PENNSTATE (814)863-0291FAX: 1814)865-3378'

Environmental Resources Research Institute . The Pennsylvania Stale UniversityLand and Water Research Building

2 1995 University Park. PA 16802-4900

Mr. Garth Conner (3HW23)Environmental Protection Agency,Region III841 Chestnut Bldg.Philadelphia, PA 19107-4431

Dear Garth:

This is in reference to our recent telephone conversation concerning the use ofphosphate additives for stabilizing lead at the smelter site at Jacks Creek,Pennsylvania.

Let me digress with some background information. Ed Barth (USEPA,Cincinnati) and I have been discussing research results for a number of years,specifically with the precipitation of heavy metals. My work has been related to thestabilization of Pb and Cd from foundry sludges. When we met recently at PurdueUniversity, I mentioned that I had been working with triple super phosphate (TSP) and asequential extraction procedure to monitor the fate of a number of other cations alongwith Pb and Cd. The simplicity of the application of the technology and theeffectiveness of the metals stabilization inspired Ed to think of the Jacks Creek project.

I have enclosed a manuscript of the paper which has been accepted forpublication in the American Foundry Society Transactions (1995), After your review ofthe paper, I'd like to talk to you more about a possible investigation for using TSP at thesite of the smelter. The magnitude of the Pb levels in the soils, controlled moistureregime and reactor configuration appear to be undetermined for this Superfundapplication.

Thank you for your consideration.

Respectfully submitted,

Raymond W. Regan, Sr.Associate Professor of Civil EngineeringDirector of OHTWM'

RWR:djmEnclosurescc: E. Barth (no end.)

An Equal Opportunity University Pennsylvania Center for Water Resources Research - Office for Remote Sensing of Earth ResourcesCenter for Air Environment Studies Office of Hazardous and Toxic Waste ManagementCenter for BioDiversky Research ~ Center for Bioremediation and DetoxificationCenter for Mine Land Reclamation » D O H O 6*lli/ '<ats Rejuction Research Center

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Manuscript Accepted for PublicationAFS Transactions (1995)Not to be Cited WithoutAuthor's Approval

STABILIZATION OF METAL-CONTAINING CUPOLA SLUDGESWITH TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE

AFS paper 95-81by

Luke G. Contosand

Raymond W. Regan, Sr.

Metal Casting Centerand the

Environmental Resources Research InstituteThe Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA 16802

ABSTRACT

The addition of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H2PO4)2-H2O)1 to the sludgesproduced by foundry air and water pollution control APC/WPC equipment has been indicatedin a preliminary fashion to be effective in reducing the leachability of specified heavy metalsusing regulatory approved methods.1 -2 The objective of this paper was to report on researchperformed to more thoroughly investigate the use of TSP to stabilize foundry sludges.

The intent of a fixation or stabilization treatment process would be to immobilize orencapsulate chemical constituents within a sludge matrix. Through the addition of TSP to asludge chemical and physical changes would be expected to occur to precipitate and/or adsorbsoluble metals. The general objective of the research to be presented was to examine thestability of several APC/WPC sludges in terms of alternate leachate extraction procedures.The experimental results include the use of several different batch extractants, namely, aceticacid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, distilled water and a column leaching method using aceticacid. A sequential extraction procedure was also included identifying five fractions, namely,metals that were: a) exchangeable, b) bound to carbonates, c) bound to Fe and Mn oxides, d)bound to organic matter, and e) residual. Sequential extractions of untreated and TSP treatedsludges indicated a general shift in Cd from exchangeable to the carbonate bound fraction Pbwas found to be bound to Fe and Mn oxides.

INTRODUCTION

The foundry industry worldwide has been faced with the challenge of meeting more ,stringent environmental controls, including the management of air, water and solid

1 Fertilizer trade name, "Triple Super Phosphate," abbreviated TSP.

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waste discharges. There were at least two broad categories of foundries involved with.this challenge, namely, traditional facilities and modernized integrated operations.Although the goals for updating environmental controls may be similar for bothcategories from a regulatory point of view, the constraints for applying improved wastemanagement to operations using traditional technologies may be representative of anespecially acute problem area for today's engineering endeavors. Specifically, thecontrol of trace amounts of toxics and the minimization of other hazardous substancesneed to be addressed for smaller job shops.

