PENS Insights into McCune Albright Syndrome …pens.org/PENS Documents/PENS 2015/PENS 2015...

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4/23/2015 1 Insights into McCune Albright Syndrome: A Complex, Rare Disease with Individual Presentations Lori Guthrie RNC, BSN, CCRC Beth Brillante RN, BSN, MBA PENS 2015 National Conference Conflict of Interest Disclosure Conflicts of Interest None Lori Guthrie Beth Brillante The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the nation’s largest hospital devoted entirely to clinical research. We are located in Bethesda, Maryland, just a few miles north of Washington, DC.

Transcript of PENS Insights into McCune Albright Syndrome …pens.org/PENS Documents/PENS 2015/PENS 2015...

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Insights into McCune Albright Syndrome: A Complex, Rare Disease with Individual Presentations

Lori Guthrie RN‐C, BSN, CCRC

Beth Brillante RN, BSN, MBA

PENS 2015 National Conference

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

Conflicts of Interest 

None

Lori Guthrie

Beth Brillante

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the nation’s largest hospital devoted entirely to clinical research.

We are located in Bethesda, Maryland,  just a few miles north of Washington, DC. 

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We are Research Nurse Specialists who 

coordinate research studies for children and adults 

with rare bone and endocrine conditions, 

one of which is McCune Albright Syndrome.

Beth Brillante

We work on a team that is comprised of:• Adult and Pediatric Endocrinologists• Endocrine Fellows• Dental/Craniofacial Surgeon• Lab Technician• Research Nurses

McCune Albright Syndrome Research Study at NIH

• Prospective Cohort Study – investigate cause of disease and health outcomes

• Largest cohort of McCune Albright Syndrome patients in the world, >215

• Range from <1 to 98 years of age

• Current study:  1998 to present

Prior studies: mid 1980s ‐ 1998

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Objectives

1. Name the gene mutation associated with McCune Albright Syndrome.

2. List the three body systems most commonly affected by McCune Albright Syndrome.

3. Discuss the current medical management and medications used to manage fibrous dysplasia and McCune Albright Syndrome.

4. Identify two psychosocial aspects related to the challenges of living with McCune Albright Syndrome.

5. Discussion/Questions. 

McCune Albright SyndromeDifferential Diagnosis

These depend on presentation and may include:

• Neurofibromatosis

• Osteofibrous dysplasia

• Non‐ossifying fibromas

• Idiopathic central precocious puberty

• Milder form of osteogenesis imperfecta 

• Ovarian neoplasm

Dr. Donovan McCune

Dr. Fuller Albright

McCune‐Albright Syndrome –first descriptions

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What is McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS)?

• Rare genetic disorder 

• Affects 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 

people worldwide

• No known “cause” for the mutation

• The mutation did not come from either parent and will not be passed to children 

MAS Gene Mutation

• GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating activity polypeptide 1)

• Spontaneous mutation: long arm (q) arm of chromosome 20 at position 13.3

• Mutates cells within variously affected tissues

• Highly variable presentations – depends on specific tissues involved and extent of involvement

Gsα is the “on and off switch”  for many cells

Skin

Café‐au‐lait

Ovary Bone Thyroid Pituitary

precocious puberty  hyperthyroidism

fibrous dysplasia growth hormone excess

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SkinThyroidBone

How MAS Happens

Migrates &expands asembryois formed

Mutation occurs by chance

Stem Cell

Mutation in the gene GNAS

GNAS codes for the protein, Gsα

SkinThyroidBone

How MAS Happens

Mutation occurs by chance

Mutated cell proliferatesMigrates &expands asembryois formed

• Mutation is now in cellsthat will later give rise to differenttissues: skin, bone, ovaries, etc.

Stem Cell

SkinThyroidBone

How MAS Happens

Mutation occurs by chance

Mutated cell proliferates

Mutated cells migrate & expands as embryo

is formed

Stem Cell

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Where and when the mutationoccurs determines what manifestations the person 

will and won’t have 

How MAS Happens

Mutation occurs by chance

Mutated cell proliferates

Mutated cells migrate & expands as embryo

is formed

Stem Cell

Diagnosis

• Diagnosis most often occurs in early childhood

• May be diagnosed:

– at birth ‐ presence of café‐au‐lait spots

– early childhood ‐ in cases with severe polyostotic fibrous dysplasia or development of precocious puberty

– adulthood ‐ incidental finding on imaging

Clinical Manifestations in MAS

Skin – ectoderm Bone – mesoderm                 Endocrine‐ endoderm

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Skin – café‐au‐lait spots

• Light brown patches of skin, often present at birth 

• Irregular edges are often compared to a map of the coast of Maine

• Not specific for MAS ‐ 10% of healthy 

population have café‐au‐lait spots

Spectrum of café‐au‐lait spots

• first sign of MAS • coast of Maine appearance

Spectrum of café‐au‐lait spots

• NO correlation with locationor extent of bone disease

• Often starts or ends near the midline

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Clinical Manifestations in MAS

Skin – ectoderm                  Bone – mesoderm endocrine‐ endoderm

Fibrous Dysplasia (FD)• Abnormal scar‐like (fibrous) tissue in bones. “Ground glass” appearance.

