibuat mengikut objektif penyelidikan)
Dapatan kajian
Dapatan kajian 2
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• Are those facts which writer has deduced from research results.
• It should be clearly and succinctly stated and cover what is shown by the work and its significance and applications, together with any caveats and limitations.
• What does the study contribute?
• How has it helped solve the study problem?
• What conclusions and theoretical implications can be drawn from the study?
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Whether the expected result are obtained or not, the implications of the results should be discussed, as well as considerations of accuracy and validity.
Any relevant remaining problems, or new ones revealed (i.e., suggested areas for further research) should be explored.
Pastikan sama ada dapatan adalah signifikan atau tidak perlu dinyatakan dengan tulisan saintifiknya (e.g., p(2,11)=3.75, p<.05)
Pastikan keputusan yang penting ditonjolkan dan perkaitannya diterangkan dengan jelas terutamanya data yang mempunyai “significant value.”
Perbincangan..
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Penerangan menyeluruh tentang kenapa, dan bagaimana ianya sama atau berbeza dengan kajian lain perlu diterangkan.
Perbandingan dengan rujukan (dalam bab 2) daripada aspek persamaan atau perbezaan dapatan kajian
If a null hypothesis has been tested the slackness, or otherwise, of the confidence level should be commented upon. Comments on the robustness of any statistical techniques used, and whether others might have been better should be made.
Perbincangan..
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Discussion should explain and ‘criticise’ the results.
It should address questions such as:Was the sample representative?How much generalization of the results is
justified?With the benefit of hindsight, what could
have been, or should have been, done differently?
Perbincangan..
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It should address questions such as:To what extent has the aim been achieved?What contributions of new knowledge does
this thesis/report make?What further research is suggested?
Perbincangan..
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Bab 5: Rumusan, Kesimpulan dan Cadangan
1. Pengenalan
2. Implikasi keputusan.
3. Aplikasi keputusan.
4. Kesimpulan penyelidikan
5. Cadangan penyelidikan
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• The results of any hypothesis testing must be included.
• They should show whether or not the research problems have been “solved” and want has been learn from the results and show this knowledge can be used.
• Conclusion must be congruent with aim• No new material may be introduced at this
stage• Any contributions to new knowledge should be
stressed
Rumusan, Kesimpulan..
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• A separate paragraph of ‘recommendations’ should be discussed in this chapter.
Cadangan
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III. Muka Surat Tambahan
Bibliografi• Lampiran• Tulis semua senarai rujukan yang
terdapat dalam teks mengikut stail yang dicadangkan oleh pihak universiti
REFFERENCES1REFFERENCES12
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BIBLIOGRAFI: Rujuk APA 4th ed. untuk kaedah penulisan
(Buku Panduan GSO, UPM)Dalam turutan alphabetical
LAMPIRAN:Data mentah yang perluSemua soal selidik yang digunakan Surat-surat daripada organisasi yang terlibat
FORMAT
APA LIST
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Books Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company. Examples: Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House.
Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction
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Encyclopedia & DictionaryFormat:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company. Examples:
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book
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Magazine & Newspaper ArticlesFormat:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available), inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Examples:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p.
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Website or WebpageFormat:
Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL Online document:Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL. Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
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Website or WebpageFormat:
Online periodical:
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
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LAMPIRAN:Data mentah yang perluSemua soal selidik yang digunakan Surat-surat daripada organisasi yang terlibat
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MAKLUMAT-MAKLUMAT PENTING
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ArialBook AntiquaBookmanHelveticaHelvetica NarrowPalatinoTimesTimes New Roman
Font Yang Sesuai
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Margin
Left – at least 40mmRight, top and bottom - at least 25mm
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Type of pagination
Type 1Pages should be numbered consecutively
throughout the thesis, including pages for tables, figures and appendices…..
Preliminary pages in Roman numeral (I, ii, ii..)Type 2
Page 1 begins with the Title page but not numbered. Subsequent page…
Type 3…….
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Binding
selepas viva – hard cover binding dengan format dan warna yang ditetapkan oleh UPM
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Tafsiran dan penulisan keputusan penyelidikan akan lebih berkesan jika bukti-bukti yang berkaitan diperihalkan dalam bentuk ilustrasi seperti;Carta garisanCarta turusCarta turus bergambarCarta bulatan (pie)Jadual frekuensihistogram
Ilustrasi
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FORMAT THESIS PPS/GSO UPM
Rujuk format penulisan yang telah ditetapkan oleh UPM
Terdapat format yang memerlukan 5 bab, 6 bab dan sebagainya
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Terima Kasih