Prior to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), thedisposal of foundry sludges occurred on-site or in the most economical manner.RCRA, however, created regulations to manage hazardous wastes. According toRCRA a waste would be classified as hazardous if it was a "listed" substance (40 CFR261.30), or if it exhibits any of four characteristics which classify it as a hazardouswaste (40 CFR 261.20): corrosivity, reactivity, ignitability, ortoxicity (as measured bythe Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Foundry sludges may be toxicbecause of the presence of heavy metals in the extract (Table 1). Elevated Cd and Pbhave been found in APC/WPC sludges.3 If classified as.a hazardous waste, thedisposal of foundry sludges would be costly, involving landfilling in a licensedhazardous waste disposal facility. As an example, for one of the foundries in thispaper, compliance with RCRA had raised the cost of sludge disposal fromapproximately $10 to $220 per ton, to transport and dispose of 30 tons of sludge perweek. The need for an approach that would provide cost-effective detoxification ofAPC/WPC sludges was indicated.

OBJECTIVES

The general objective of this study was to demonstrate the stabilization of theAPC/WPC sludges with TSP in terms of selected leachable metals. Specific objectivesof the research findings included in the paper for the five foundries, include:

1. To report results of metal leachability by alternative extractions including theuse of a rotary batch extractor with acetic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid,distilled water, and column leaching using acetic acid; and

2. To report results of a sequential extraction procedure, identifying metalsexchanged; bound to carbonates, to Fe and Mn oxides, to organic matter, andto the residual.

BACKGROUND

Cupola Design and Operation

Cupolas were employed at four of the five foundries in this study. The fifthfoundry, which has converted to using an electric induction furnace, had stockpiledsludge that was previously generated through the operation of a cupola. The cupolasat these foundries, though different in scale and method of charging and cooling, havesimilar operating principles and mechanical configurations.

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Foundry Operation and Pollution Control System Analysis

Metallurgical operations (e.g., primary and secondary non-ferrous metal smelters,incinerators, iron and steel mills, and ferroalloy foundry furnaces) have generatedparticles with- relatively high loadings of toxic trace elements.^ Ferrous foundry cupolasproduced off-gases with high particulate and heavy metal contents (i.e. Cd, Cr, Mn, Niand Pb.5 These gases, when passed through ARC equipment, have been trapped inan aqueous solution and eventually coagulated/flocculated to form a sludge. Metalconcentrations within a sludge fluctuated spatially over time. The factors controllingmetal partitioning between the gaseous, liquid and solid phases determined thequantity of metals emitted to the atmosphere, solubilized in the scrubber spray, andadhered to particulates.6

Previous Studies

Several methods have been used to treat metal contaminated waters from thefoundry industry.? A need was indicated to find a process for treating wastewatersfrom the foundry industry which produced a non-hazardous sludge. Triplesuperphosphate (TSP), a commercially available phosphate fertilizer, has been usedsuccessfully in complexing heavy metals. Farrell-Poe and Etzel1 have shown that TSPcan be used as both as a wastewater or sludge treatment method at foundries and hasbeen found to generate a sludge which was non-hazardous, under the propercontrolled conditions. The chemical reactions involved with the TSP for stabilizingmetals in APC/WPC sludges were believed to be related to those reported for soil-agricultural systems, as extensively cited by Contos.8

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

Materials

Representative samples of sludge and water were collected from the five foundrieson a predetermined schedule, based on the operating practices at a given location.Experimental testing was initiated within a day of the initial collection of the sample, withno preservatives added. Capsular summaries of the chemical additions to the WPCsystems and sludge production rates were provided when available (Appendix 1).