• Monostotic – affecting one bone• Polyostotic – affecting multiple bones

• No medical treatments known to alter the course of FD  

• Surgery ‐ correct deformity and repair fractures

• Physical therapy and occupational therapy ‐ optimize mobility and function

Fibrous DysplasiaDeformity, Pain, Limp, Fractures, Disability

Shepherd’s crookdeformity   

Wind‐swept deformity

Fragility fractures

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Fibrous Dysplasia

Virtually any bone in the body may be affected. 

Most common are:

– facial and skull bones 

– pelvis

– femur 

– tibia

– humerus

– ribs

– small bones in hands and feet

FD – variations in severity

Nuclear Medicine: Technetium‐99m Bone Scan

• Scoliosis is common; may be progressive.

• Scoliosis occurs at sites of FD

• Progression can be stopped by rods

FD in the spine: scoliosisbone scan MRI X‐ray

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FD ‐ Craniofacial

In the craniofacial area (bones of the skull and face), most complications are related to FD expansion.  

This may lead to facial asymmetry, and very rarely, loss of vision and hearing.  

Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia:  progression

200216.13 11

96 .31.

16

3 ½  7 11 12

14 16 18 3030

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• Common; can occur in any FD location 

• FD pain may be due to fracture or hypophosphatemia, or it may be related to the FD itself

• Treatment:1. Over the counter medications (such as acetaminophen, 

ibuprofen, and naproxen) ‐mild to moderate pain

2. Intravenous bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronic acid)

3. Narcotic medications ‐ last resort 

Fibrous Dysplasia and Pain

Clinical Manifestations in MAS

Skin – ectoderm Bone – mesoderm                        Endocrine‐ endoderm

McCune-Albright Syndrome

Café-au-lait

Fibrous Dysplasia

PrecociousPuberty

Growth Hormone Excess

Hyperthyroid

Cushings Syndrome

Phosphate Wasting

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Peripheral Precocious Puberty in Girlsarises from early activation of ovaries

• Recurrent ovarian cysts 

• Breast development

• Vaginal bleeding

• Increased growth velocity

• Bone age advancement

• Reduced final adult height

• Some teens/women have menstrual irregularities

• Women with MAS are often able to become pregnant and have healthy children

Pelvic UltrasoundOvary

EA([2

Peripheral Precocious Puberty in Boysarises from early activation of testicles

Less common in boys, than girls

Increased growth velocity

Bone age advancement

Reduced final adult height

Pubic and axillary hair

Increased growth of testicles/penis

Early sexual behavior/aggression

Leydig or Sertoli cell hyperplasia in testicles

PP: 18 yo, 4 feet, 11 inch

Precocious Puberty ‐ Treatment

Peripheral Precocious Puberty:• Commonly used medication is letrozole, which blocks the formation 

of estrogen.  Boys may be treated with a combination of letrozole and spironolactone, which blocks the action of testosterone. 

Central Precocious Puberty:• Occurs when a child who was previously well‐controlled on 

medications, presents with signs of “breakthrough” puberty. Occurs when the pituitary gland turns on too early. Treated with an injectable medication called leuprolide, which suppresses the pituitary gland.  

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Slide 34

EA([2 Find photo ofadult female standing Estrada, Andrea (NIH/NICHD) [E], 2/25/2015

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Growth Hormone (GH) Excess• Production of high levels of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

• Main symptom ‐ accelerated growth rate  

• GH excess may cause FD to expand 

• Untreated  GH excess ‐ higher risk of vision loss in patients with skull disease  

• Treatments:

– Octreotide is a drug that prevents the release of growth hormone from the pituitary 

– Pegvisomant is a medication that blocks the action of growth hormone on its receptor 

– Pituitary surgery or radiation ‐ used rarely

Gigantism dueto GH excess

Short stature due to precocious puberty

Hyperthyroid

• Production of excess thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism

• Other thyroid abnormalities:  goiter, cysts, and nodules 

• Treatment: Methimazole ‐ drug that blocks thyroid hormone production. Most patients with MAS and hyperthyroidism will eventually have a thyroidectomy. After thyroidectomy patients will need standard thyroid hormone replacement.

• Very slight increased risk of thyroid cancer  

• Excess cortisol production, a rare complication

• Presents during infancy or the first few years of toddlerhood

• Symptoms vary: low birth weight and abnormal weight gain, 

especially in the face and trunk 

• Can become severely ill, and in rare cases death

• In a few cases, Cushing syndrome in MAS has resolved on its own 

• Treatment:

• Depends on the age of the child, the severity of illness 

• Drugs which may be used to block cortisol production 

• Surgery to remove the adrenal glands 

Cushing Syndrome

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Phosphate Wasting

• Hypophosphatemia: low levels of phosphorus in the blood

• Causes bone pain, muscles weakness, increased fractures  

• Occurs when fibrous dysplasia bones produce excess amounts of FGF23, a hormone which causes the kidneys to lose phosphorus in the urine  

• Treatment: a combination of oral phosphate supplements and vitamin D

Fibrous dysplasia

Café‐au‐lait

Precocious Pub.      

