PENGELOLAAN EKOLOGI

PERKOTAAN

Smno.pdip.pdkl.ppsub.2013

MK. LANDUSE PLANNING & LAND DEVELOPMENT

The Ecosystem Concept

Sir Arthur G. Tansley (1871-1955)• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Biotic complex Physical complex

Social complex Built complex

The Tansleyan Ecosystem Concept

The Human Ecosystem Concept

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Cities have multiple and changing forms.

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Central Business District

Transitional zone: recent immigrants, deteriorating housing, factories, abandonment

Working class zone: single family tenements

Residential zone: single family homes with yards and garages

Commuter zone: suburbs

Burgess Model

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Lahan pertanian di pinggiran kota sedang mengalami “alih fungsi”

Patch dynamics

1. Applies to cities

2. Hierarchical3. Gradients and

fields

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Patch DynamicsCreation and Alteration of Spatial Heterogeneity through Time

Mosaic Configuration

Patch Types

Patch Adjacency

Slow Template

Patch Generation

Disturbance

EcologicalEngineering

Patch Change

Demographics

Succession

Flux

PatchContrast

FluxIdentity

BoundaryStructure

Pickett, Cadenasso• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Komponen Perubahan1. Urban design2. Urban planning3. Topography4. Ecology5. Social-cultural6. Economic

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Komponen Kompleksitas Sosial

1. Property regimes2. Households and

individuals3. Social status4. Economic status5. Lifestyle grouping6. Social identity7. etc.

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

IKONOS Image

Vegetation

Parcels

PROWVegetation

Private LandVegetation

Fine Scale Analysis

Grove, Troy, O’Neil-Dunne• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Nitrogen retention

Suburban Forested Agriculture

----------------- kg N ha-1 y-1 --------------

Inputs

Atmosphere 8.7 8.7 8.7

Fertilizer 13.9 0 100

TOTAL 22.6 8.7 108.7

Outputs

Streamflow 6.5 0.52 16.4

Retention

Mass 16.1 8.2 92.3

Percent 71 94 85

Groffman, Belt, Fisher• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Pickett, Cadenasso (2008)• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

N. Law and L. Band• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Water principle

• Sites of cities• Urban design• Future demands.

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Distributions of exotic herbs in riparian zones

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.35

UPPER MIDDLE LOWER

freq

uenc

y

uplandwetlandupland/wetland

G. Brush et al. in prep

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

P15

• City form and shared needs– Role of elites– Non-stationary roles– Non-overlapping agency– Environmental injustice.

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Prinsip-prinsip

1. Human ecosystem2. Multiple forms3. Extensive spatial mosaics4. Intention, opportunity, incidental, constraint5. Design as experiment6. Role of social pattern and process7. Social complexity …

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

1. Retain remnant soils, waters, vegetation2. Biodiversity multifaceted, value3. Urban definitions various4. Abstract gradients of urbanization5. Human perceptions and actions6. Flux of water, water infrastructure7. Exotics and function8. City form: equity and control9. Application through dialog.

Prinsip-prinsip

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

KESIMPULAN

1. Transdiciplinary concern2. Heterogeneous, changing subject3. Suggests emerging framework4. Open to new insights5. Context for specific tests.

• Sumber: Principles of Urban Ecology - Steward T.A. Pickett. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Urban ecosystem is an artificial habitat with unnatural plants and animals to provide an environment for human

relaxation.

Apakah Ekosistem Urban ?

1. Parks and playgrounds are the examples of urban ecosystem.

2. This ecosystem is unstable because it is artificial.

CIRI-CIRI EKOSISTEM URBAN

• They can only kept in their desirable conditions by constant effort.

• Fertilizers and water are constantly added to the soils for plant growth.

• Some weak plants will be protected and supported in a greenhouse.

CIRI-CIRI EKOSISTEM URBAN

1. The plant and animal species are limited and fixed since they are introduced by man.

2. The plants are artificial as they are planted by man.

CIRI-CIRI EKOSISTEM URBAN

Pentingnya Ekosistem Urban• 1. For human a. Provide an area for people to play, relax and entertain and to relieve their stress. b. Let people know more about the ecosystem though the plants and animals in the parks and playground.

1. Green plants can minimize the human eye strain because trees can reduce light glare.

2. Plants help to balance oxygen and carbon dioxide level and provide more oxygen for all other organisms.

3. Parks and country parks can also provide a beautiful and comfortable view for people.

Pentingnya Ekosistem Urban

• 2. For animals a.Provide a place for different kinds of animals to perch. For example , birds can perch on the trees. b.It also provide a micro-habitat for different kinds of insect. For example, grasshoppers live in the clump.

Pentingnya Ekosistem Urban

Problems on urban ecosystem

In a city, there are :1. many tall buildings2. surrounding the parks.3. So light intensity is greatly reduce and the

rate of photosynthesis is low.

• In addition, the wind speed also reduces and decreases the chance of dispersal of plants.

• The temperature of an urban area is higher than the countryside because a lot of hot air is given out by air-conditioners and factories. These increase cloudiness and the plants and animals in the parks are difficult to respire.

Pentingnya Ekosistem Urban

There are many polluted air from vehicles and factories.

The dirty dust will block up the stomata of plants and affect their gaseous

exchange.

• Some soil in the playgrounds and parks are compacted by the tramping effect of human feet. Then the air space in the soil becomes lessened and less oxygen to support plant respiration.

The surface of road is waterproof and there are drainage pipes on both sides

of the road. Rain water is easy to run-off and the plants are difficult to absorb the water.

1. Add fertilizers to the soil frequently.2. Add enough water to the plants. 3. The location of parks should not be

close to any tall buildings.4. Add fences to separate the plants from

trampling of man.

SOLUSI: Ekosistem Urban