Methods

Sludge digestions for total recoverable metals followed Standard Methods^procedure 302D, HNO3 digestion. Using a standard digestion rack, 2.0 g of groundand dried sludge were added to 50 mL of deionized water. The solution was boileduntil the total volume was reduced to approximately 20 mL. A refluxing action wasobtained and concentrated HNOs was added until a clear or light colored solution wasobtained. Ah additional mL or two of HNOs was added to the solution, the flasks rinsedwith deionized water, and refrigerated at 4°C prior to analysis for metals using flameatomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry.

Since cupola emissions were likely exposed to very high temperatures, manymetals may have formed a complex in a silica matrix which was not readily digestible bythe procedure used.

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Summary of Extraction Procedures

The extraction using acetic acid was based upon Method 1310 from the USEnvironmental Protection AgencyJO The nitric, phosphoric acid and distilled waterextraction procedures used were identical to this method except for the extractants:The extractions required 100 g of sample be added and the total liquid volume broughtto 2000 ml. The pH of the extraction fluid was measured before and after 24 hrs ofextraction if appropriate. The column leaching procedure required that 100 g of sludgebe added to a glass column filled with 1 L of deionized water. The pH was adjusted to5.0 with acetic acid as needed and the column was operated for 24 hr at a temperatureof 20-25°C. The sequential extraction procedure followed the methods of Tessier etal.11 and Tarutis12 (Fig. 1). It involved an extraction procedure to determine the metalpartitioning into several fractions, namely metals that were exchangeable, bound tocarbonate, bound to Fe and Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual-crystalline metal oxides.

As appropriate, extraction mixtures were agitated in a Rexnord rotary extractor (20rpm) for 24 hr at a temperature of 20-25°C. The extraction solutions were then filteredthrough 0.45 \ur\ filter paper, digested, and analyzed by flame AA spectrophotometry.The metal concentrations were analyzed within the following margins of error for allsamples: Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb ± 0.1 mg/kg; Fe and Zn ± 0.5 mg/kg.

A more detailed description of the methods and procedures used were providedelsewhere.8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characterization of Sludge

The sludges generated were unique to each facility. The differences occurred inboth physical characteristics (texture, moisture, consistency, and pliability), asdescribed in Table 2 and in chemical composition for selected foundries asdemonstrated in Table 3. Foundry sludges were digested and analyzed for Ca, Cd, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The sludge metal content were indicated to be elevated inFe, Pb and sometimes Zn (> than 100 mg/g). For Foundry E, the Pb content wasmeasured to be 800 mg/g. Fe content in the sludges from Foundries B and C wereelevated at 500 mg/g.

Experiments were performed on-site using a small scale reactor to establish theoptimum TSP dosage for detoxifying the WPC/APC sludge at each foundry. Generally,the desired results, in terms of reduced metals leached, were obtained when the TSPconcentration in the sludge were 1 to 4 percent (on a dry weight basis), specific to agiven source.

Comparison of All Digestion and Extraction Procedures

Tables 4 to 8 summarize the data for each analytical procedure. The metalconcentrations produced by digestion and the nitric acid extraction were similar. The

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aggressiveness of the digestion process solubilized most metals, and the nitric acid• extraction readily dissolved a similar quantity of metals. Unlike the digestion process,the nitric acid extraction did not utilize heat. The similarity between the digested andnitric acid extraction metal concentrations for all foundries demonstrated that digestionwas not required to dissolve metals in the sludge matrix. Soils generally require strongacids and heat to dissolve the crystalline bound metals.8

The phosphoric acid extraction provided a best case scenario for metalstabilization. TSP was applied in solid form to sludges. Although a rapid TSPdissolution took place in sludges, undissolved fertilizer particles remained. The use ofphosphoric acid in the extraction procedure provided complete dissolution of thephosphates. The extremely low concentrations of metals for all sludges demonstratesthe successful dissolution of metals and precipitation into more insoluble complexes.Unfortunately, the pH and residual phosphate were not monitored.