Thyroid

Phosphate

Growth hormone

Cushings

0 5 10 15 20 30 50→

Age

“Map” of Tissues is established in utero and manifests at an early age

subclinical

clinically evident

spontaneous resolution possible

‐> Complete staging after age 5 allows for determination of affected and unaffected tissues 

Findings Prevalence (%)

Fibrous dysplasia 99Café‐au‐lait 89Gonads

male 77female (PP) 78

Thyroid 69Phosphate wasting 48

requiring treatment          17Growth hormone excess 18Cushings 7

NIH MAS cohort

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Psychosocial Considerations Related to MAS/FD

• Impaired physical function may = physical limitations 

• Self Esteem/mental health impact

• Parental/Family Dynamics

Quality of life in children with FD/MAS

* = p < 0.05 MAS vs US

Kelly, Bone, 2005

Quality of life in adults with FD/MAS

• Adults

* = p < 0.05 MAS vs US norms

Kelly, Bone, 2005

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Physical Function Impaired, HRQOL Preserved

• Impaired physical function may = physical limitations 

– low risk activities to avoid fracture/injuries to bone (swimming); Adaptations if necessary ‐ wheelchair 

• Self esteem/mental health impact

– MAS/FD population ‐ perceptions similar to general population 

• Parental/Family Dynamics

– education

– support groups ‐Magic Foundation, Fibrous Dysplasia Foundation

http://www.magicfoundation.org/www

http://fibrousdysplasia.org/

Resources for Patients and Families

skeletal survey 

Mon          Tues             Wed           Thur                Fri

serum and urineendocrine and bone markers

99Tc‐MDP bone scanDEXA bone density

ultrasound thyroid/gonads

rehabilitation medicine

pain service

GYN/Urology

additionaltesting

as needed

ophthalmology

CT & MRI 

dentalphotos

otolaryngology

bone biopsy

histopathologymolecular analyses cell biology

Comprehensive NIH CC Clinical Evaluation

NIH Natural History Study of FD/MAS

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NIH Research Related to FD/MAS: Present and Future• Pancreatic

– collaboration with Johns Hopkins University

– prospective research, part of NIH natural study,  to determine incidence of pancreatic neoplasm (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in high risk subjects of the NIH FD/MAS population 

• Dental 

– collaboration with University of Pennsylvania

– retrospective study to determine dental outcomes in NIH FD/MAS pediatric population

• Neurological

– study to be developed to examine neurological/neuropsychological effects, if any, of FD/MAS

• Novel Therapies 

– denosumab (for bone pain) 

– high throughput screening for molecular targeting 

• test up to 300,000 chemicals for activity

• “designer” drug:  inhibits mutated Gs, but not normal Gs

Selected References1.  McCune DJ. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: the case of a nine‐year‐old girl who also exhibits precocious puberty, multiple pigmentation of the 

skin and hyperthyroidism. Am J Dis Child. 1936;52:743–744.

2.  Albright F, Butler AM, Hampton AO, Smith P. Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas, of pigmentation, and endocrine  dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females: report of 5 cases. N Engl J Med. 1937;216:727–746.

3.  Collins MT. Spectrum and natural history of fibrous dysplasia of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:P99–P104. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.06s219.

4.  Collins MT, Bianco P. Fibrous dysplasia. In: Favus MJ, editor. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2006. pp. 415–418.

5.  Collins MT, Shenker A. McCune‐Albright syndrome: new insights. Curr Opin in Endocrinol and Diabetes. 1999;6:119–125. doi: 10.1097/00060793‐199904000‐00006. 

6.  Hart ES, Kelly MH, Brillante B, Chen CC, Ziran N, Lee JS, Feuillan P, Leet AI, Kushner H, Robey PG, Collins MT. Onset, progression, and plateau of  skeletal lesions in fibrous dysplasia and the relationship to functional outcome. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1468–1474. doi:  10.1359/jbmr.070511.

7.  Kelly MH, Brillante B, Collins MT. Pain in fibrous dysplasia of bone: age‐related changes and the anatomical distribution of skeletal lesions.  Osteoporos Int. 2007

8.  Glorieux FH, Rauch F. Medical therapy of children with fibrous dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:P110–113. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.06s221.

9.  Stanton RP. Surgery for fibrous dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:P105–109. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.06s220

10. Leet AI, Magur E, Lee JS, Wientroub S, Robey PG, Collins MT. Fibrous dysplasia in the spine: prevalence of lesions and association with scoliosis. J  Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86‐A:531–537

11. Feuillan P, Calis K, Hill S, Shawker T, Robey PG, Collins MT. Letrozole Treatment of Precocious Puberty in Girls with the McCune‐AlbrightSyndrome: A Pilot Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2100–2106. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006‐2350.[

12. Congedo V, Celi FS. Thyroid disease in patients with McCune‐Albright syndrome. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2007;4:429–433

13. Chanson P, Salenave S, Orcel P. McCune‐Albright syndrome in adulthood. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2007;4:453–462.

14. Feuillan PP. McCune‐Albright syndrome. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997;6:235–239.

Questions?