Pennsylvania integrated surveillance for antimicrobial ... · Molecular biology and genomics of...
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Pennsylvania integrated surveillance for antimicrobial
resistance in foodborne pathogens
Nkuchia M. M’ikanatha, DrPH, MPH
Lead Epidemiologist AR Program Pennsylvania Department of Health
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NARMS Overview Agenda
• Welcome and Introduction
• NARMS Overview
• Meat and Human testing
• Molecular Epidemiology
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Collaboration on Environmental Sources
• Ongoing research and wrap up
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NARMS Collaborators
• FDA
Heather Tate
Emily Crarey
• USDA
Wu San Chen
• Chester County
Jan Achenbach
• PA Department of Health
Kim Warren
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Pennsylvania Department of Health—Role
Board of Health and Vital Statistics established in 18851
• Monitor mortality, morbidity, births and marriages
Pennsylvania Department of Health created in 1905
• Monitor the health status of the population;
• Identify and eliminate preventable illness and accidents;
Disease Prevention and Control Law of 1955• Established current reporting
requirements in chapter 27• Surveillance for foodborne pathogens (e.g.,
Salmonella) is mandated
1. PA State Archives. Records of the Department of Heath. Accessed February 26, 2014 at: http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/rg/rg11.htm
2. Harvard University. Contagion: Historical View of Diseases and Epidemics. Accessed February 26, 2014 at: http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/
A Guard at Plymouth,
Pennsylvania 1885
Source: Granger Historical
Archive
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Growing threat of antimicrobial resistance
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Aim of the Collaboration
• Strengthen public health response to antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens
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Specific objectives
• Monitor trends in resistance among bacteria
from animals, food and humans
• Conduct studies to elucidate on antibiotics use and emergence of resistance in food animals and clinical isolates
Figure 1. Percentage of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates with resistance to nalidixic acid compared non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, 1996-2013Source: CDC, NARMS 2013 Report
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Specific objectives (continued)
• Compare isolates from humans and retail meat to facilitate timely investigations of outbreaks
• Guide selection of isolates for further study
M’ikanatha et al. IDWeek 2014. An Integrated Surveillance for Antimicrobial-Resistance in Salmonella from Clinical and Retail Meat Sources Pennsylvania, 2009-2013
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Specific objectives (continued)
• Disseminate findings to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship efforts in clinical and agricultural settings
• Inform research to support communication and public policy on judicious antibiotics use
Sandt et al.
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Dissemination
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NARMS Retail Meat Testing
• PA is one of 14 states that participate in this program
• Location: catchment area in zip codes within 2-hour driving distance from the Bureau of Laboratories
Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, and Philadelphia counties
• Store sample takes into account population density
Collection by contractor
Frequency: 40 samples bimonthly
• Sample types: Delivered to lab at 2-5o C
• Chicken breasts
• Ground turkey
• Ground beef
• Pork chops
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NARMS Retail Meat Testing(cont’d)
• Standard Culture protocol for Salmonella and Campylobacter
• Salmonella identification – biochemical and bacterial serotyping
• Campylobacter – gram stain, growth characteristics and PCR speciation
• Salmonella and Campylobacter bacterial isolates shipped monthly to FDA laboratory for antimicrobial susceptibilities studies.
• Quarterly teleconferences with FDA
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NARMS Human
Salmonella, Shigella and E.coli O157
• Clinical microbiology labs are required to send all Salmonella, Shigella and Shiga Toxin E. coli (STEC).
• Confirm identification with biochemicals and perform bacterial serotyping, Shiga Toxin PCR.
• 1/5 (20%) non-typhoid Salmonella, Shigella and E. coli O157, all Typhi are shipped quarterly to CDC for antimicrobial studies.
• Import data into CDC website.
• Quarterly teleconferences with CDC
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Molecular Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology
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Salmonella PFGE: Meat and Humans
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility
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Meat Sources
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Automated Report
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Animal Laboratory
Laboratory
Deepanker Tewari
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Animal Laboratory
• Pennsylvania Veterinary Lab (PVL), Harrisburg
• Participate with national veterinary labs
(NAHLN, FERN, VET LIRN)
• Examples of tests performed
Influenza
Brucellosis
Salmonellosis
Rabies
WNV Rabies
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Collaboration with NARMS
• Antimicrobial resistant testing using NARMS protocol
-Susceptibility testing (MIC determination)
-Disk diffusion (Breakpoint analysis)
• Special studies
Listeria monocytogenes (food and human – PA & NY)
Salmonella cerro (cattle - PA)
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Salmonella
27.3
13.8 126.3
22.8 21.115.6
22.2
25.1
22.4
28.810.4
14.3
23.7 42.447.6
45.3
31.642.1
28.6
31.7
6.9
7.8
4.55.2
6.112.3
25.3 7.9
10.4
11.1
8.2
3.8
0
19.5
12.7
4.5
4.7
2
9.4
4.7
21.2 24.113.7 15.7
29.6
16.5
28.9 25.9 22.3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010-2011 2012 2013 2014
Salmonella Serotype % rate in PA Cattle over 10 years
Typhimurium (includig var 5-) Newport Cerro
Kentucky Montevideo Dublin
Agona Muenster Brandenburg
Infantis Other
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Ongoing Research
Environmental Collaboration
David Hewitt
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Ongoing Research
Ongoing Research
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Ongoing Research
Molecular biology and genomics of foodborne pathogens
• Primary Investigator: Edward Dudley, Penn State; Dept. of Food Science, CoAS/CIDD
• Studying genomics for tracking foodborne pathogens – Part of FDA GenomeTrakr
• Understanding the impact of microbiome on toxins expression by E. coli O157:H7
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Collaboration on Environmental Sources
Drug resistant bacteria in the environment
Image from Reuters
Image from FSRP
Image from GPTMC
David Hewitt, in collaboration with
Jeff Townsend (Yale University) and Ryan Kerney (Gettysburg College)
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Collaboration on Environmental Sources (cont’d)
Images from US EPA, Google Maps, and Vanessa Couvreur
An additional concern in urban areas
Combined sewer systems
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Ongoing Research
Consumer perspectives on antibiotic usage in retail meats
• Primary Investigator: Rachel Smith, PhD, Penn State; CASHDF & CIDD
• Studying psychosocial determinants of consumers’ behaviors, and their intentions to encourage other people’s consumption.
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Science and Opinions
There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the latter ignorance.
Hippocrates (c460-c.377 BCE) Greek physician. Law
Source: Science Blog