Distilled water extractions of sludges produced decreased concentrations of heavymetals. This extraction would be a neutral extraction process designed to removethose metals bound to water soluble compounds or which would be ion exchangeableat the liquid/solid interface. For the column extractions, based on limited data, metalsleached at decreased concentrations similar to the distilled water results. Note that anincreased concentration for Pb was observed for Foundry B, untreated sludge, and thecorresponding value by the acetic acid extraction was also significantly increased.

Sequential Analyses

Sequential analyses revealed differences in the fractionation of metals betweenraw and stabilized sludges into the five components. These fractionations alsoassessed the mobility of a metal to move into solution (Appendix 2).

The weakest extraction removed those metals that were in water solublecompounds, bound by pores or films, or ion exchangeable. The results of thisextraction were similar to those for the distilled water extraction. The percentage oftotal Cd and Pb remaining in this exchangeable fraction decreased with stabilization.The only exception to this trend was for foundry C where the Cd and Pb concentrationsincreased after stabilization.

The carbonate bound metals.increased with stabilization, as generally did the Feand Mn bound, organic and residual rhetals. This actual increase in metals afterstabilization could be due to initial solubilization that occurred with the TSP application.Carbonate-bound Cd was generally reduced to nondetectable levels by the phosphatestabilization. In general, Cd and Pb were bound within the Fe and Mn fraction. Of thetwo metals, Pb demonstrated the stronger tendency to bind within the Fe and Mnfraction.

The organically bound fraction of metals was generally amongst the smallest. Thepolymers (Appendix 1) were generally the only organic component of the sludge withthe exception being foundry D where solvents were added to the process water to cooland clean spin casting equipment.

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The residual fraction metal concentration generally remained constant after theTSP addition and was the third largest component. Where the percentage of metalswithin this fraction did not change with stabilization, the solubilization of metals by TSPdid not appear to effect this component to any substantial degree.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained concerning thestabilization with TSP of metals within the sludge matrix based on the researchconducted.

1. The WPC/APC sludges appeared to be unique to each of the five foundries inthis study, in terms of physical characteristics.

2. Preliminary untreated sludge samples were determined to contain recoverablemetal concentrations of Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. Ca, Mn; Pb and Fe werepresent in increased amounts. Pb and Cd represented environmental concerns.

3. TSP stabilized sludges were subjected to a series of extraction procedures.The digestion and nitric acid extraction provided the most aggressive leachingpredictor. However, the TSP treated sludge using phosphoric acid and distilledwater consistently provided decreased levels of Cd and Pb.

4. Sequential analyses indicated that Cd and Pb was decreased in theexchangeable fraction (Fraction 1) after TSP stabilization for sludges from allsources except foundry C. Cd bound to carbonates (Fraction 2) incorresponding sludges were found to be increased.

5. Pb was found to be bound to Fe and Mn oxides (Fraction 3) in significantamounts for untreated and treated sludges.

However, it was recognized that several significant questions remain including:

• The suitability of alternative phosphate containing products to effect desiredresults;

• The cost-effectiveness of the TSP in comparison to the previous item asdetermined by a full-scale trial under industrial conditions, and

• The "permitability" of the process, in terms of regulatory approval for detoxifyingpotentially hazardous WPC/APC sludges on-site to which iron additions mayhave been incorporated.13

Additional research studies appear to be warranted.

A technical paper describing the metals speciation and chemical reactions involvedis being prepared for publication. Source specific information concerning the pilot plantoperation and foundries involved have not been disclosed for reasons of confidentiality.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The funding for the work described in this paper were provided by the ProcessRecovery Corporation (PRC), Reading, PA, the Advanced Technology Center ofCentral and Northern Pennsylvania and the University. Special recognition is given toDr. James E. Etzel who shared his experiences using TSP with us for the benefit of thestudy. Ms. Jaci Batista aided in the preparation of this manuscript.

The research described is based on the MS thesis of L. G. Contos (1 990).

REFERENCES

1 . Farrell-Poe. L. and J. E. Etzel. 1991 . Phosphate Complexing of Heavy Metals.AFS Transactions. 91-88. 133-138.

2. O'Hearn, S. 1990. Evaluation of Foundry Air Pollution Control Sludges,unpublished MS thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802.

3. Carter, K. K. and Gebhardt. 1993. Hazardous Waste Management: Reductionand Disposal. AFS Transactions. 93-40, 801-805.

4. Warda, R. D. 1973. A Detailed Study of Cupola Emissions. AFS Transactions81:125-134.

5. Schroeder, W. H., M. Dobson, D. M. Kane, and N. D. Johnson. 1987. ToxicTrace Elements Associated with Airborne Particulate Matater: A Review. J. AirPol. Cont. Assoc. 37(11):1267-1285.

6. Lee, C. C. (1 988). A Model Analysis of Metal Partitioning, >L Aj£ Pol. Cont.38:941 -945.

7. Nagle, D. L., R. R. Stanforth, P. E. Daranceau and T. P. Kunes. 1983.Treatment of Hazardous Foundry Melting Furnace Dust and Sludges. AFSTransactions. 83-1 36, 71 5-720.

8. Contos, L. G. 1990. Sludge Stabilization Using TSP, unpublished MS thesis,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.

9. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 1 6th ed.1985. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington D.C.

10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Test Methods for Evaluating ,Solid Waste, Volume 1C, Laboratory Manual Physical/Chemical Methods.Washington, D.C.

11. Tessler, A., P. G. C. Campbell, and M. Bisson. 1979. Sequential extractionprocedure for the speciation of paniculate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 51 :844-851.

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12. Tarutis, W. 1989. Behavior of Iron and Manganese in the Sediment of aWetland Subjected to Acidic Mine Drainage. The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA.

13. Mosher, G. E. 1995. Environmental Regulatory Alert. AFS correspondence tocorporate members (March2).

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Sequential extraction procedure for determination of metal fractions inuntreated and stabilized sludge (after Tessier, 1979, after Tarutis, 1989).

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Maximum concentrations of leachate contaminants.

Table 2. Description of sludge samples obtained from selected foundries.

Table 3. Total recoverable metal concentrations from untreated sludge samples.

Table 4. Foundry A. Metal concentration leached as a function of extractionprocedure for stabilized sludge at optimum TSP dose.

Table 5. Foundry B. Metal concentration as a function of extraction and stabilizationprocedure.

Table 6. Foundry C. Metal concentration as a function of extraction and stabilizationprocedure.

Table 7. Foundry D. "Metal concentration as a function of extraction and stabilizationprocedure.

Table 8. Foundry E. Metal concentration as a function of extraction and stabilizationprocedure.

Table A-1. Foundry technical information summary.

Table A-2. Foundry A, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Table A-3. Foundry B, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Table A-4. Foundry C, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Table A-5. Foundry D, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Table A-6. Foundry E, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

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Table 1. Maximum concentrations of leachate contaminants.

Primary MaximumDrinking Contaminant

EPA RCRA Water Level forWaste Metal Standard ToxicityNumber Contaminants (mg/L) (mg/L)2

D004 Arsenic 0.05 5.00D005 Barium 1.00 100.00D006 Cadmium 0.01 1.00D007 Chromium 0.05 5.00D008 Lead 0.05 5.003D009 Mercury 0.002 0.20D010 Selenium 0.01 1.0D011_________Silver_________0.05__________5.0________

2Hazardous Waste Management System, USEPA, 40 CFR, Part 261.24a, Appendix II,Federal, 45, 98, 33127, May 19, 1980.

3Change in the primary drinking water standard does not reduce the MCL, unlessspecifically legislated.

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Table 2. Description of sludge samples obtained from selected foundries.

Foundry

A

B

C

D

E • .

Description of sludge samples

dark brown, small-medium grains, highly pliable-even when dry, highmoisture content.light gray, large grains within matrix, forms large clumps, largecompressive force required to break apart sludge, low moisturecontent.light-med. gray, small-medium grains, highly pliable when wet-formshard cake when dry, medium compressive force required to breakapart dry sludge, medium initial moisture content.medium gray, fine texture, plastic nature, oxidation (lighter grayshading) occurs within 2-3 mm of surface, clay-like consistency.med.-dark gray, small-medium grains, highly pliable when wet-formshard cake when dry, medium compressive force required to breakapart dry sludge, high initial moisture content.

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•Table 3. Total recoverable metal concentrations from untreated sludge samples.

FOUNDSampleA-1A-2B-1B-2C-1C-2D-1E-1

Concentrations of Metals (mq/q)Ca48.32.94.151.93872756

Cd0.130.171.10.40.70.760.10.2

Cr0.180.21.221.350.20.2n/d4n/d

Cu0.747.35.44.97.19.2n/dn/d

Fe18015644841944655911852.

Mn3.06

51.495775782712

Ni0.210.350.750.680.550.490.2n/d

Pb16.9183.15112617419156770

Zn16.63.47.51.2734111.2

Total265493797811823960239891

4None detected (Tables 3 through 8).

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Table A-1. Foundry technical information summary.

Foundry A

Cupola operation: 4-30 a.m. -12:30 a.m., weekdays.Daily sludge generation: 1/2 cubic yard, approximately 800-1000 Ibs.Polymers used:Zeta Lyte 271CH - medium/high charge cationic polyacrylamide.

Ionic strength: medium high cationicBulk density: 53 lbs./cu. ft.Particle size: 1.25 mmViscosity (25°C): 750 cpspH 4.0-5.0

Quantity of polymers used: Zeta Lyte 271CH-5 Ibs./day

Foundry B

Cupola operation: 1:00 a.m. -3:30 p.m., weekdaysDaily sludge generation: 1/2 cubic yard, approximately 800-1000 Ibs.Polymers used:Ultrafloc 22P - blend of inorganic aluminum salt and copolymer of quaternary acrylate

salt and acylamide.Ionic strength: unknownBulk density: ' 0.9-g/cc3Particle size: unknownViscosity (25°C): unknownpH unknown

Ultrafloc SON - copolymer of sodium acrylate and acylamide.Ionic strength: unknownBulk density: 0.8g/cc3Particle size: . unknownViscosity (25°C): unknownpH unknown

Quantity of polymers used: Ultrafloc SON - 30 Ibs./month, Ultrafloc22P lbs./month.

Foundry C

Cupola operation: 4:00 a.m. -12:00 a.m., weekdays.Daily sludge generation: 1.25 cubic yards, approximately 3000 Ibs.

Polymers used: unknownQuantity of polymers used: unknown

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Foundry D

Spin-casting equipment operation: 4:30 a.m. -12:00 p.m., weekdays.Weekly sludge generation: 1 cubic yard, approximately 2000 Ibs.Polymers used: unknown.

Foundry E

Cupola operation: 4:30 a.m. -12:00 p.m., weekdays.Daily sludge generation: 1 cubic yard, approximately 2500 Ibs.Polymers used:Zeta Lyte 35A - medium charge, high molecular weight anionic polyacrylamide.

Ionic strength: Medium anionicBulk density: 50 Ibs./cu. ft.

' Particle size: 1.5mmViscosity: 600 cpspH(1%soln.) . 7 . 0

Zeta Lyte 3C - Cationic Polyelectrolyte.Ionic strength: unknownBulk density: unknownParticle size: unknownViscosity (25°C): non-viscous below 600 cpspH 1.6 - 2.2

Quality of polymers used: Zeta Lyte 35A - 3 Ibs./batch tank, which will last 2-3 days,Zeta Lyte 3C - 5 gals./batch tank, which will last 2-3 days.

Table A-2. Foundry A, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Metal Fraction(percent of total)

Fraction 1 :Exchangeable metalFraction 2: Bound toCarbonatesFraction 3: Bound to Feand Mn Oxides (reducible)Fraction 4: Bound toOrganic Matter & Sulfides(oxidizable)Fraction 5: Residual

Total Metal

Extracted Metal Solutions mg/gCd

Control0.003

(16.670)0.006

(33.33)0.005

(27.78)0.001(5.56)

0.003(16.67)0.018

Treated0.003

(10.00)0.016

(53.33)0.007

(23.33)0.001(3.33)

0.003(3.33)0.030

%)Pb

Control0.096(0.16)0.999(1.69)1.040(1.76)56.725(96.16)

0.128(0.22)58.988

Treated0.031(1.63)0.245

(12.90)0.950

(50.03)0.115(6.06)

0.558(29.38)1.899

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•Table A-3. Foundry B, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Metal Fraction(percent of total)

Fraction 1:Exchangeable metalsFraction 2: Bound toCarbonatesFraction 3: Bound to Feand Mn Oxides (reducible)Fraction 4: Bound toOrganic Matter & Sulfides(oxidizable)Fraction 5: Residual

Total Metal

Extracted Metal Solutions mg/g (%)Cd

Control0.009

(15.25)0.016

(27.12)0.021

(35.59)0.003(5.08)

0.010(16.95)0.059

Treated0.002(4.08)0.017

(34.69)0.019

(38.780.00(0)

0.011(22.45)0.049

PbControl

0.122(0.66)4.440

(23.94)1 1 .043(59.55)1.177(6.35)

1.762(9.50)18.544

Treated0.144(1.75)1.174

(14.23)4.532

(54.93)0.653(7.90)

1.748(21.19)8.25

Table A-4. Foundry C, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Metal Fraction(percent of total)

Fraction 1 :Exchangeable metalsFraction 2: Bound toCarbonatesFraction 3: Bound to Feand Mn Oxides (reducible)Fraction 4: Bound toOrganic Matter & Sulfides(oxidizable)Fraction 5: Residual

Total Metal

Extracted Metal Solutions mg/g (%)Cd

Control •0.011

(21.15)0.013

(25.00)0.020

(38.46)0.002(3.85)

0.006,(11.54)0.052

Treated0.015

(27.78)0.001(1.85)0.016

(29.63)0.001(1.85)

0.021(38.89)0.054

PbControl

0.189(1.43)3.694

(27.86)6.680

(50.37)0.450(3.39)

2.248(16.95J13.261

Treated0.510(5.34)1.038

(10.88)5.207

(54.56)0.325(3.41)

2.463(25.81)9.543

^8303622

Table A-5. Foundry D, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Metal Fraction(percent of total)

Fraction 1 :Exchangeable metalsFraction 2: Bound toCarbonatesFraction 3: Bound to Feand Mn Oxides (reducible)Fraction 4: Bound toOrganic Matter & Sulfides(oxidizable)Fraction 5: Residual

Total Metal

Extracted Metal Solutions mg/g (%)Cd

Control0.015

(17.86)0.031

(36.90)0.026

(30.95)0.002(2.38)

0.010(11.90)0.084

Treated0.011(2.88)0.329

(86.13)0.020(5.24)0.001(0.26)

0.021(5.50)0.382

PbControl

0.621(0.67)42.435(45.46)43.570(46.68)4.955(5.31)

1.762(1.98)93.343

Treated0.189(0.47)10.736(26.68)24.247(60.25)2.607(6.48)

2.463(6.12)40.242

Table A-6. Foundry E, sequential analysis of control and stabilized sludges.

Metal Fraction(percent of total)

Fraction 1 :Exchangeable metalsFraction 2: Bound toCarbonatesFraction 3: Bound to Feand Mn Oxides (reducible)Fraction 4: Bound toOrganic Matter & Sulfides(oxidizable)Fraction 5: Residual

Total Metal

Extracted Metal Solutions mg/g (%)Cd

Control0.016

(33.33)0.004(8.33)0.005

(10.42)0.001(2.08)

0.022(45.83)0.048

Treated0.006

(13.64)0.028

(63.64)0.005

(11.36)0.001(2.27)

0.004(9.09)0.044

PbControl4.440

(29.44)3.531

(23.42)6.190

(41.05)0.367(2.43)

0.55(3.65)15.078

Treated0.999

(13.89)0.953

(13.25)4.435

(61 .67)0.410(5.70)

0.395(5.49)7.192

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